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ENGINEERED WOOD PRODUCTS ___________________________________________________________________________________

GLUE-LAMINATED TIMBER AND LAMINATED VENEER LUMBER BEAMS

Figure 1: Coastal Washington Douglas Fir-Larch (2007)

A COMPARATIVE LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT ___________________________________________________________________________________

By Jeralee Anderson

ME599 – Cooper Winter 2008

Anderson, Jeralee ME599 – LCA

TABLE OF CONTENTS ___________________________________________________________________________________

1.0 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Literature Review ............................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Environmental Aspects .................................................................................................................... 2

1.2.1 Fossil Fuel Use........................................................................................................................ 2 1.2.2 Resource consumption............................................................................................................ 2 1.2.3 Water Use ............................................................................................................................... 2 1.2.4 Air Emissions........................................................................................................................... 3 1.2.5 Chemical Use .......................................................................................................................... 3 1.2.6 Waste Generation ................................................................................................................... 3

1.3 Process Alternatives ........................................................................................................................ 3

2.0 Goal and Scope.............................................................................................................................. 4 2.1 Goal.................................................................................................................................................. 4

2.1.1 Intended Application................................................................................................................ 4 2.1.2 Study Background ................................................................................................................... 4 2.1.3 Intended Audience .................................................................................................................. 4 2.1.4 Public Use ............................................................................................................................... 5

2.2 Scope ............................................................................................................................................... 5 2.2.1 Product Function and System ................................................................................................. 5 2.2.2 Functional Unit ........................................................................................................................ 5 2.2.3 Reference Flows ..................................................................................................................... 6 2.2.4 System Boundaries ................................................................................................................. 6 2.2.5 Allocation Procedures ............................................................................................................. 7 2.2.6 Impact Categories ................................................................................................................... 7 2.2.7 Data Categories & Cutoff ........................................................................................................ 8 2.2.8 Quantitative Data Requirements ............................................................................................. 9 2.2.9 Qualitative Data Requirements ............................................................................................... 9 2.2.10 Assumptions............................................................................................................................ 9 2.2.11 Limitations ............................................................................................................................. 10 2.2.12 Critical Review....................................................................................................................... 10

3.0 Life Cycle Inventory..................................................................................................................... 11 3.1 Data Collection............................................................................................................................... 11 3.2 Unit Processes............................................................................................................................... 11

3.2.1 Biomass Harvest ................................................................................................................... 11 3.2.2 Production of Resins ............................................................................................................. 12 3.2.3 Energy Production................................................................................................................. 12 3.2.4 Fuel Production ..................................................................................................................... 12 3.2.5 EWP Production .................................................................................................................... 12 3.2.6 Transport ............................................................................................................................... 14 3.2.7 Residential Use ..................................................................................................................... 14 3.2.8 Disposal................................................................................................................................. 14 3.2.9 Data Calculations .................................................................................................................. 14 3.2.10 Assumptions & Cut-Off Flows ............................................................................................... 15

3.3 Results ........................................................................................................................................... 15

4.0 Life Cycle Impact Assessment ................................................................................................... 17 4.1 Impact Assessment........................................................................................................................ 17 4.2 Classification.................................................................................................................................. 17 4.3 Characterization............................................................................................................................. 18

4.3.1 Ecological Impacts ................................................................................................................ 18 4.3.2 Human Health Impacts.......................................................................................................... 19 4.3.3 Results................................................................................................................................... 19

4.4 Normalization ................................................................................................................................. 19

5.0 Interpretation................................................................................................................................ 20 5.1 Data Quality ................................................................................................................................... 20 5.2 Contribution Analyses .................................................................................................................... 21 5.3 Sensitivity Analysis ........................................................................................................................ 22 5.4 Limitations of Data ......................................................................................................................... 22 5.5 Results Summary........................................................................................................................... 22

6.0 Recommendations....................................................................................................................... 23

7.0 References.................................................................................................................................... 24

APPENDICES ___________________________________________________________________________________

Appendix A Timber Beam & Joist Calculation: Defining Functional Unit and Reference Flows

Appendix B UWME Data Quality Scores

Appendix C Life Cycle Inventory Matrices

Appendix D Life Cycle Inventory MATLab Code

Appendix E Life Cycle Inventory MATLab Output

LIST OF FIGURES ___________________________________________________________________________________

Figure 1: Coastal Washington Douglas Fir-Larch (2007) .............................................................................. i Figure 2: Beam Model of Functional Unit ..................................................................................................... 5 Figure 3: System and System Boundaries ................................................................................................... 7 Figure 4: Glulam Manufacturing Processes................................................................................................ 13 Figure 5: LVL Manufacturing Processes..................................................................................................... 13 Figure 6: Contribution Analyses.................................................................................................................. 21

