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ENG 2003 - 언어학개론Sociolinguistics

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Sociolinguistics

the study of the relationship between language and society

dialectology – the study of the dialects and how language variesacross spacevariation – the study of any aspect of language that varies withrespect to any (social) variabledialect – mutually intelligible form of a language (based ongeography, social class, race, etc.)dialect continuum (방언 연속체) – a continuum of dialects,geographically distanced members of which are not necessarilymutually intelligibledialect levelling – the coalescence of distinct dialects into asingle uniform speech formaccent – the phonological properties of a regional dialect

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Sociolinguistics

the study of the relationship between language and societydialectology – the study of the dialects and how language variesacross space

variation – the study of any aspect of language that varies withrespect to any (social) variabledialect – mutually intelligible form of a language (based ongeography, social class, race, etc.)dialect continuum (방언 연속체) – a continuum of dialects,geographically distanced members of which are not necessarilymutually intelligibledialect levelling – the coalescence of distinct dialects into asingle uniform speech formaccent – the phonological properties of a regional dialect

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 2 / 21

Sociolinguistics

the study of the relationship between language and societydialectology – the study of the dialects and how language variesacross spacevariation – the study of any aspect of language that varies withrespect to any (social) variable

dialect – mutually intelligible form of a language (based ongeography, social class, race, etc.)dialect continuum (방언 연속체) – a continuum of dialects,geographically distanced members of which are not necessarilymutually intelligibledialect levelling – the coalescence of distinct dialects into asingle uniform speech formaccent – the phonological properties of a regional dialect

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 2 / 21

Sociolinguistics

the study of the relationship between language and societydialectology – the study of the dialects and how language variesacross spacevariation – the study of any aspect of language that varies withrespect to any (social) variabledialect – mutually intelligible form of a language (based ongeography, social class, race, etc.)

dialect continuum (방언 연속체) – a continuum of dialects,geographically distanced members of which are not necessarilymutually intelligibledialect levelling – the coalescence of distinct dialects into asingle uniform speech formaccent – the phonological properties of a regional dialect

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 2 / 21

Sociolinguistics

the study of the relationship between language and societydialectology – the study of the dialects and how language variesacross spacevariation – the study of any aspect of language that varies withrespect to any (social) variabledialect – mutually intelligible form of a language (based ongeography, social class, race, etc.)dialect continuum (방언 연속체) – a continuum of dialects,geographically distanced members of which are not necessarilymutually intelligible

dialect levelling – the coalescence of distinct dialects into asingle uniform speech formaccent – the phonological properties of a regional dialect

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 2 / 21

Sociolinguistics

the study of the relationship between language and societydialectology – the study of the dialects and how language variesacross spacevariation – the study of any aspect of language that varies withrespect to any (social) variabledialect – mutually intelligible form of a language (based ongeography, social class, race, etc.)dialect continuum (방언 연속체) – a continuum of dialects,geographically distanced members of which are not necessarilymutually intelligibledialect levelling – the coalescence of distinct dialects into asingle uniform speech form

accent – the phonological properties of a regional dialect

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 2 / 21

Sociolinguistics

the study of the relationship between language and societydialectology – the study of the dialects and how language variesacross spacevariation – the study of any aspect of language that varies withrespect to any (social) variabledialect – mutually intelligible form of a language (based ongeography, social class, race, etc.)dialect continuum (방언 연속체) – a continuum of dialects,geographically distanced members of which are not necessarilymutually intelligibledialect levelling – the coalescence of distinct dialects into asingle uniform speech formaccent – the phonological properties of a regional dialect

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 2 / 21

Dialectology

Regional Dialects

based on a geographical areabased on:

• phonological properties (cot/caught merger; 으/어 merger (경상))• lexical differences• grammatical differences

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Dialectology

Regional Dialectsbased on a geographical area

based on:

• phonological properties (cot/caught merger; 으/어 merger (경상))• lexical differences• grammatical differences

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Dialectology

Regional Dialectsbased on a geographical areabased on:

• phonological properties (cot/caught merger; 으/어 merger (경상))• lexical differences• grammatical differences

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Dialectology

Regional Dialectsbased on a geographical areabased on:• phonological properties (cot/caught merger; 으/어 merger (경상))

• lexical differences• grammatical differences

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 3 / 21

Dialectology

Regional Dialectsbased on a geographical areabased on:• phonological properties (cot/caught merger; 으/어 merger (경상))• lexical differences

• grammatical differences

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 3 / 21

Dialectology

Regional Dialectsbased on a geographical areabased on:• phonological properties (cot/caught merger; 으/어 merger (경상))• lexical differences• grammatical differences

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Dialectology

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English Dialectologycot/caught merger

cot: /kAt/; caught: /kOt/ → merged to /kAt/ in some dialects

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English Dialectologycot/caught mergercot: /kAt/; caught: /kOt/ → merged to /kAt/ in some dialects

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 5 / 21

English Dialectologycot/caught mergercot: /kAt/; caught: /kOt/ → merged to /kAt/ in some dialects

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English Dialectology

pin/pen merger

pin: /pIn/; pen: /pEn/ → merged to /pIn/ in some dialects

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English Dialectology

pin/pen mergerpin: /pIn/; pen: /pEn/ → merged to /pIn/ in some dialects

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English Dialectology

pin/pen mergerpin: /pIn/; pen: /pEn/ → merged to /pIn/ in some dialects

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English Dialectology

Merry/Mary/Marry merger: /meôi/, /mEôi, /mæôi

• Some dialects merge all three• Some dialects merge two out of the three• Some keep all three distinct

loss of [h] (some British dialects)hypercorrection - reversion of standard form to perceived correctform

• happen → ’appen → (prescriptive pressure) happen• ever → (prescriptive pressure applied) ’hever’• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gUQpoyfbWJ0

r-less varieties of English

• once had positive prestige (Katharine Hepburn), now has negative prestige(Good Will Hunting)

Grammatical differences: 2nd person plural pronoun

• youse, you all, y’all, youse all, you guys, yinz, you lot, etc.

double modals: “I might could do that”

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 7 / 21

English Dialectology

Merry/Mary/Marry merger: /meôi/, /mEôi, /mæôi• Some dialects merge all three

• Some dialects merge two out of the three• Some keep all three distinct

loss of [h] (some British dialects)hypercorrection - reversion of standard form to perceived correctform

• happen → ’appen → (prescriptive pressure) happen• ever → (prescriptive pressure applied) ’hever’• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gUQpoyfbWJ0

r-less varieties of English

• once had positive prestige (Katharine Hepburn), now has negative prestige(Good Will Hunting)

Grammatical differences: 2nd person plural pronoun

• youse, you all, y’all, youse all, you guys, yinz, you lot, etc.

double modals: “I might could do that”

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 7 / 21

English Dialectology

Merry/Mary/Marry merger: /meôi/, /mEôi, /mæôi• Some dialects merge all three• Some dialects merge two out of the three

• Some keep all three distinct

loss of [h] (some British dialects)hypercorrection - reversion of standard form to perceived correctform

• happen → ’appen → (prescriptive pressure) happen• ever → (prescriptive pressure applied) ’hever’• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gUQpoyfbWJ0

r-less varieties of English

• once had positive prestige (Katharine Hepburn), now has negative prestige(Good Will Hunting)

Grammatical differences: 2nd person plural pronoun

• youse, you all, y’all, youse all, you guys, yinz, you lot, etc.

double modals: “I might could do that”

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 7 / 21

English Dialectology

Merry/Mary/Marry merger: /meôi/, /mEôi, /mæôi• Some dialects merge all three• Some dialects merge two out of the three• Some keep all three distinct

loss of [h] (some British dialects)hypercorrection - reversion of standard form to perceived correctform

• happen → ’appen → (prescriptive pressure) happen• ever → (prescriptive pressure applied) ’hever’• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gUQpoyfbWJ0

r-less varieties of English

• once had positive prestige (Katharine Hepburn), now has negative prestige(Good Will Hunting)

Grammatical differences: 2nd person plural pronoun

• youse, you all, y’all, youse all, you guys, yinz, you lot, etc.

double modals: “I might could do that”

