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Energy Storage Perspective
George CrabtreeDirector, Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR)
Argonne National LaboratoryUniversity of Illinois at Chicago
OutlineStorage: A Game Changer for the Grid
Thermal, Flywheel and Battery Energy StorageLi-ion Battery Technology and Beyond
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Southern Legislative ConferenceSt. Louis, MOJuly 23, 2018
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PLANESBy 2040, Norway’s
short-haul commercial flights all-electric
GRIDBatteries replace gas
generation in Aliso Canyon, California
CARS$35,000 Chevy Bolt and Tesla Model 3
with 200-mile range
NOW IS A ”STORAGE MOMENT”Batteries are expanding from personal electronics into new territory
Cost and performance goals for cars, grid and planes are more rigorous than for personal electronics
Can batteries rise to meet the challenge?
Lower costFaster charge
Longer lifeGreater safety
Lower costHigher capacity
Longer dischargeStacked uses
Lower costHigher capacity Lighter weight
Higher energy density
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A Long Horizon of Innovation
Existing Emerging Future
Personal Electronics Electric Vehicles Electricity Grid
ElectricFlight
Privateindustry
PublicPrivate
Government
Lithium-ion Advanced Lithium-ion
Beyond Lithium-ion
Time Horizon
Example
Technology
Funder
Modest Significant Disruptive Innovation
Beyond R&D, a need for New policies
New regulationsNew business models
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Storage: Game Changer for the Electricity Grid
Storage breaks the historic constraint of instantaneously balancing generation and demand
Energy Storage can be a major player in the gridPervades generation, transmission and distribution
Li-ion Batteries Installed in Grid
Jan 2017Aliso Canyon Mira
Loma, Los Angeles, CATesla, Greensmith, AES
70 MW
Dec 2017South Australia
Tesla 100 MW / 129 MWh
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Generation Transmission Distribution
Customer“behind the meter”
Renewable Smoothing, Time Shifting, Backup
Replace Gas Peaker PlantsEnergy Market ArbitrageFrequency Regulation
Spinning/Non-spinning ReservesVoltage Support
Black Start
Peak Efficiency OperationCongestion Relief
Infrastructure Deferral and Avoidance
Infrastructure Deferral and Avoidance
Demand ManagementManaging Two-Way
Current Flow
Time of UseDemand Charge
Demand ResponsePV Management
Virtual Power PlantsBack-up Power
Customized Micro-grid Services
The Grid Storage Horizon
Utility
Diverse batteries for diverse uses, beyond Li-ion
New applications require new technology, regulations and business plans
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Pumped Hydro Energy Storage
Reversible turbines70-90% round trip efficiencyRequires elevation difference
and water supply
Ludington MI363 ft elevation 2.5 sq miles 1872 MW
Operational 1973. 5th largest in US
Converts baseload nuclear to dispatchable
First use: Italy and Switzerland 1890sFirst US use: Connecticut 1930
AppealSimple, proven technologyLow cost, long lifeLong duration storage
EPA Electricity Storage https://www.epa.gov/energy/electr
icity-storage
Pumped Hydro
Battery733 MW
Thermal669 MW
Flywheel58 MW
Compressed Air 114 MW
US Electricity Storage Mar 2018
26.2 GW94%
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Storage cost alone~ $20 - $30/kWh
Thermal Energy Storagehot / cold
Water-ice-steamMolten salt
Paraffin waxConcrete, rocks
SunAir conditioning Refrigeration
Electricity
Space and water heating
Electricity
Thermal Energy Storage
Excess electricity
(night)
Thermal storagehot / cold
Space / water heating / cooling
AppealSimple, proven technologyLow basic costLong lifetimeVersatile
StatusElectricity Heating / Cooling
widely deployed Sun Electricity: demonstrationElectricity Electricity: R&D
Electricity Heating / Cooling
Electricity
ThotCharge
Discharge
Charge
Discharge
Electricity Electricity“Thermal Battery”
Pumped Heat Energy Storage (PHES)
Heat PumpHeat
Tcold
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Battery Energy Storage
Future large scale battery energy storage (GW)
Take-away messages10-20 applications for storage on the gridFrequency regulation most common nowRenewable integration developingPeaker plant replacement emergingPrices falling due to large EV demandLi-ion dominant but other chemistries needed
Large scale battery capacity by chemistry
Projected US large scale battery installations
Large scale battery storage installations by region (2017)
U.S. Battery Storage Market Trends, EIA, May 21, 2018.