LIST OF TABLES ___________________________________________________________________________________

Table 1: Material Properties.......................................................................................................................... 6 Table 2: Data Categories for Life Cycle Stages............................................................................................ 8 Table 3: Scaling Matrix, s............................................................................................................................ 15 Table 4: Inventory Matrix, g ........................................................................................................................ 16 Table 5: Available FRED Impact Equivalency Factors, Q .......................................................................... 17 Table 6: Total Environmental Impact, h ...................................................................................................... 19 Table 7: Normalized Impacts ...................................................................................................................... 19 Table 8: Data Quality Scores ...................................................................................................................... 20 Table 9: Worst Process Contributers .......................................................................................................... 22

1.0 Introduction ___________________________________________________________________________________

Engineered wood products (EWP) have become very abundant in new homes and other structures. These products are very popular compared to standard sawn lumber because they are generally simple to install and have several engineering and architectural advantages, such as longer spans and smaller sizes. In fact, EWP, such as manufactured I-joists for floors, often carry a more desirable economic impact on a building project than standard milled wood, due to their ease of installation and therefore reduced labor costs.

Additionally, engineered wood also has a longer design life, as the products are not subject to rot or other similar atmospheric or environmental effects to the same extent as their organic natural counterparts. Unfortunately, the adhesives they are made with tend to be made using formaldehyde-based resins. Throughout their extended design lives from manufacture to disposal, they emit formaldehyde and other volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The manufacturing processes for these products are also much more complicated than standard grade lumber milling, and they require high energy and resource inputs. Some of the EWP available to the building industry are actually made of co-products from standard milling or veneering, such as particle board, oriented strand board (“chip board”) and parallel strand lumber beams.

The LEEDTM Rating System in the United States gives sustainability credits for materials use where different product alternatives can be employed, so that “less is more,” and engineering design efficiency is supposed to be “innovative.” High recycled content products, construction waste minimization procedures, and reused non-local material may ultimately become prerequisites to receive future LEEDTM ratings. The current version of the LEEDTM system currently only accounts for VOC output of architectural materials. Structural materials receive little attention, and are often overlooked, even though they comprise a substantial portion of a building’s mass. From a building life-cycle perspective, a high level of environmental friendliness from these materials is essential to the health of the building and its inhabitants to a degree that is currently unknown and scarcely researched.

For this class project, I compare the life cycles and environmental impacts of two engineered wood products. I am a licensed civil engineer in the area of structural design and I am currently studying the applications of sustainability to structural engineering. The topic follows directly from past independent study research on the role of the structural engineer in “green” building and sustainable construction. I am also a LEED Accredited Professional, and I run my own engineering consulting firm where I specify these specific types of engineered wood products on a regular basis. This life cycle assessment (LCA) will thus directly influence my professional work and my future academic research.

1.1 Literature Review This project relies heavily on existing information from the Consortium for Research in Renewable Industrial Materials (CORRIM). CORRIM conducted a lengthy comprehensive study on residential buildings made with timber products in the United States that was extensively peer-reviewed and published in 2004 (updated in December 2005 for publish in Wood and Fiber Science). Research was contributed by notable academic institutions, including the Forestry Department at the University of Washington and regional neighbor Oregon State University, among others. Modules in the study of interest herein included modules A, G, H, J and M.

Additional literature was available from a 2002 case study completed by the Norway Department of Forest Resources. This study included the life-cycle performance and cost analyses of glulam beams installed at the Gardermoen airport.

The United States Environmental Protection agency also publishes the National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP) in its AP-42 document for the wood products industry. Due to the data quality ratings of the data provided in this report, they were not used in this particular study. Potentially, these data could be used in future studies to establish ranges for sensitivity analyses.

Considerable information is also available on the internet for process descriptions for the manufacture of the wood products. Resin manufacture processes, however, are generally proprietary processes and data was not easily obtainable in the time frame of this project. The CORRIM studies provided resin information based on mass-allocated stochastic models, and these data were considered acceptable. The resin manufacture process used in LVL manufacture was assumed to use phenol formaldehyde in place of phenol resorcinol resin, for which data was unavailable at the time of this LCI study.