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 7 / 21

English Dialectology

Merry/Mary/Marry merger: /meôi/, /mEôi, /mæôi• Some dialects merge all three• Some dialects merge two out of the three• Some keep all three distinct

loss of [h] (some British dialects)

hypercorrection - reversion of standard form to perceived correctform

• happen → ’appen → (prescriptive pressure) happen• ever → (prescriptive pressure applied) ’hever’• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gUQpoyfbWJ0

r-less varieties of English

• once had positive prestige (Katharine Hepburn), now has negative prestige(Good Will Hunting)

Grammatical differences: 2nd person plural pronoun

• youse, you all, y’all, youse all, you guys, yinz, you lot, etc.

double modals: “I might could do that”

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 7 / 21

English Dialectology

Merry/Mary/Marry merger: /meôi/, /mEôi, /mæôi• Some dialects merge all three• Some dialects merge two out of the three• Some keep all three distinct

loss of [h] (some British dialects)hypercorrection - reversion of standard form to perceived correctform

• happen → ’appen → (prescriptive pressure) happen• ever → (prescriptive pressure applied) ’hever’• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gUQpoyfbWJ0

r-less varieties of English

• once had positive prestige (Katharine Hepburn), now has negative prestige(Good Will Hunting)

Grammatical differences: 2nd person plural pronoun

• youse, you all, y’all, youse all, you guys, yinz, you lot, etc.

double modals: “I might could do that”

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 7 / 21

English Dialectology

Merry/Mary/Marry merger: /meôi/, /mEôi, /mæôi• Some dialects merge all three• Some dialects merge two out of the three• Some keep all three distinct

loss of [h] (some British dialects)hypercorrection - reversion of standard form to perceived correctform• happen → ’appen → (prescriptive pressure) happen

• ever → (prescriptive pressure applied) ’hever’• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gUQpoyfbWJ0

r-less varieties of English

• once had positive prestige (Katharine Hepburn), now has negative prestige(Good Will Hunting)

Grammatical differences: 2nd person plural pronoun

• youse, you all, y’all, youse all, you guys, yinz, you lot, etc.

double modals: “I might could do that”

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 7 / 21

English Dialectology

Merry/Mary/Marry merger: /meôi/, /mEôi, /mæôi• Some dialects merge all three• Some dialects merge two out of the three• Some keep all three distinct

loss of [h] (some British dialects)hypercorrection - reversion of standard form to perceived correctform• happen → ’appen → (prescriptive pressure) happen• ever → (prescriptive pressure applied) ’hever’

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gUQpoyfbWJ0

r-less varieties of English

• once had positive prestige (Katharine Hepburn), now has negative prestige(Good Will Hunting)

Grammatical differences: 2nd person plural pronoun

• youse, you all, y’all, youse all, you guys, yinz, you lot, etc.

double modals: “I might could do that”

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 7 / 21

English Dialectology

Merry/Mary/Marry merger: /meôi/, /mEôi, /mæôi• Some dialects merge all three• Some dialects merge two out of the three• Some keep all three distinct

loss of [h] (some British dialects)hypercorrection - reversion of standard form to perceived correctform• happen → ’appen → (prescriptive pressure) happen• ever → (prescriptive pressure applied) ’hever’• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gUQpoyfbWJ0

r-less varieties of English

• once had positive prestige (Katharine Hepburn), now has negative prestige(Good Will Hunting)

Grammatical differences: 2nd person plural pronoun

• youse, you all, y’all, youse all, you guys, yinz, you lot, etc.

double modals: “I might could do that”

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 7 / 21

English Dialectology

Merry/Mary/Marry merger: /meôi/, /mEôi, /mæôi• Some dialects merge all three• Some dialects merge two out of the three• Some keep all three distinct

loss of [h] (some British dialects)hypercorrection - reversion of standard form to perceived correctform• happen → ’appen → (prescriptive pressure) happen• ever → (prescriptive pressure applied) ’hever’• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gUQpoyfbWJ0

r-less varieties of English

• once had positive prestige (Katharine Hepburn), now has negative prestige(Good Will Hunting)

Grammatical differences: 2nd person plural pronoun

• youse, you all, y’all, youse all, you guys, yinz, you lot, etc.

double modals: “I might could do that”

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 7 / 21

English Dialectology

Merry/Mary/Marry merger: /meôi/, /mEôi, /mæôi• Some dialects merge all three• Some dialects merge two out of the three• Some keep all three distinct

loss of [h] (some British dialects)hypercorrection - reversion of standard form to perceived correctform• happen → ’appen → (prescriptive pressure) happen• ever → (prescriptive pressure applied) ’hever’• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gUQpoyfbWJ0

r-less varieties of English• once had positive prestige (Katharine Hepburn), now has negative prestige

(Good Will Hunting)

Grammatical differences: 2nd person plural pronoun

• youse, you all, y’all, youse all, you guys, yinz, you lot, etc.

double modals: “I might could do that”

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 7 / 21

English Dialectology

Merry/Mary/Marry merger: /meôi/, /mEôi, /mæôi• Some dialects merge all three• Some dialects merge two out of the three• Some keep all three distinct

loss of [h] (some British dialects)hypercorrection - reversion of standard form to perceived correctform• happen → ’appen → (prescriptive pressure) happen• ever → (prescriptive pressure applied) ’hever’• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gUQpoyfbWJ0

r-less varieties of English• once had positive prestige (Katharine Hepburn), now has negative prestige

(Good Will Hunting)

Grammatical differences: 2nd person plural pronoun

• youse, you all, y’all, youse all, you guys, yinz, you lot, etc.

double modals: “I might could do that”

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 7 / 21

English Dialectology

Merry/Mary/Marry merger: /meôi/, /mEôi, /mæôi• Some dialects merge all three• Some dialects merge two out of the three• Some keep all three distinct

loss of [h] (some British dialects)hypercorrection - reversion of standard form to perceived correctform• happen → ’appen → (prescriptive pressure) happen• ever → (prescriptive pressure applied) ’hever’• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gUQpoyfbWJ0

r-less varieties of English• once had positive prestige (Katharine Hepburn), now has negative prestige

(Good Will Hunting)

Grammatical differences: 2nd person plural pronoun• youse, you all, y’all, youse all, you guys, yinz, you lot, etc.

double modals: “I might could do that”

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 7 / 21

English Dialectology

Merry/Mary/Marry merger: /meôi/, /mEôi, /mæôi• Some dialects merge all three• Some dialects merge two out of the three• Some keep all three distinct

loss of [h] (some British dialects)hypercorrection - reversion of standard form to perceived correctform• happen → ’appen → (prescriptive pressure) happen• ever → (prescriptive pressure applied) ’hever’• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gUQpoyfbWJ0

r-less varieties of English• once had positive prestige (Katharine Hepburn), now has negative prestige

(Good Will Hunting)

Grammatical differences: 2nd person plural pronoun• youse, you all, y’all, youse all, you guys, yinz, you lot, etc.

double modals: “I might could do that”

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 7 / 21

Korean Dialectology

애/에 merger

• virtually complete in all varieties of Korean in South Korea• 개/게 (dog/crab)• 내가 (I); 네가 (you.NOM) → 니가 (you.NOM)

으 and 어 have merged to 어 [@] in Kyengsang (경상) dialectsTaebaek mountain range - major dialect boundary separating pitchaccent dialects (east side) from non-pitch accent dialects (westside)

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 8 / 21

Korean Dialectology

애/에 merger• virtually complete in all varieties of Korean in South Korea

• 개/게 (dog/crab)• 내가 (I); 네가 (you.NOM) → 니가 (you.NOM)

으 and 어 have merged to 어 [@] in Kyengsang (경상) dialectsTaebaek mountain range - major dialect boundary separating pitchaccent dialects (east side) from non-pitch accent dialects (westside)

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 8 / 21

Korean Dialectology

애/에 merger• virtually complete in all varieties of Korean in South Korea• 개/게 (dog/crab)

• 내가 (I); 네가 (you.NOM) → 니가 (you.NOM)

으 and 어 have merged to 어 [@] in Kyengsang (경상) dialectsTaebaek mountain range - major dialect boundary separating pitchaccent dialects (east side) from non-pitch accent dialects (westside)