https://www.eia.gov/analysis/studies/electricity/batterystorage/
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Li-ion Recycling – a Ripe Opportunity
Cell manufacture
Battery pack assembly
Use
Re-Use
Recycle
ElementsLi, Co, Cu
Componentsanodes, cathodes
Mining
> 99% of lead-acid batteries recycled
< 5% of Li-ion batteries recycled
Growing EV market Li-ion recycling
Relieve supply chain challenges
• Expensive Co • 40-60% from Congo• Li resource
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2017 DOE Workshop: G. Crabtree, chair,E. Takeuchi and G. Rubloff, co-chairs
https://science.energy.gov/~/media/bes/pdf/reports/2017/BRN_NGEES_rpt.pdf
An Active Field of Research
BES Workshop March 27-29, 2017
175 leading battery researchers
Five Priority Research Directions• Tune functionality of materials and
chemistries to enable holistic design for energy storage
• Link complex electronic, electrochemical, and physical phenomena across time and space
• Control and exploit the complex interphase region formed at dynamic interfaces
• Revolutionize energy storage performance through innovative assemblies of matter
• Promote self-healing and eliminate detrimental chemistries to extend lifetime and improve safety
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Focus exclusively on beyond Li-ion batteries
MaterialsComponentsIntegration
Li-O2
RedoxmerFlow
Air-Breathing Aqueous Sulfur
Multivalent Mg++
Li-Sulfur
Transformative Next Generation
Batteries
Four Prototypes
ThreeStartups
Science OutcomesSolid State Mobility of Mg2+
Decomposition Mechanisms of Multivalent Electrolytes
Redoxmers as Flow Battery Working Ions
Electrochemistry of Redoxmers
Predictive Stability of Redox Molecules
Size and charge separation membranes by design
Li-S Lean Electrolytes and Alternate Reaction Pathways
Fundamental ScienceOutcomes
JCESR at a Glance
Solid State Electrolytes
Feb 2015
Size-selective polymer membranes
Sep 2017
Inexpensive, long duration batteries
Form Energy
Mar 2016
Dec 2012-2018
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The greatest barriers to next generation batteries are fundamental understanding of the materials and phenomena of energy storage at atomic and molecular levels (Gap Analysis ‐ first five years)
JCESR will build transformative battery materials “from the bottom up,” each atom or molecule playing a prescribed role in producing targeted macroscopic materials behavior
JCESR will advance atomic and molecular level understanding of energy storage with tightly coupled characterization, simulation and synthesis in five thrusts
A new vision of battery R&D• A diversity of batteries for a diversity of uses • Each battery meeting multiple performance metrics
(such as high energy density, fast charging and long life)
•
•
•
JCESR Renewal in Three Bullets
Molecules and chemical bonds
Lattices and crystals
Atoms
A diversity of batteries for a diversity of uses
Meeting multiple performance metrics
Solid Solvation Science
Liquid Solvation Science
Science of Materials
Complexity
FlowableRedoxmers
Charge Transder at
Dynamic Interfaces
Complexity Activity Selectivity
ReactivityStabilitySolubility
Transport
Transformative Materials and Phenomena
Bui
ld m
ater
ials
from
the
botto
m u
p
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Further Reading5 things utilities should consider for energy storage, Utility Dive, June 19, 2018https://www.utilitydive.com/news/five-things-utilities-should-consider-for-energy-storage/525948/
Economics of Clean Energy Portfolios, Rocky Mountain Institute, May 21, 2018https://www.rmi.org/news/report-release-the-economics-of-clean-energy-portfolios/
U.S. Battery Storage Market TrendsEIA, May 21, 2018. https://www.eia.gov/analysis/studies/electricity/batterystorage/
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Thank you for your attention
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