1.2 Environmental Aspects The lumber industry has several roles in sustainability, as a broader concept, surrounding environmental, social and economic impacts. For example, environmental aspects of the cradle-to-cradle cycle for the manufacturing processes of engineered wood products (and also milled lumber) include fossil fuel use, electricity consumption, resource depletion, water use, wastewater generation, air emissions, chemical use, noise production, solid waste generation, land use, maintenance and disposal. With the exception of human health-related environmental impacts, social and economic costs and benefits of engineered wood production (both globally and locally) are not truly appropriate for this particular engineering assessment and are ignored herein. Also, many of the aspects mentioned are ignored or highly simplified due to the limited time frame for this project. Some of the more common environmental aspects that were investigated in this study are briefly introduced in this section.

1.2.1 Fossil Fuel Use Fossil fuel derivations, such as coal, diesel fuel, natural gas, kerosene, and gasoline are a major input to all processes in the production of EWP. These fuels are used in many types of equipment used to harvesting biomass, transportation by truck and rail, manufacturing equipment such as boilers and saws, in residential construction (and deconstruction) equipment, and in waste incinerators for disposal. Also, electricity is generated using mostly non-renewable fossil fuels in this model.

1.2.2 Resource consumption Aside from non-renewable energy sources like fossil fuels, the wood industry also consumes many other non-renewable and renewable resources. Other non-renewable finite resources include heavy metals and both organic and inorganic chemicals, and more broadly, land use. These are not considered herein due to time constraints. The forest resources model is the main renewable resource considered for this study, including the production of fertilizers and biomass.

1.2.3 Water Use Water use is difficult to quantify at the beginning of the life-cycle for use in forest management and maintenance. However, water is used extensively in the milling process for sawing, and also during

the production process for cooling, wood storage, and cleaning. It is not well-documented, and wastewater emissions also have significant environmental implications. This study tracks water for the life cycle inventory but not for the impact assessment due to data gaps.

1.2.4 Air Emissions Air emissions contribute to global warming, acid rain and smog formation throughout the life cycle of a wood product. Emissions come from transportation sources, any construction or demolition equipment, stationary manufacturing equipment and any part of the manufacturing process that uses fossil fuels as an energy source (including electricity). Other substance emissions come from offgassing of certain finish materials or manufacturing processes which can affect human health. Air emissions are thus highly regulated by the EPA.

1.2.5 Chemical Use The engineered wood products in this study have a higher degree of chemical use incorporated in the manufacturing process compared to standard sawn lumber. Chemical use, for this study, mainly includes the use of resins. These resins are typically organic adhesives that use aldehydes in the base chains. Much of the chemical use in a residence actually results from architectural finishes applied to wood products; therefore house maintenance and related emissions are not considered.

1.2.6 Waste Generation The wood products industry generates a large amount of solid waste. Manufacturing processes typically are multifunctional and co-products are generated and sold or returned back into the system; for example, sawmills will send low grade stud material to the glulam manufacturing facility that cannot be sold to the market as structural products. Recycling is generally not available for wood products and end-of-life typically consists of disposal in a construction and demolition waste landfill. Regulations on wood waste, then, are generally directed more toward reduction in material and reusability of salvaged wood. Due to the complexity of modeling such a waste feedback loop, these implications were omitted from this study.

1.3 Process Alternatives Several process alternatives could be considered within the wood products industry, both with potentially positive and negative impacts. Incorporation of renewable energy sources, like burning more on-site biomass could potentially increase carbon emissions, but reduce transportation of fuels and use of grid electricity. Hydroelectric power could be used as well, but that includes implications on land use even though it is very efficient. Inorganic chemicals could potentially be used in smaller quantities for resin materials, but would undoubtedly have immense emission implications for water and air. Fuels for transport, manufacture, and construction phases could also be altered to include biodiesel as a fuel source, perhaps as an additional co-product of manufacture. Lastly, the Forest Stewardship Council certifies wood in a chain-of-custody format for forest materials that have been harvested from sustainably managed forestlands. This certification process has mostly economic implications if it were embraced on a large scale.

2.0 Goal and Scope ___________________________________________________________________________________

2.1 Goal The goal of this life cycle assessment is to compare the environmental impacts, limited to air emissions, of the life-cycles for two engineered wood products commonly used as structural support elements in an indoor residential environment.

2.1.1 Intended Application This document is a required 10-week exercise for the University of Washington ME599 Life Cycle Assessment course. It intends to demonstrate an understanding of the four main parts for complete life cycle assessment, including: Goal & Scope (Section 2), Life Cycle Inventory (Section 3), Life Cycle Impact Assessment (Section 4), and Interpretation (Section 5). This study complies with the outlined methods for LCA in the ISO 14040 and 14044 standards.