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 8 / 21

Korean Dialectology

애/에 merger• virtually complete in all varieties of Korean in South Korea• 개/게 (dog/crab)• 내가 (I); 네가 (you.NOM) → 니가 (you.NOM)

으 and 어 have merged to 어 [@] in Kyengsang (경상) dialectsTaebaek mountain range - major dialect boundary separating pitchaccent dialects (east side) from non-pitch accent dialects (westside)

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 8 / 21

Korean Dialectology

애/에 merger• virtually complete in all varieties of Korean in South Korea• 개/게 (dog/crab)• 내가 (I); 네가 (you.NOM) → 니가 (you.NOM)

으 and 어 have merged to 어 [@] in Kyengsang (경상) dialects

Taebaek mountain range - major dialect boundary separating pitchaccent dialects (east side) from non-pitch accent dialects (westside)

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 8 / 21

Korean Dialectology

애/에 merger• virtually complete in all varieties of Korean in South Korea• 개/게 (dog/crab)• 내가 (I); 네가 (you.NOM) → 니가 (you.NOM)

으 and 어 have merged to 어 [@] in Kyengsang (경상) dialectsTaebaek mountain range - major dialect boundary separating pitchaccent dialects (east side) from non-pitch accent dialects (westside)

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 8 / 21

Dialect Mapping

isogloss – a line dividing a particular linguistic feature on a map

isogloss bundle – a bundle of several isoglosses of differentlinguistic featuresAn isogloss bundle indicates a major dialect boundary.Ojibwe (Algonquian, closely related to Cree)‘bark’ (of a dog): /migi/ in some places, /migine/ in others

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 9 / 21

Dialect Mapping

isogloss – a line dividing a particular linguistic feature on a mapisogloss bundle – a bundle of several isoglosses of differentlinguistic features

An isogloss bundle indicates a major dialect boundary.Ojibwe (Algonquian, closely related to Cree)‘bark’ (of a dog): /migi/ in some places, /migine/ in others

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 9 / 21

Dialect Mapping

isogloss – a line dividing a particular linguistic feature on a mapisogloss bundle – a bundle of several isoglosses of differentlinguistic featuresAn isogloss bundle indicates a major dialect boundary.

Ojibwe (Algonquian, closely related to Cree)‘bark’ (of a dog): /migi/ in some places, /migine/ in others

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 9 / 21

Dialect Mapping

isogloss – a line dividing a particular linguistic feature on a mapisogloss bundle – a bundle of several isoglosses of differentlinguistic featuresAn isogloss bundle indicates a major dialect boundary.Ojibwe (Algonquian, closely related to Cree)

‘bark’ (of a dog): /migi/ in some places, /migine/ in others

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 9 / 21

Dialect Mapping

isogloss – a line dividing a particular linguistic feature on a mapisogloss bundle – a bundle of several isoglosses of differentlinguistic featuresAn isogloss bundle indicates a major dialect boundary.Ojibwe (Algonquian, closely related to Cree)‘bark’ (of a dog): /migi/ in some places, /migine/ in others

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 9 / 21

Dialect Mapping

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Dialect Mapping

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Social Dialects

Speech forms can vary based on socio-economic status, race, caste,gender, sexual orientation, etc.

social dialect - recognizable dialect based on social factorsprestige dialect – perceived by speakers as dominant or superior– usually correlated with higher socioeconomic status, higher caste,or dialect of large, important citiesAfrican American Vernacular English (AAVE)Historically exhibited a great deal of negative prestige.Origin is still under dispute, but though to have evolved from oldervarieties of English and various African languages.Phonological properties:

• r-deletion: ‘caught’ and ‘court’ have same phonetic form• consonant cluster reduction: passed /pæst/ → [pæs]• pin/pen merger

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 12 / 21

Social Dialects

Speech forms can vary based on socio-economic status, race, caste,gender, sexual orientation, etc.social dialect - recognizable dialect based on social factors

prestige dialect – perceived by speakers as dominant or superior– usually correlated with higher socioeconomic status, higher caste,or dialect of large, important citiesAfrican American Vernacular English (AAVE)Historically exhibited a great deal of negative prestige.Origin is still under dispute, but though to have evolved from oldervarieties of English and various African languages.Phonological properties:

• r-deletion: ‘caught’ and ‘court’ have same phonetic form• consonant cluster reduction: passed /pæst/ → [pæs]• pin/pen merger

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 12 / 21

Social Dialects

Speech forms can vary based on socio-economic status, race, caste,gender, sexual orientation, etc.social dialect - recognizable dialect based on social factorsprestige dialect – perceived by speakers as dominant or superior– usually correlated with higher socioeconomic status, higher caste,or dialect of large, important cities

African American Vernacular English (AAVE)Historically exhibited a great deal of negative prestige.Origin is still under dispute, but though to have evolved from oldervarieties of English and various African languages.Phonological properties:

• r-deletion: ‘caught’ and ‘court’ have same phonetic form• consonant cluster reduction: passed /pæst/ → [pæs]• pin/pen merger

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 12 / 21

Social Dialects

Speech forms can vary based on socio-economic status, race, caste,gender, sexual orientation, etc.social dialect - recognizable dialect based on social factorsprestige dialect – perceived by speakers as dominant or superior– usually correlated with higher socioeconomic status, higher caste,or dialect of large, important citiesAfrican American Vernacular English (AAVE)

Historically exhibited a great deal of negative prestige.Origin is still under dispute, but though to have evolved from oldervarieties of English and various African languages.Phonological properties:

• r-deletion: ‘caught’ and ‘court’ have same phonetic form• consonant cluster reduction: passed /pæst/ → [pæs]• pin/pen merger

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 12 / 21

Social Dialects

Speech forms can vary based on socio-economic status, race, caste,gender, sexual orientation, etc.social dialect - recognizable dialect based on social factorsprestige dialect – perceived by speakers as dominant or superior– usually correlated with higher socioeconomic status, higher caste,or dialect of large, important citiesAfrican American Vernacular English (AAVE)Historically exhibited a great deal of negative prestige.

Origin is still under dispute, but though to have evolved from oldervarieties of English and various African languages.Phonological properties:

• r-deletion: ‘caught’ and ‘court’ have same phonetic form• consonant cluster reduction: passed /pæst/ → [pæs]• pin/pen merger

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 12 / 21

Social Dialects

Speech forms can vary based on socio-economic status, race, caste,gender, sexual orientation, etc.social dialect - recognizable dialect based on social factorsprestige dialect – perceived by speakers as dominant or superior– usually correlated with higher socioeconomic status, higher caste,or dialect of large, important citiesAfrican American Vernacular English (AAVE)Historically exhibited a great deal of negative prestige.Origin is still under dispute, but though to have evolved from oldervarieties of English and various African languages.

Phonological properties:

• r-deletion: ‘caught’ and ‘court’ have same phonetic form• consonant cluster reduction: passed /pæst/ → [pæs]• pin/pen merger

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 12 / 21

Social Dialects

Speech forms can vary based on socio-economic status, race, caste,gender, sexual orientation, etc.social dialect - recognizable dialect based on social factorsprestige dialect – perceived by speakers as dominant or superior– usually correlated with higher socioeconomic status, higher caste,or dialect of large, important citiesAfrican American Vernacular English (AAVE)Historically exhibited a great deal of negative prestige.Origin is still under dispute, but though to have evolved from oldervarieties of English and various African languages.Phonological properties:

• r-deletion: ‘caught’ and ‘court’ have same phonetic form• consonant cluster reduction: passed /pæst/ → [pæs]• pin/pen merger

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 12 / 21

Social Dialects

Speech forms can vary based on socio-economic status, race, caste,gender, sexual orientation, etc.social dialect - recognizable dialect based on social factorsprestige dialect – perceived by speakers as dominant or superior– usually correlated with higher socioeconomic status, higher caste,or dialect of large, important citiesAfrican American Vernacular English (AAVE)Historically exhibited a great deal of negative prestige.Origin is still under dispute, but though to have evolved from oldervarieties of English and various African languages.Phonological properties:• r-deletion: ‘caught’ and ‘court’ have same phonetic form

