elicited behavior
Post on 22-Dec-2015
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Elicited Behavior
Review:
Pavlov interested in the reflex.
Often called the reflex arc Connection of sensory neuron to motor
neuron (often
intermediating neurons)
Elicited Behavior
More complex behavior:
Fixed Action Patterns (FAPs)
Konrad Lorenz, Niko Tinbergen Aka: modal action patterns
GP Baerends
Releasing stimuli aka: sign stimuli, eliciting stimuli,
releasers Innate releasing mechanism (perceptual
& motor programs in brain)
Input from the world behavioral output
Fixed Action Pattern defined…
1. ‘characteristic’ (aka, stereotypic), low variance behavior usually has functional significance (i.e.,
feeding, reproduction, defense)
2. specific eliciting stimulus initiates behavior
3. not easily altered by environmental perturbations
4. insensitive to consequential reinforcement contingencies
Human Fixed Action Patterns
Human Fixed Action Patterns:
• Lots of FAPs in newborns (impt for survival)
• Feeding / eating motor patterns Suckling in infants (mammals)
• Newborn prehensile hand reflex (grasping objects) Can even support the infant’s weight!
(do NOT try this at home!)
Human Fixed Action Patterns
Human Fixed Action Patterns:
• Yawn contagion
• Emotional displays Eibl-Eibesfeldt: Film Archive of Human
Ethology Example – eyebrow flash
Human Fixed Action Patterns
Human Fixed Action Patterns:
• Yawn contagion
• Emotional displays Eibl-Eibesfeldt: Film Archive of Human
Ethology Example – eyebrow flash
All basic emotions? Ekman’s facial expression categories
Human Fixed Action Patterns
Human Fixed Action Patterns:
• Fearful / defensive responses Startle response, eyeblink reflex perceptual detection of snakes
fear-conditioning to snakes
• Reproductive behavior Copulation – motor responses Attraction / arousal
Makeup, surgical enhancement emphasizes sign stimuli
Elicited Behavior Changes with Repeated Presentations
Groves and Thompson’s Dual-Process Theory of habituation & sensitization (p.48)
concurrent diff brain mechanisms
humans show both habituation and sensitization visual attention in infants flavor perception startle responses
Habituation and Sensitization
habituation test subtle cognitive phenomena in babies example: the other-race effect
• 3.5 mo old Caucasian infants detect a change in a facial stimulus better when in own race
• habituate to face of same or different race
• change features of face by adding 30% features of other race
Sensitization in potentiated startle is cue-specific
• Ss told either pleasant or unpleasant picture could be followed by shock (never was)
• response = blinking to a puff of air
• blinking greater to pleasant pics if told shock may come
• blinking ALWAYS great to unpleasant pics
• SENSITIZATION
Pavlovian Conditioning = elicited behavior
Bell Food Drool
Bell Food Drool
• Pavlovian conditioning = animal responds to conditioned stimulus Similar to FAP (CS ~ sign stimulus)
cp, operant conditioning behavior emitted, not elicited willful?? hmmm...
Drool
Pavlovian Conditioning = elicited behavior
In the real world, we use Pavlovian conditioning to alter basic animal behavioral behaviors to our advantage
The Nature of Stimuli and Responses
• What Makes a Good CS? US? Initial responses to the stimuli
US biologically relevant “endogenous” or “instinctive”
No train CS neutral (absent) response
Salience US: faster learning CS: faster learning also
Why?
Belongingness
• “Bright-noisy/sweet water expt” Garcia & Koelling (1966) More on this later in the semester… For now… some cues go together
What determines the nature of the CR?
• S-R response to US (Stimulus-Substitution Theory)
URCR
CR will be very similar to UR…
What determines the nature of the CR?
• S-R response to US (Stimulus-Substitution Theory)
• Attention? Physical Setting? Sign tracking / autoshaping (Hearst) Approach-Withdrawal Responses
Long-box
• Nature of the CS Holland (1977) head-jerking / orientation
CS modality Duration of CS
What Determines the Nature of the CR?
Some Useful Videos
• autoshaping in pigeons:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cacwAvgg8EA
• autoshaping with grain vs water:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=50EmqiYC9Xw
• inefficient “long box” autoshaping:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KnJPPaiJG6Y
• orienting (rearing) and head-jerking in rats:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5WQFygY-qZM
What Determines the Nature of the CR?
• Opponent-Process Theory Sometimes the CR will be the opposite of the
UR Homeostasis
Allows animal to counteract perturbations of homeostasis (e.g., physiological drug effects)
Drug tolerance Cravings Drug overdoses not always overdoses!
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