2.1.2 Study Background CORRIM conducted life cycle inventories for the individual engineered wood products used within a model residential structure. Data for the engineered wood products in these wholistic studies are difficult to isolate for the specific engineered wood products. This study seeks to isolate the impacts associated with these structural members and their contribution to the impact of the structure as a whole by investigating the life-cycle of each product.

The LCI studies have shown that wood products are generally environmentally superior product choices in cradle-to-gate as well as gate-to-gate when compared with standard milled lumber, steel or concrete structural alternatives. Nevertheless, the adhesives used in EWP tend to be made using organic formaldehyde-based resins, which emit volatile organic compounds (VOCs). These types of chemicals potentially impact the health of the consumer inhabiting buildings made with these products. Also, the manufacturing process is much more complicated than standard grade lumber milling and requires land use, fuel and electricity — all concerns that make these EWP excellent candidates for isolated life-cycle assessments.

2.1.3 Intended Audience This LCA study is intended to reach architects, structural designers, contractors, and academic disciples of these professions. It is important that environmental impacts of these types of products are considered during the material specification process of building a home. Professional designers and engineers will be able to use this study to make sustainable design choices and recommendations to their clients. This LCA may also serve to inform the wood product manufacturers of areas for potential improvement of their environmental management systems. Additionally, the information herein may be disclosed for public use, especially in applications on a national level with the United States Green Building Council and their new Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design for Homes (LEED-H) rating system. Finally, the LCA will be presented in class to student peers and faculty of the University of Washington, the author’s local colleagues in structural engineering and students in the CEE454 Timber Design of Structures course at the University of Washington.

2.1.4 Public Use The results of this LCA will primarily be used as reference material in the ME599 class; however, the study is based on publicly available data and is suitable for public disclosure.

2.2 Scope This study compares a glulam beam and a laminated veneer lumber beam that have similar engineering properties. The manufacturing processes for these three types of engineered wood are generally comparable. Both products use low-grade wood materials to comprise final products that have higher “engineering value” than a standard piece of wood of the same size and dimension.

2.2.1 Product Function and System Glue-laminated beams (GLB or glulam) are made of whole pieces of low quality dimension lumber (typically one to two inches in short nominal dimension), which are processed, jointed together and adhered, assembled into beams, then adhered together once more with a special high strength epoxy (i.e. the glue for “glu”) in horizontal layers (i.e. the laminations or “lams”). The glue and quality of wood distribution within the beam allow larger, stronger members than their natural wood counterparts. Glulams have very high strength and material properties compared to a similar sized natural wood beam, and they can be finished to be used in exposed areas. Often they are very aesthetically pleasing and also can be specially manufactured into custom shapes such as arches or special trusses. Glulams are used occasionally in outdoor applications due to their ability to be pretreated or made with all-weather types of wood (i.e. Alaskan cedar).

Laminated veneer lumber (LVL) is made with very thin vertical sheets of wood which are lathed from whole pieces of low to moderate grade wood, then adhered together with an epoxy adhesive under high pressure and heat. LVL beams have much different engineering properties than standard grade lumber of the same size, and slightly better properties than most glulams. LVLs generally offer higher strength and material properties than natural wood and glulams. LVLs cannot be used in exposed exterior applications due to their tendency to delaminate under adverse weather conditions, though they may be architecturally finished and then used outdoors.

2.2.2 Functional Unit Specifically, the criteria of the functional unit will be an appropriate volumetric measure (cubic feet or board feet) for each product based on a generic beam size (nominally 4x12) that is uniformly loaded and simply supported with a 15-foot clear span and 75-year design life. This application is representative of a structural member used in a typical single-family residence.

Figure 2: Beam Model of Functional Unit

The span length is classified as “mid-length,” which means that, for strength requirements, bending is the primary failure mode. During member selection in the structural design process, strength

under specified loads (typically per some code regulations) governs the design, and secondary requirements address “serviceability” or minimum performance. This comparative LCA will thus first address strength requirements as a percentage of the allowable load based on material properties, provided by the product manufacturer and associated design tables from the American Wood Council National Design Specification: Design Values for Wood Construction. Serviceability will be included within the commentary for overall performance.