• consonant cluster reduction: passed /pæst/ → [pæs]• pin/pen merger

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 12 / 21

Social Dialects

Speech forms can vary based on socio-economic status, race, caste,gender, sexual orientation, etc.social dialect - recognizable dialect based on social factorsprestige dialect – perceived by speakers as dominant or superior– usually correlated with higher socioeconomic status, higher caste,or dialect of large, important citiesAfrican American Vernacular English (AAVE)Historically exhibited a great deal of negative prestige.Origin is still under dispute, but though to have evolved from oldervarieties of English and various African languages.Phonological properties:• r-deletion: ‘caught’ and ‘court’ have same phonetic form• consonant cluster reduction: passed /pæst/ → [pæs]

• pin/pen merger

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 12 / 21

Social Dialects

Speech forms can vary based on socio-economic status, race, caste,gender, sexual orientation, etc.social dialect - recognizable dialect based on social factorsprestige dialect – perceived by speakers as dominant or superior– usually correlated with higher socioeconomic status, higher caste,or dialect of large, important citiesAfrican American Vernacular English (AAVE)Historically exhibited a great deal of negative prestige.Origin is still under dispute, but though to have evolved from oldervarieties of English and various African languages.Phonological properties:• r-deletion: ‘caught’ and ‘court’ have same phonetic form• consonant cluster reduction: passed /pæst/ → [pæs]• pin/pen merger

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 12 / 21

African American Vernacular English

Syntactic Properties:

Negative Concord (common in Old-Middle English and inRomance)

• I didn’t see no one.• I don’t want no spinach.

No Copula

• He nice (= He is nice).

Habitual be

• John be happy (=John is usually happy)• That train be late (=That train is usually late)

Negative existentials

• Ain’t no one gonna do that (=There isn’t anyone who is going to do that)• Ain’t no hard worker never get no good payin’ job. (=There aren’t any hard

workers who never get a good paying job.)

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 13 / 21

African American Vernacular English

Syntactic Properties:Negative Concord (common in Old-Middle English and inRomance)

• I didn’t see no one.• I don’t want no spinach.

No Copula

• He nice (= He is nice).

Habitual be

• John be happy (=John is usually happy)• That train be late (=That train is usually late)

Negative existentials

• Ain’t no one gonna do that (=There isn’t anyone who is going to do that)• Ain’t no hard worker never get no good payin’ job. (=There aren’t any hard

workers who never get a good paying job.)

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 13 / 21

African American Vernacular English

Syntactic Properties:Negative Concord (common in Old-Middle English and inRomance)• I didn’t see no one.

• I don’t want no spinach.No Copula

• He nice (= He is nice).

Habitual be

• John be happy (=John is usually happy)• That train be late (=That train is usually late)

Negative existentials

• Ain’t no one gonna do that (=There isn’t anyone who is going to do that)• Ain’t no hard worker never get no good payin’ job. (=There aren’t any hard

workers who never get a good paying job.)

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 13 / 21

African American Vernacular English

Syntactic Properties:Negative Concord (common in Old-Middle English and inRomance)• I didn’t see no one.• I don’t want no spinach.

No Copula

• He nice (= He is nice).

Habitual be

• John be happy (=John is usually happy)• That train be late (=That train is usually late)

Negative existentials

• Ain’t no one gonna do that (=There isn’t anyone who is going to do that)• Ain’t no hard worker never get no good payin’ job. (=There aren’t any hard

workers who never get a good paying job.)

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 13 / 21

African American Vernacular English

Syntactic Properties:Negative Concord (common in Old-Middle English and inRomance)• I didn’t see no one.• I don’t want no spinach.

No Copula

• He nice (= He is nice).

Habitual be

• John be happy (=John is usually happy)• That train be late (=That train is usually late)

Negative existentials

• Ain’t no one gonna do that (=There isn’t anyone who is going to do that)• Ain’t no hard worker never get no good payin’ job. (=There aren’t any hard

workers who never get a good paying job.)

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 13 / 21

African American Vernacular English

Syntactic Properties:Negative Concord (common in Old-Middle English and inRomance)• I didn’t see no one.• I don’t want no spinach.

No Copula• He nice (= He is nice).

Habitual be

• John be happy (=John is usually happy)• That train be late (=That train is usually late)

Negative existentials

• Ain’t no one gonna do that (=There isn’t anyone who is going to do that)• Ain’t no hard worker never get no good payin’ job. (=There aren’t any hard

workers who never get a good paying job.)

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 13 / 21

African American Vernacular English

Syntactic Properties:Negative Concord (common in Old-Middle English and inRomance)• I didn’t see no one.• I don’t want no spinach.

No Copula• He nice (= He is nice).

Habitual be

• John be happy (=John is usually happy)• That train be late (=That train is usually late)

Negative existentials

• Ain’t no one gonna do that (=There isn’t anyone who is going to do that)• Ain’t no hard worker never get no good payin’ job. (=There aren’t any hard

workers who never get a good paying job.)

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 13 / 21

African American Vernacular English

Syntactic Properties:Negative Concord (common in Old-Middle English and inRomance)• I didn’t see no one.• I don’t want no spinach.

No Copula• He nice (= He is nice).

Habitual be• John be happy (=John is usually happy)

• That train be late (=That train is usually late)

Negative existentials

• Ain’t no one gonna do that (=There isn’t anyone who is going to do that)• Ain’t no hard worker never get no good payin’ job. (=There aren’t any hard

workers who never get a good paying job.)

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 13 / 21

African American Vernacular English

Syntactic Properties:Negative Concord (common in Old-Middle English and inRomance)• I didn’t see no one.• I don’t want no spinach.

No Copula• He nice (= He is nice).

Habitual be• John be happy (=John is usually happy)• That train be late (=That train is usually late)

Negative existentials

• Ain’t no one gonna do that (=There isn’t anyone who is going to do that)• Ain’t no hard worker never get no good payin’ job. (=There aren’t any hard

workers who never get a good paying job.)

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 13 / 21

African American Vernacular English

Syntactic Properties:Negative Concord (common in Old-Middle English and inRomance)• I didn’t see no one.• I don’t want no spinach.

No Copula• He nice (= He is nice).

Habitual be• John be happy (=John is usually happy)• That train be late (=That train is usually late)

Negative existentials

• Ain’t no one gonna do that (=There isn’t anyone who is going to do that)• Ain’t no hard worker never get no good payin’ job. (=There aren’t any hard

workers who never get a good paying job.)

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 13 / 21

African American Vernacular English

Syntactic Properties:Negative Concord (common in Old-Middle English and inRomance)• I didn’t see no one.• I don’t want no spinach.

No Copula• He nice (= He is nice).

Habitual be• John be happy (=John is usually happy)• That train be late (=That train is usually late)

Negative existentials• Ain’t no one gonna do that (=There isn’t anyone who is going to do that)

• Ain’t no hard worker never get no good payin’ job. (=There aren’t any hardworkers who never get a good paying job.)

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 13 / 21

African American Vernacular English

Syntactic Properties:Negative Concord (common in Old-Middle English and inRomance)• I didn’t see no one.• I don’t want no spinach.

No Copula• He nice (= He is nice).

Habitual be• John be happy (=John is usually happy)• That train be late (=That train is usually late)

Negative existentials• Ain’t no one gonna do that (=There isn’t anyone who is going to do that)• Ain’t no hard worker never get no good payin’ job. (=There aren’t any hard

workers who never get a good paying job.)