2.2.3 Reference Flows The beam was modeled using the ENERCalc Structural Engineering Library as a calculation tool. Calculations are attached in Appendix A. For comparison, two wood beams (standard sawn) are included here for comparison as potential structural element substitutions. Notably, these standard sawn timbers meet the Code required deflection (serviceability) criteria but the engineered products do not for this particular model. The sawn wood, however, is dimensionally larger in width or depth and heavier; this is a typical tradeoff consideration that exists in structural engineering design. Table 1: Material Properties

Product Softwood Species Grade Density Dimensions Volume Mass

Glulam Douglas Fir 26F-E/DF1M1 29.6 pcf 3.0”x12”x15’0” 3.75 cf 111 lb

LVL Mixed Microllam 1.8E 28.8 pcf 3.5”x11.875”x15’0” 4.33 cf 124.7 lb

6x12 Sawn Douglas Fir - Larch Dense No. 1 31.8 pcf 5.5”x11.5”x15’0” 6.58 cf 209.5 lb

4x14 Sawn Douglas Fir - Larch Dense Select Structural 31.8 pcf 3.5”x13.25”x15’0” 4.83 cf 153.6 lb

The approximate size of each beam is nominally four inches by twelve inches (4x12), such that comparison may be made with a standard grade lumber beam of the same size. This nominal size of each type of beam will have comparable section properties for bending analyses. Shear capacity should not govern the design and will not be considered herein. The midpoint deflection of the beam will be calculated as a reference value for serviceability requirements based on Code values as a part of the secondary comparison as noted above. Note that EWP beams will have different values (higher) for elastic modulus and allowable bending stress than a wood member of the same size.

The engineered wood products shown above will be theoretically located in a model ideal residential application, having sustained no damage during construction handling, transportation or undergone any installation problems or modifications due to changes in related structural or architectural components. Design life of the structure is independent of the model due to the nature of the product and useful life.

2.2.4 System Boundaries Figure 3 shows the system boundaries for EWP manufacture. This LCA will be a cradle-to-cradle assessment. Calculation of the emissions from transportation to construction sites and installation of the products are based on CORRIM reported average distances for the residential alternative design study (Phase 1 2005). The manufacture of the products will be handled as a sub-system of unit processes within the context of the system boundary. Six life-cycle stages within the system boundary will be considered: forest growth (and biomass regeneration) and harvesting, transportation, the manufacture of each product (without co-products), resin manufacture, service use, and disposal.

Figure 3: System and System Boundaries

2.2.5 Allocation Procedures Allocations for the functional unit are based on volume in cubic feet, and environmental burdens will be allocated using an appropriate density function – mass of product or co-product per unit volume. Allocations for the co-products are based on the surplus method, due to necessity of limiting the scope of this work. An allocation model was also developed for the construction and demolition phases of the life cycle based on data for total building mass. Density of wood was used to estimate an approximate volume of wood product as a percentage of total materials and wood waste. These allocation units match the units of the reference flows. Allocations are in general accordance with the procedures of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Standards 14400 and 14440 for each functional unit of products. Literature review was used to assess potential design alternatives.

2.2.6 Impact Categories Impact categories considered here include only air emissions for categories available in the EPA’s Framework for Responsible Environmental Decision-Making (FRED). Air emissions of particular concern include VOCs and formaldehyde and global warming potential (GWP) due to process emissions and flows. Acidification and smog are also included, as well as human health and eco-toxicity. Impact categories are outlined in further detail in Section 4, Life Cycle Impact Assessment.

2.2.7 Data Categories & Cutoff Data categories for life cycle assessments of each product are as follows: Table 2: Data Categories for Life Cycle Stages

Life Cycle Stage Category Included In Scope?

Chemicals No Ancillary Materials

Metals No

Lubricants Yes, Allocated (Hollow)

Transport & Manufacturing Equipment No Capital Equipment & Operations Buildings & Operation No

Biomass (Trees) Yes

Fertilizer Yes Raw Materials & Resources

Resins Yes, Limited

Water Yes, Limited

Land No

Energy Fossil Fuels (Non-renewable) Yes

Electricity (Renewable & Non-renewable) Yes, Allocated (Subsituted)

Heat No

Recovered Energy (Biomass Waste, etc.) No

Transport Heavy Truck Yes

Rail Yes

Manufacture Laminated Veneer Lumber Yes

Glue-Laminated Timber Yes

Use LVL Use in Residence Yes, Allocated (Mass)

Glulam Use in Residence Yes, Allocated (Mass)

Disposal Construction & Demolition Landfill Yes, Allocated (Mass)

Recycle/Salvage/Reuse No

2.2.8 Quantitative Data Requirements Data collection (numerical) included review of several previously documented life-cycle inventories primarily from CORRIM and other readily accessible life cycle inventory databases, such as EcoInvent. GREET was used for data on fossil fuel generation and combustion (well-to-point-of-use) and transportation for rail and heavy truck. CORRIM data was available in digital format as part of the United States NREL database. Data acquired from this database were verified with the printed document modules before use in the inventory analyses. Due to geographical data quality requirements and the existence of regionally collected data for the Pacific Northwest, EcoInvent data was not included in this study. Process data were also available for both glulam and LVL manufacture from the EPA AP-42 documents. Most of these data were rated D or E or unknown due to lack of documented sources, or data failed to be reproducible. AP-42 was used qualitatively, then, for determining unit processes and initial system boundaries, in conjunction with other documents in the literature review.