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 13 / 21

Genderlects

Genderlect -social dialect based on gender

Earliest observations on women’s language by Jespersen in the1920sInterplay of language and gender continued with more systematicobservations on women’s speech in the 1970sEarly studies concentrated on lexical differences:

• That’s a lovely picture! - lovely more commonly used by women than by men

Common myth: women talk more than men (many proverbs to thiseffect)Several research studies show that men typically dominateconversations in mixed gender environments.Many languages encode gender distinctions grammatically.different particles used by men and women (Thai politenessmarker: khrap – men; kha – women)

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 14 / 21

Genderlects

Genderlect -social dialect based on genderEarliest observations on women’s language by Jespersen in the1920s

Interplay of language and gender continued with more systematicobservations on women’s speech in the 1970sEarly studies concentrated on lexical differences:

• That’s a lovely picture! - lovely more commonly used by women than by men

Common myth: women talk more than men (many proverbs to thiseffect)Several research studies show that men typically dominateconversations in mixed gender environments.Many languages encode gender distinctions grammatically.different particles used by men and women (Thai politenessmarker: khrap – men; kha – women)

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 14 / 21

Genderlects

Genderlect -social dialect based on genderEarliest observations on women’s language by Jespersen in the1920sInterplay of language and gender continued with more systematicobservations on women’s speech in the 1970s

Early studies concentrated on lexical differences:

• That’s a lovely picture! - lovely more commonly used by women than by men

Common myth: women talk more than men (many proverbs to thiseffect)Several research studies show that men typically dominateconversations in mixed gender environments.Many languages encode gender distinctions grammatically.different particles used by men and women (Thai politenessmarker: khrap – men; kha – women)

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 14 / 21

Genderlects

Genderlect -social dialect based on genderEarliest observations on women’s language by Jespersen in the1920sInterplay of language and gender continued with more systematicobservations on women’s speech in the 1970sEarly studies concentrated on lexical differences:

• That’s a lovely picture! - lovely more commonly used by women than by men

Common myth: women talk more than men (many proverbs to thiseffect)Several research studies show that men typically dominateconversations in mixed gender environments.Many languages encode gender distinctions grammatically.different particles used by men and women (Thai politenessmarker: khrap – men; kha – women)

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 14 / 21

Genderlects

Genderlect -social dialect based on genderEarliest observations on women’s language by Jespersen in the1920sInterplay of language and gender continued with more systematicobservations on women’s speech in the 1970sEarly studies concentrated on lexical differences:• That’s a lovely picture! - lovely more commonly used by women than by men

Common myth: women talk more than men (many proverbs to thiseffect)Several research studies show that men typically dominateconversations in mixed gender environments.Many languages encode gender distinctions grammatically.different particles used by men and women (Thai politenessmarker: khrap – men; kha – women)

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 14 / 21

Genderlects

Genderlect -social dialect based on genderEarliest observations on women’s language by Jespersen in the1920sInterplay of language and gender continued with more systematicobservations on women’s speech in the 1970sEarly studies concentrated on lexical differences:• That’s a lovely picture! - lovely more commonly used by women than by men

Common myth: women talk more than men (many proverbs to thiseffect)

Several research studies show that men typically dominateconversations in mixed gender environments.Many languages encode gender distinctions grammatically.different particles used by men and women (Thai politenessmarker: khrap – men; kha – women)

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 14 / 21

Genderlects

Genderlect -social dialect based on genderEarliest observations on women’s language by Jespersen in the1920sInterplay of language and gender continued with more systematicobservations on women’s speech in the 1970sEarly studies concentrated on lexical differences:• That’s a lovely picture! - lovely more commonly used by women than by men

Common myth: women talk more than men (many proverbs to thiseffect)Several research studies show that men typically dominateconversations in mixed gender environments.

Many languages encode gender distinctions grammatically.different particles used by men and women (Thai politenessmarker: khrap – men; kha – women)

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 14 / 21

Genderlects

Genderlect -social dialect based on genderEarliest observations on women’s language by Jespersen in the1920sInterplay of language and gender continued with more systematicobservations on women’s speech in the 1970sEarly studies concentrated on lexical differences:• That’s a lovely picture! - lovely more commonly used by women than by men

Common myth: women talk more than men (many proverbs to thiseffect)Several research studies show that men typically dominateconversations in mixed gender environments.Many languages encode gender distinctions grammatically.

different particles used by men and women (Thai politenessmarker: khrap – men; kha – women)

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 14 / 21

Genderlects

Genderlect -social dialect based on genderEarliest observations on women’s language by Jespersen in the1920sInterplay of language and gender continued with more systematicobservations on women’s speech in the 1970sEarly studies concentrated on lexical differences:• That’s a lovely picture! - lovely more commonly used by women than by men

Common myth: women talk more than men (many proverbs to thiseffect)Several research studies show that men typically dominateconversations in mixed gender environments.Many languages encode gender distinctions grammatically.different particles used by men and women (Thai politenessmarker: khrap – men; kha – women)

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 14 / 21

Variation

variable – linguistic property under analysis

categorical property – property that does not varyvariable property – property that varieslinguistic factor – a linguistic factor which affects the variable

• position in word• position in sentence• phonological properties of nearby segments• tense, etc.

social factor – a non-linguistic factor which affects the variable

• age, gender, socioeconomic status, race, sexual orientation, education etc.

“Fourth Floor” Experiment – early variationist study oflanguage use

• variable: r-deletion• social factors: socioeconomic class of shop, gender, rough age• linguistic factors: casual versus careful speech, word (fourth or floor)

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 15 / 21

Variation

variable – linguistic property under analysiscategorical property – property that does not vary

variable property – property that varieslinguistic factor – a linguistic factor which affects the variable

• position in word• position in sentence• phonological properties of nearby segments• tense, etc.

social factor – a non-linguistic factor which affects the variable

• age, gender, socioeconomic status, race, sexual orientation, education etc.

“Fourth Floor” Experiment – early variationist study oflanguage use

• variable: r-deletion• social factors: socioeconomic class of shop, gender, rough age• linguistic factors: casual versus careful speech, word (fourth or floor)

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 15 / 21

Variation

variable – linguistic property under analysiscategorical property – property that does not varyvariable property – property that varies

linguistic factor – a linguistic factor which affects the variable

• position in word• position in sentence• phonological properties of nearby segments• tense, etc.

social factor – a non-linguistic factor which affects the variable

• age, gender, socioeconomic status, race, sexual orientation, education etc.

“Fourth Floor” Experiment – early variationist study oflanguage use

• variable: r-deletion• social factors: socioeconomic class of shop, gender, rough age• linguistic factors: casual versus careful speech, word (fourth or floor)

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 15 / 21

Variation

variable – linguistic property under analysiscategorical property – property that does not varyvariable property – property that varieslinguistic factor – a linguistic factor which affects the variable

• position in word• position in sentence• phonological properties of nearby segments• tense, etc.

social factor – a non-linguistic factor which affects the variable

• age, gender, socioeconomic status, race, sexual orientation, education etc.

“Fourth Floor” Experiment – early variationist study oflanguage use

• variable: r-deletion• social factors: socioeconomic class of shop, gender, rough age• linguistic factors: casual versus careful speech, word (fourth or floor)

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 15 / 21

Variation

variable – linguistic property under analysiscategorical property – property that does not varyvariable property – property that varieslinguistic factor – a linguistic factor which affects the variable• position in word

• position in sentence• phonological properties of nearby segments• tense, etc.

social factor – a non-linguistic factor which affects the variable

• age, gender, socioeconomic status, race, sexual orientation, education etc.

“Fourth Floor” Experiment – early variationist study oflanguage use

• variable: r-deletion• social factors: socioeconomic class of shop, gender, rough age• linguistic factors: casual versus careful speech, word (fourth or floor)

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 15 / 21

Variation

variable – linguistic property under analysiscategorical property – property that does not varyvariable property – property that varieslinguistic factor – a linguistic factor which affects the variable• position in word• position in sentence

• phonological properties of nearby segments• tense, etc.

social factor – a non-linguistic factor which affects the variable

• age, gender, socioeconomic status, race, sexual orientation, education etc.

“Fourth Floor” Experiment – early variationist study oflanguage use

• variable: r-deletion• social factors: socioeconomic class of shop, gender, rough age• linguistic factors: casual versus careful speech, word (fourth or floor)

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 15 / 21

Variation

variable – linguistic property under analysiscategorical property – property that does not varyvariable property – property that varieslinguistic factor – a linguistic factor which affects the variable• position in word• position in sentence• phonological properties of nearby segments• tense, etc.

social factor – a non-linguistic factor which affects the variable

• age, gender, socioeconomic status, race, sexual orientation, education etc.

“Fourth Floor” Experiment – early variationist study oflanguage use

• variable: r-deletion• social factors: socioeconomic class of shop, gender, rough age• linguistic factors: casual versus careful speech, word (fourth or floor)

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 15 / 21

Variation

variable – linguistic property under analysiscategorical property – property that does not varyvariable property – property that varieslinguistic factor – a linguistic factor which affects the variable• position in word• position in sentence• phonological properties of nearby segments• tense, etc.

social factor – a non-linguistic factor which affects the variable

• age, gender, socioeconomic status, race, sexual orientation, education etc.“Fourth Floor” Experiment – early variationist study oflanguage use

• variable: r-deletion• social factors: socioeconomic class of shop, gender, rough age• linguistic factors: casual versus careful speech, word (fourth or floor)

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 15 / 21

Variation

variable – linguistic property under analysiscategorical property – property that does not varyvariable property – property that varieslinguistic factor – a linguistic factor which affects the variable• position in word• position in sentence• phonological properties of nearby segments• tense, etc.

social factor – a non-linguistic factor which affects the variable• age, gender, socioeconomic status, race, sexual orientation, education etc.

“Fourth Floor” Experiment – early variationist study oflanguage use

• variable: r-deletion• social factors: socioeconomic class of shop, gender, rough age• linguistic factors: casual versus careful speech, word (fourth or floor)

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 15 / 21

Variation

variable – linguistic property under analysiscategorical property – property that does not varyvariable property – property that varieslinguistic factor – a linguistic factor which affects the variable• position in word• position in sentence• phonological properties of nearby segments• tense, etc.

social factor – a non-linguistic factor which affects the variable• age, gender, socioeconomic status, race, sexual orientation, education etc.

“Fourth Floor” Experiment – early variationist study oflanguage use

• variable: r-deletion• social factors: socioeconomic class of shop, gender, rough age• linguistic factors: casual versus careful speech, word (fourth or floor)

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 15 / 21

Variation

variable – linguistic property under analysiscategorical property – property that does not varyvariable property – property that varieslinguistic factor – a linguistic factor which affects the variable• position in word• position in sentence• phonological properties of nearby segments• tense, etc.

social factor – a non-linguistic factor which affects the variable• age, gender, socioeconomic status, race, sexual orientation, education etc.

“Fourth Floor” Experiment – early variationist study oflanguage use• variable: r-deletion

• social factors: socioeconomic class of shop, gender, rough age• linguistic factors: casual versus careful speech, word (fourth or floor)

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 15 / 21

Variation

variable – linguistic property under analysiscategorical property – property that does not varyvariable property – property that varieslinguistic factor – a linguistic factor which affects the variable• position in word• position in sentence• phonological properties of nearby segments• tense, etc.

social factor – a non-linguistic factor which affects the variable• age, gender, socioeconomic status, race, sexual orientation, education etc.

“Fourth Floor” Experiment – early variationist study oflanguage use• variable: r-deletion• social factors: socioeconomic class of shop, gender, rough age

• linguistic factors: casual versus careful speech, word (fourth or floor)

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 15 / 21

Variation

variable – linguistic property under analysiscategorical property – property that does not varyvariable property – property that varieslinguistic factor – a linguistic factor which affects the variable• position in word• position in sentence• phonological properties of nearby segments• tense, etc.

social factor – a non-linguistic factor which affects the variable• age, gender, socioeconomic status, race, sexual orientation, education etc.

“Fourth Floor” Experiment – early variationist study oflanguage use• variable: r-deletion• social factors: socioeconomic class of shop, gender, rough age• linguistic factors: casual versus careful speech, word (fourth or floor)

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 15 / 21

Variation

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 16 / 21

Variation

/w/-deletion in Korean (ex: 주권 />tSukw2n/ [

>tSuk*2n] sovereignty ;

봐 /pwa/ [pa] look! )

linguistic factors:

• place of preceding C (labial, alveolar, postalveolar, velar, glottal)• manner of preceding C (plain, aspirated, fortis)• following vowel (front, back)

social factors:

• socioeconomic status• age (16-25, 26-45, 46+)

C place rate of deletion C manner rate of deletionlabial 81% plain 30%alveolar 23% aspirated 14%postalveolar 11% fortis 19%velar 16%glottal 12%

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 17 / 21

Variation

/w/-deletion in Korean (ex: 주권 />tSukw2n/ [

>tSuk*2n] sovereignty ;

봐 /pwa/ [pa] look! )linguistic factors:

• place of preceding C (labial, alveolar, postalveolar, velar, glottal)• manner of preceding C (plain, aspirated, fortis)• following vowel (front, back)

social factors:

• socioeconomic status• age (16-25, 26-45, 46+)

C place rate of deletion C manner rate of deletionlabial 81% plain 30%alveolar 23% aspirated 14%postalveolar 11% fortis 19%velar 16%glottal 12%

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 17 / 21

Variation

/w/-deletion in Korean (ex: 주권 />tSukw2n/ [

>tSuk*2n] sovereignty ;

봐 /pwa/ [pa] look! )linguistic factors:• place of preceding C (labial, alveolar, postalveolar, velar, glottal)

• manner of preceding C (plain, aspirated, fortis)• following vowel (front, back)

social factors:

• socioeconomic status• age (16-25, 26-45, 46+)

C place rate of deletion C manner rate of deletionlabial 81% plain 30%alveolar 23% aspirated 14%postalveolar 11% fortis 19%velar 16%glottal 12%

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 17 / 21

Variation

/w/-deletion in Korean (ex: 주권 />tSukw2n/ [

>tSuk*2n] sovereignty ;

봐 /pwa/ [pa] look! )linguistic factors:• place of preceding C (labial, alveolar, postalveolar, velar, glottal)• manner of preceding C (plain, aspirated, fortis)

• following vowel (front, back)

social factors:

• socioeconomic status• age (16-25, 26-45, 46+)

C place rate of deletion C manner rate of deletionlabial 81% plain 30%alveolar 23% aspirated 14%postalveolar 11% fortis 19%velar 16%glottal 12%

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 17 / 21

Variation

/w/-deletion in Korean (ex: 주권 />tSukw2n/ [

>tSuk*2n] sovereignty ;

봐 /pwa/ [pa] look! )linguistic factors:• place of preceding C (labial, alveolar, postalveolar, velar, glottal)• manner of preceding C (plain, aspirated, fortis)• following vowel (front, back)

social factors:

• socioeconomic status• age (16-25, 26-45, 46+)

C place rate of deletion C manner rate of deletionlabial 81% plain 30%alveolar 23% aspirated 14%postalveolar 11% fortis 19%velar 16%glottal 12%

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 17 / 21

Variation

/w/-deletion in Korean (ex: 주권 />tSukw2n/ [

>tSuk*2n] sovereignty ;

봐 /pwa/ [pa] look! )linguistic factors:• place of preceding C (labial, alveolar, postalveolar, velar, glottal)• manner of preceding C (plain, aspirated, fortis)• following vowel (front, back)

social factors:

• socioeconomic status• age (16-25, 26-45, 46+)

C place rate of deletion C manner rate of deletionlabial 81% plain 30%alveolar 23% aspirated 14%postalveolar 11% fortis 19%velar 16%glottal 12%

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 17 / 21

Variation

/w/-deletion in Korean (ex: 주권 />tSukw2n/ [

>tSuk*2n] sovereignty ;

봐 /pwa/ [pa] look! )linguistic factors:• place of preceding C (labial, alveolar, postalveolar, velar, glottal)• manner of preceding C (plain, aspirated, fortis)• following vowel (front, back)

social factors:• socioeconomic status

• age (16-25, 26-45, 46+)

C place rate of deletion C manner rate of deletionlabial 81% plain 30%alveolar 23% aspirated 14%postalveolar 11% fortis 19%velar 16%glottal 12%

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 17 / 21

Variation

/w/-deletion in Korean (ex: 주권 />tSukw2n/ [

>tSuk*2n] sovereignty ;

봐 /pwa/ [pa] look! )linguistic factors:• place of preceding C (labial, alveolar, postalveolar, velar, glottal)• manner of preceding C (plain, aspirated, fortis)• following vowel (front, back)

social factors:• socioeconomic status• age (16-25, 26-45, 46+)

C place rate of deletion C manner rate of deletionlabial 81% plain 30%alveolar 23% aspirated 14%postalveolar 11% fortis 19%velar 16%glottal 12%