2.2.9 Qualitative Data Requirements Data quality requirements are based on the University of Washington Department of Mechanical Engineering (UWME) Design for Environment Laboratory data quality scores. These requirements include seven quality indicators:

• Time-related coverage

• Geographical coverage

• Technological coverage

• Precision, completeness and representativeness

• Consistency and reproducibility

• Sources and their representativeness

• Uncertainty.

Detailed descriptions of the UWME Data Quality Scores associated with this project are provided in Appendix B. A minimum score of four (4) in all requirement categories was required for all data to be considered for this study. Additional data with data quality scores above four were collected and available for use, but were omitted in place of more reliable data. Data quality ratings are assigned and evaluated in the Interpretation section at the end of this document.

2.2.10 Assumptions Data from life cycle inventories were not collected which consider manufacture of the supporting sub-systems for each unit process, e.g. the logging trucks, the equipment used to complete any unit process within the system boundary of manufacturing, chemical production facilities, or disposal facilities. These processes are excluded because the end product considered consists of a single unit product, and the life cycle contribution of these supporting processes in the production of this unit product is negligible. Any inputs or outputs (denoted on the previous pages) which are not 95 percent statistically significant in the referenced life cycle inventories by mass, energy or environmental relevance are excluded from consideration.

Due to the use of the data from CORRIM, most of the statistically irrelevant materials were already excluded. Other exclusions for environmental flows (and co-products) were made to simplify scope

of work. Additionally, waste treatment unit processes for air and water will not be included (solid waste only from construction and demolition).

Unit process data was not available in GREET for kerosene or distillate fuel oil. These were assumed to be equivalent to diesel fuel oil. Kerosene has a different energy content than diesel fuel and was converted accordingly prior to the aggregation with diesel. Transportation models assumed 80 percent capacity fronthaul and empty backhaul.

Electricity use was also aggregated in the system. The CORRIM models provided three electricity generation categories: Pacific Northwest (PNW) grid, U.S. average grid, and an unspecified grid. Since the PNW grid is heavily based in hydro power, data which was allocated for this grid included hydro in the environmental flows. Therefore the fossil fuel energy contributions were aggregated to the standard grid under the assumption that the processes for combustion were similar in process and efficiency regardless of location. Modeling the PNW grid for production of energy is a topic for future sensitivity studies of incorporating more alternative energy in the manufacture of EWP.

Unit process data was also not available for lubricants and these were modeled as a hollow process, mimicking the CORRIM studies. Resin data was also provided in the CORRIM studies, but manufacture energy was estimated for these studies in the CORRIM studies. More information about the resin uncertainties are discussed in Section 3.

Engineered wood products that are structural members are generally not subject to wear and tear as much as wood products such as flooring and siding and finishes. Structural elements do not require heating and cooling energy, or regular maintenance within a structure, and are therefore time independent. “Design life” in the life-cycle generally does not influence the performance or the emissions of the end product following the completion of the manufacturing process. Therefore, the environmental impacts associated with the element are restricted to construction transportation (manufacturer to distribution center), the construction process for the residence (use of equipment in construction and installation), and demolition transportation and disposal.

2.2.11 Limitations The broad range of products generated by the wood industry makes isolation of individual life-cycles difficult. Several unit processes in each manufacturing process are multifunctional, and due to time constraints co-products of these processes had to be omitted. For example, burning of hogfuel from waste wood was not considered for closed loop reuse in a boiler. Additionally, data collected by CORRIM studies did not include carbon dioxide emissions from the forest management processes or manufacturing processes, because it is not required to be reported per the EPA emission standards. Conversely, sequestration of carbon was not considered in the wood product itself or within the total residence. These types of data would be necessary to compile an accurate life-cycle impact assessment. Similarly, GREET does not include many chemicals tracked in the impact assessment for impacts associated with human health and ecotoxicity, for example. All of these issues severely limit the applicability of the study results.

2.2.12 Critical Review Critical review of this life cycle assessment prior to its public presentation is to be completed by the project advisor, Dr. Joyce Cooper of the UWME Design for Environment Laboratory. Additional reviews may also be completed by members of the Civil Engineering faculty, and colleagues of my professional career.