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 17 / 21

Variation

/w/-deletion in Korean (ex: 주권 />tSukw2n/ [

>tSuk*2n] sovereignty ;

봐 /pwa/ [pa] look! )linguistic factors:• place of preceding C (labial, alveolar, postalveolar, velar, glottal)• manner of preceding C (plain, aspirated, fortis)• following vowel (front, back)

social factors:• socioeconomic status• age (16-25, 26-45, 46+)

C place rate of deletion C manner rate of deletionlabial 81% plain 30%alveolar 23% aspirated 14%postalveolar 11% fortis 19%velar 16%glottal 12%

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 17 / 21

Variation

Vowel rate of deletion soc-ec status rate of deletionfront 22% upper 22%back 31% middle 25%

lower 32%

age rate of deletion16-25 30%26-45 27%46+ 21%

All three linguistic factors are statistically significant.constraint against adjacent labial segmentsSocioeconomic status and age are both statistically significant.gender not significant/w/-deletion in Korean partially a social phenomenon and partiallya linguistic phenomenon

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 18 / 21

Variation

Vowel rate of deletion soc-ec status rate of deletionfront 22% upper 22%back 31% middle 25%

lower 32%

age rate of deletion16-25 30%26-45 27%46+ 21%

All three linguistic factors are statistically significant.constraint against adjacent labial segmentsSocioeconomic status and age are both statistically significant.gender not significant/w/-deletion in Korean partially a social phenomenon and partiallya linguistic phenomenon

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 18 / 21

Variation

Vowel rate of deletion soc-ec status rate of deletionfront 22% upper 22%back 31% middle 25%

lower 32%

age rate of deletion16-25 30%26-45 27%46+ 21%

All three linguistic factors are statistically significant.

constraint against adjacent labial segmentsSocioeconomic status and age are both statistically significant.gender not significant/w/-deletion in Korean partially a social phenomenon and partiallya linguistic phenomenon

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 18 / 21

Variation

Vowel rate of deletion soc-ec status rate of deletionfront 22% upper 22%back 31% middle 25%

lower 32%

age rate of deletion16-25 30%26-45 27%46+ 21%

All three linguistic factors are statistically significant.constraint against adjacent labial segments

Socioeconomic status and age are both statistically significant.gender not significant/w/-deletion in Korean partially a social phenomenon and partiallya linguistic phenomenon

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 18 / 21

Variation

Vowel rate of deletion soc-ec status rate of deletionfront 22% upper 22%back 31% middle 25%

lower 32%

age rate of deletion16-25 30%26-45 27%46+ 21%

All three linguistic factors are statistically significant.constraint against adjacent labial segmentsSocioeconomic status and age are both statistically significant.

gender not significant/w/-deletion in Korean partially a social phenomenon and partiallya linguistic phenomenon

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 18 / 21

Variation

Vowel rate of deletion soc-ec status rate of deletionfront 22% upper 22%back 31% middle 25%

lower 32%

age rate of deletion16-25 30%26-45 27%46+ 21%

All three linguistic factors are statistically significant.constraint against adjacent labial segmentsSocioeconomic status and age are both statistically significant.gender not significant

/w/-deletion in Korean partially a social phenomenon and partiallya linguistic phenomenon

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 18 / 21

Variation

Vowel rate of deletion soc-ec status rate of deletionfront 22% upper 22%back 31% middle 25%

lower 32%

age rate of deletion16-25 30%26-45 27%46+ 21%

All three linguistic factors are statistically significant.constraint against adjacent labial segmentsSocioeconomic status and age are both statistically significant.gender not significant/w/-deletion in Korean partially a social phenomenon and partiallya linguistic phenomenon

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 18 / 21

Contact Languages

lingua franca – a common language used among people of diverselinguistic backgrounds (English in many tourist sites; French inmany places in Africa, Mandarin in southern China, etc.)

pidgin – makeshift speech variety in the absence of a lingua francacreole – language formed by children raised in the environment ofa pidginPidgins are highly variable and ephemeral – used only as neededPidgins (and creoles) arise in situations where people with nocommon language are forced into a common living environment

• invasions from outsiders• slavery

superstrate language – language of dominant groupsubstrate language – language of non-dominant groupHawaiian Pidgin English – superstrate (English), substrate(Japanese, Tagalog, Cantonese, Korean, Portuguese, and Hawaiian)

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 19 / 21

Contact Languages

lingua franca – a common language used among people of diverselinguistic backgrounds (English in many tourist sites; French inmany places in Africa, Mandarin in southern China, etc.)pidgin – makeshift speech variety in the absence of a lingua franca

creole – language formed by children raised in the environment ofa pidginPidgins are highly variable and ephemeral – used only as neededPidgins (and creoles) arise in situations where people with nocommon language are forced into a common living environment

• invasions from outsiders• slavery

superstrate language – language of dominant groupsubstrate language – language of non-dominant groupHawaiian Pidgin English – superstrate (English), substrate(Japanese, Tagalog, Cantonese, Korean, Portuguese, and Hawaiian)

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 19 / 21

Contact Languages

lingua franca – a common language used among people of diverselinguistic backgrounds (English in many tourist sites; French inmany places in Africa, Mandarin in southern China, etc.)pidgin – makeshift speech variety in the absence of a lingua francacreole – language formed by children raised in the environment ofa pidgin

Pidgins are highly variable and ephemeral – used only as neededPidgins (and creoles) arise in situations where people with nocommon language are forced into a common living environment

• invasions from outsiders• slavery

superstrate language – language of dominant groupsubstrate language – language of non-dominant groupHawaiian Pidgin English – superstrate (English), substrate(Japanese, Tagalog, Cantonese, Korean, Portuguese, and Hawaiian)

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 19 / 21

Contact Languages

lingua franca – a common language used among people of diverselinguistic backgrounds (English in many tourist sites; French inmany places in Africa, Mandarin in southern China, etc.)pidgin – makeshift speech variety in the absence of a lingua francacreole – language formed by children raised in the environment ofa pidginPidgins are highly variable and ephemeral – used only as needed

Pidgins (and creoles) arise in situations where people with nocommon language are forced into a common living environment

• invasions from outsiders• slavery

superstrate language – language of dominant groupsubstrate language – language of non-dominant groupHawaiian Pidgin English – superstrate (English), substrate(Japanese, Tagalog, Cantonese, Korean, Portuguese, and Hawaiian)

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 19 / 21

Contact Languages

lingua franca – a common language used among people of diverselinguistic backgrounds (English in many tourist sites; French inmany places in Africa, Mandarin in southern China, etc.)pidgin – makeshift speech variety in the absence of a lingua francacreole – language formed by children raised in the environment ofa pidginPidgins are highly variable and ephemeral – used only as neededPidgins (and creoles) arise in situations where people with nocommon language are forced into a common living environment

• invasions from outsiders• slavery

superstrate language – language of dominant groupsubstrate language – language of non-dominant groupHawaiian Pidgin English – superstrate (English), substrate(Japanese, Tagalog, Cantonese, Korean, Portuguese, and Hawaiian)

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 19 / 21

Contact Languages

lingua franca – a common language used among people of diverselinguistic backgrounds (English in many tourist sites; French inmany places in Africa, Mandarin in southern China, etc.)pidgin – makeshift speech variety in the absence of a lingua francacreole – language formed by children raised in the environment ofa pidginPidgins are highly variable and ephemeral – used only as neededPidgins (and creoles) arise in situations where people with nocommon language are forced into a common living environment• invasions from outsiders

• slavery

superstrate language – language of dominant groupsubstrate language – language of non-dominant groupHawaiian Pidgin English – superstrate (English), substrate(Japanese, Tagalog, Cantonese, Korean, Portuguese, and Hawaiian)

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 19 / 21

Contact Languages

lingua franca – a common language used among people of diverselinguistic backgrounds (English in many tourist sites; French inmany places in Africa, Mandarin in southern China, etc.)pidgin – makeshift speech variety in the absence of a lingua francacreole – language formed by children raised in the environment ofa pidginPidgins are highly variable and ephemeral – used only as neededPidgins (and creoles) arise in situations where people with nocommon language are forced into a common living environment• invasions from outsiders• slavery

superstrate language – language of dominant groupsubstrate language – language of non-dominant groupHawaiian Pidgin English – superstrate (English), substrate(Japanese, Tagalog, Cantonese, Korean, Portuguese, and Hawaiian)

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 19 / 21

Contact Languages

lingua franca – a common language used among people of diverselinguistic backgrounds (English in many tourist sites; French inmany places in Africa, Mandarin in southern China, etc.)pidgin – makeshift speech variety in the absence of a lingua francacreole – language formed by children raised in the environment ofa pidginPidgins are highly variable and ephemeral – used only as neededPidgins (and creoles) arise in situations where people with nocommon language are forced into a common living environment• invasions from outsiders• slavery

superstrate language – language of dominant group

substrate language – language of non-dominant groupHawaiian Pidgin English – superstrate (English), substrate(Japanese, Tagalog, Cantonese, Korean, Portuguese, and Hawaiian)

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 19 / 21

Contact Languages

lingua franca – a common language used among people of diverselinguistic backgrounds (English in many tourist sites; French inmany places in Africa, Mandarin in southern China, etc.)pidgin – makeshift speech variety in the absence of a lingua francacreole – language formed by children raised in the environment ofa pidginPidgins are highly variable and ephemeral – used only as neededPidgins (and creoles) arise in situations where people with nocommon language are forced into a common living environment• invasions from outsiders• slavery

superstrate language – language of dominant groupsubstrate language – language of non-dominant group

Hawaiian Pidgin English – superstrate (English), substrate(Japanese, Tagalog, Cantonese, Korean, Portuguese, and Hawaiian)

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 19 / 21

Contact Languages

lingua franca – a common language used among people of diverselinguistic backgrounds (English in many tourist sites; French inmany places in Africa, Mandarin in southern China, etc.)pidgin – makeshift speech variety in the absence of a lingua francacreole – language formed by children raised in the environment ofa pidginPidgins are highly variable and ephemeral – used only as neededPidgins (and creoles) arise in situations where people with nocommon language are forced into a common living environment• invasions from outsiders• slavery

superstrate language – language of dominant groupsubstrate language – language of non-dominant groupHawaiian Pidgin English – superstrate (English), substrate(Japanese, Tagalog, Cantonese, Korean, Portuguese, and Hawaiian)

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 19 / 21

Contact Languages

Lexicon of pidgin tends to be based on superstrate language

Grammar of pidgin tends to be based on the substrate languages(Many English words associated with prestige come from Frenchdue to the Norman Invasion – language of government andeducation was French)UG – children growing up in the environment of a pidgin impose arule-governed grammar on their environmenthighly variable and ephemeral aspects of pidgins disappearchildren fill in grammatical gaps with UG options.Creolization – the formation of a creole from a pidginIncreased use of function words and grammatical contrasts.

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 20 / 21

Contact Languages

Lexicon of pidgin tends to be based on superstrate languageGrammar of pidgin tends to be based on the substrate languages

(Many English words associated with prestige come from Frenchdue to the Norman Invasion – language of government andeducation was French)UG – children growing up in the environment of a pidgin impose arule-governed grammar on their environmenthighly variable and ephemeral aspects of pidgins disappearchildren fill in grammatical gaps with UG options.Creolization – the formation of a creole from a pidginIncreased use of function words and grammatical contrasts.

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 20 / 21

Contact Languages

Lexicon of pidgin tends to be based on superstrate languageGrammar of pidgin tends to be based on the substrate languages(Many English words associated with prestige come from Frenchdue to the Norman Invasion – language of government andeducation was French)

UG – children growing up in the environment of a pidgin impose arule-governed grammar on their environmenthighly variable and ephemeral aspects of pidgins disappearchildren fill in grammatical gaps with UG options.Creolization – the formation of a creole from a pidginIncreased use of function words and grammatical contrasts.

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 20 / 21

Contact Languages

Lexicon of pidgin tends to be based on superstrate languageGrammar of pidgin tends to be based on the substrate languages(Many English words associated with prestige come from Frenchdue to the Norman Invasion – language of government andeducation was French)UG – children growing up in the environment of a pidgin impose arule-governed grammar on their environment

highly variable and ephemeral aspects of pidgins disappearchildren fill in grammatical gaps with UG options.Creolization – the formation of a creole from a pidginIncreased use of function words and grammatical contrasts.

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 20 / 21

Contact Languages

Lexicon of pidgin tends to be based on superstrate languageGrammar of pidgin tends to be based on the substrate languages(Many English words associated with prestige come from Frenchdue to the Norman Invasion – language of government andeducation was French)UG – children growing up in the environment of a pidgin impose arule-governed grammar on their environmenthighly variable and ephemeral aspects of pidgins disappear

children fill in grammatical gaps with UG options.Creolization – the formation of a creole from a pidginIncreased use of function words and grammatical contrasts.

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 20 / 21

Contact Languages

Lexicon of pidgin tends to be based on superstrate languageGrammar of pidgin tends to be based on the substrate languages(Many English words associated with prestige come from Frenchdue to the Norman Invasion – language of government andeducation was French)UG – children growing up in the environment of a pidgin impose arule-governed grammar on their environmenthighly variable and ephemeral aspects of pidgins disappearchildren fill in grammatical gaps with UG options.

Creolization – the formation of a creole from a pidginIncreased use of function words and grammatical contrasts.

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 20 / 21

Contact Languages

Lexicon of pidgin tends to be based on superstrate languageGrammar of pidgin tends to be based on the substrate languages(Many English words associated with prestige come from Frenchdue to the Norman Invasion – language of government andeducation was French)UG – children growing up in the environment of a pidgin impose arule-governed grammar on their environmenthighly variable and ephemeral aspects of pidgins disappearchildren fill in grammatical gaps with UG options.Creolization – the formation of a creole from a pidgin

Increased use of function words and grammatical contrasts.

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 20 / 21

Contact Languages

Lexicon of pidgin tends to be based on superstrate languageGrammar of pidgin tends to be based on the substrate languages(Many English words associated with prestige come from Frenchdue to the Norman Invasion – language of government andeducation was French)UG – children growing up in the environment of a pidgin impose arule-governed grammar on their environmenthighly variable and ephemeral aspects of pidgins disappearchildren fill in grammatical gaps with UG options.Creolization – the formation of a creole from a pidginIncreased use of function words and grammatical contrasts.

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 20 / 21

Contact Languages

Tok Pisin - official language in Papua New Guinea• superstrate: English (mostly)• substrate: Kuanua and others (Austronesian)

/-im/ causative suffixbik ‘big’ bikim ‘make big’nogut ‘no good’ nogutim ‘spoil’ or ‘damage’doti ‘dirty’ dotiim ‘become dirty’brait ‘wide’ braitim ‘widen’ (from German)

Pronouns

Singular Dual Trial Plural1.excl mi mitupela mitripela mipela1.incl yumitupela yumitripela yumipela or yumi2 yu yutupela yutripela yupela3 em tupela tripela ol

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 21 / 21

Contact Languages

Tok Pisin - official language in Papua New Guinea• superstrate: English (mostly)• substrate: Kuanua and others (Austronesian)

/-im/ causative suffixbik ‘big’ bikim ‘make big’nogut ‘no good’ nogutim ‘spoil’ or ‘damage’doti ‘dirty’ dotiim ‘become dirty’brait ‘wide’ braitim ‘widen’ (from German)

PronounsSingular Dual Trial Plural

1.excl mi mitupela mitripela mipela1.incl yumitupela yumitripela yumipela or yumi2 yu yutupela yutripela yupela3 em tupela tripela ol

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 21 / 21

Contact Languages

Tok Pisin - official language in Papua New Guinea• superstrate: English (mostly)• substrate: Kuanua and others (Austronesian)

/-im/ causative suffixbik ‘big’ bikim ‘make big’nogut ‘no good’ nogutim ‘spoil’ or ‘damage’doti ‘dirty’ dotiim ‘become dirty’brait ‘wide’ braitim ‘widen’ (from German)

PronounsSingular Dual Trial Plural

1.excl mi mitupela mitripela mipela1.incl yumitupela yumitripela yumipela or yumi2 yu yutupela yutripela yupela3 em tupela tripela ol

ENG 2003 - 언어학개론 21 / 21