3.0 Life Cycle Inventory ___________________________________________________________________________________

The 2006 ISO14044 Standard Section 4.3 provides the basic background and procedures required for life-cycle inventory analyses based on the functional units and reference flows defined in the Goal and Scope. The two inventory analyses under comparison are described below with reference their unit processes and functional unit. The purpose of the inventory analysis is to produce both qualitative and quantitative information and refined definitions of the unit processes within the system boundaries. The inventory analysis procedure consists of data collection, data processing and calculations, and allocation of flows and releases.

3.1 Data Collection Based on the system diagram provided in the Goal & Scope portion of this document, the unit processes within system boundary can be classified as raw materials, ancillary materials (resin), manufacturing equipment, energy inputs, emissions to the environment, co-products, waste and transportation.

No primary data for this comparative LCA were available for collection at this time (due to time constraints and proprietary restrictions.) Secondary data for unit processes were available through several databases, primarily NREL and GREET 1.7 and 2.7. The majority of secondary data was gathered from published resources by the Consortium for Research on Renewable Industrial Materials (CORRIM) including existing life-cycle inventories of glue-laminated timber and laminated veneer lumber. Data on emissions for the glulam and LVL were also available from the United States Environmental Protection Agency, but was excluded due to insufficient data quality ratings (D or E), and redundant data in the CORRIM reports. However, the EPA resources were used to identify unit processes for both functional units, though data was collected from other sources.

3.2 Unit Processes Major unit processes are also grouped by data categories noted in Section 2.8. Thirty-nine unit processes were considered for study. Co-products were allocated out of the technosphere flows by the surplus allocation method.

3.2.1 Biomass Harvest In general, the harvesting and growth of the biomass used to produce both glue-laminated timber and laminated veneer lumber is assumed similar. The unit processes involved here include a complicated weighted average model of forest growth, regeneration and harvest based on the required output of 1000 cubic feet of material. The biomass processes based on the CORRIM model includes the production of two types of fertilizers. Data was incomplete for the seedlings and lubricants involved in the forest equipment maintenance, but this unit process is included in the analysis as a hollow process according to methodology presented in Heijungs & Suh (2002). Fertilizers used in agricultural production are a high contributor to global warming due to the high use of nitrogen-based products. For these analyses, only the softwood species of lumber (typical in the Pacific Northwest) are considered; namely the Douglas Fir-Larch species. This species of lumber is most common in residential timber applications. When the lumber leaves the forest and arrives at the mill (herein assumed as analogous to the manufacturing facility for the finished product in both cases), the unit processes diverge.

3.2.2 Production of Resins Additionally, the types of resin used in the manufacture of the glulam and LVL differ slightly in their chemical composition. “Urea-formaldehyde resins are the most prominent examples of the class of thermosetting resins usually referred to as amino resins. Urea-formaldehyde resins comprise about 80% of the amino resins produced worldwide. Melamine-formaldehyde resins constitute the remainder of this class of resins, except for minor amounts of resins that are produced from other aldehydes or amino compounds (especially aniline), or both” (Connor 1996). There are alternative formaldehyde-based resins available depending on the end use application. Phenols and resorcinols are other types of carbolic acid typically combined with aldehydes to make resins. Phenol is an acid derived from benzene. Both phenol and formaldehyde are tracked in this study as environmental flows due to their potential human health implications.

Data was not available for manufacture of all possible types of resin due to proprietary restrictions. Typically, wood products used in interior applications use urea formaldehyde (UF) and melamine formaldehyde (MF) resins and hardeners, as these are the two most common. However, the CORRIM models use three different types of resins – two for the glulam (PRF and MUF) and one for the LVLs (PF). Input for the unit processes include energy and raw materials to produce resin.

3.2.3 Energy Production Production of electricity was modeled on the U.S. Standard stationary grid in GREET. The CORRIM models based their energy allocations for the Pacific Northwest on a weighted average of the energy grids for 2004. Inputs are fossil fuels and outputs are energy and emissions.

3.2.4 Fuel Production Seven fuel unit processes were modeled as well to point-of-use for productions of nine types of fuel. These fuels include: coal, natural gas, diesel fuel, non-road diesel fuel (for stationary machinery), biomass as hogfuel, gasoline, and liquefied propane gas (LPG). Kerosene and distillate diesel fuel were aggregated with the unit process model for diesel fuel. Inputs and outputs are as noted above.

3.2.5 EWP Production There are two distinct primary unit process differences between the glulam and the LVL production. The glulam beam production consists of two drying processes for the lumber, two resin applications, and two subsequent curing processes. The LVL production only has one drying process and one resin application. However, the LVL beam production consists of two specialized cutting processes at the beginning of the manufacturing, one to cut the lumber into pieces appropriately sized for veneering and the next to peel the raw lumber into thin sheets (veneers). The glulam production only requires the initial trimming of the raw lumber into dimension lumber.

According to the NESHAP Final Report: Industry Profile for the Proposed Wood Building Products, the primary emission sources from the production of engineered wood arise from drying and pressing of the materials (2001). Additional primary emission sources come from boilers, sanding, sawing, sealing and stamping the material. Secondary emission sources from wood handling systems, resin application, resin storage, and resin handling systems. Little data are available for the latter two.

Figures 4 and 5 on the following page are diagrams of the subsystem of unit processes for both glulam and LVL, courtesy of the Canadian Wood Council. Inputs of these systems are saw logs from the biomass processes and output after the final subsystem unit process is a total volume of product.

Figure 4: Glulam Manufacturing Processes

Figure 5: LVL Manufacturing Processes

3.2.6 Transport Transport of materials used between life cycle stages of the engineered wood product typically include rail and heavy truck. Rail transport information was used as provided in the CORRIM studies. Both rail and truck transport were modeled with zero percent backhaul (i.e. returned empty to point of origin), and with a fronthaul efficiency of 80 percent. Distance assumptions were maintained consistent with the CORRIM data, and carried over from the raw data with no conversions. Inputs for this process include fuel and outputs include emissions and tonne-miles.

3.2.7 Residential Use For purposes of this project, the “use” stage of the life cycle process includes transportation from distribution center to construction site, construction activities during installation and transportation during construction. Output is a unit volume of “installed” or “used” product. Maintenance and heating or cooling energy associated with the residence were not assigned to the structural elements, so at the end of the design life, the input volume was considered identical to the output volume of material for the disposal unit process.

3.2.8 Disposal Recycling is uncommon for treated wood products disposed in construction and demolition debris. Reuse or salvage of structural elements such as glulams and LVLs is more common because generally these manufactured materials tend to out-live the design life of the remaining structure and maintain most of their integrity as a building component (pending no severe damage) and therefore their value in reuse. However, for purposes of this project, potential for reuse is omitted from the data calculation process.

3.2.9 Data Calculations Data calculations were performed using an Excel spreadsheet and MATLab (for matrix analysis). Calculations followed the general procedures outlined in Heijungs & Suh (2002) for the computational structure of life cycle assessment. Please see Appendix C and D attached. Output from calculations in MATLab were generated as a text file attached as Appendix E.

The LCI was limited to 39 unit processes and technosphere flows after allocation. The environmental flows numbered 82 and for purposes of this study were limited to 40 for air emissions and nature inputs/outputs. The co-products were not considered and were allocated using the surplus method. These 17 co-products included:

• Bark (From Harvest) • Dry Veneer Sold from Dry Veneer Production • Glulam Process Co-products • Green Veneer Sold from Green Veneer Production • Hogfuel from Trim & Saw Retained • Hogfuel from Trim & Saw Sold • LVL Process Co-products • Panel Trim from Trim & Saw • Peeler Core from Green Veneer Manufacture

• Planar Shavings from Planing Mill • Pressed Raw Laminated Plywood

from Lay-up • Pulp Chips From Planing Mill • Pulp chips from Green Veneer Mfr • Pulp Chips from Sawmill • Sawdust (From Glulam Plane & Saw) • Sawdust (From LVL Trim & Saw) • Wood Waste from Demolition

3.2.10 Assumptions & Cut-Off Flows Assumptions and cut-off flows are discussed in detail in Sections 2.2.7 and 2.2.10 in the Goal & Scope portion of this document.

3.3 Results Calculations are attached with this document as an appendix, including output files from the MATLab matrix analysis. Appendices C through E contain the calculation documents.

Inventory vectors g (one vector per reference flow) for the 40 environmental flows are shown below as a comparison between both product reference flows. Maximum values are highlighted in red. Table 3: Scaling Matrix, s

Scaling Matrix (s Matrix) Unit Category Glulam LVL PNW Nitrogen Fertilizer Production lb Raw Materials 1.84E-08 1.14E-08

PNW Phosphorous Fertilizer Production lb Raw Materials 3.16E-09 1.96E-09 Lubricant Production (Hollow Process) lb Raw Materials 3.61E-05 2.30E-05 PNW Greenhouse Seedling Production Count Biomass 5.61E-07 3.48E-07

PNW Harvest Acres - High Intensity Management ft3 Biomass 1.04E-07 2.26E-07 PNW Harvest Acres - Low Intensity Management ft3 Biomass 6.91E-07 1.23E-07

PNW Harvest Acres - Medium Intensity Management ft3 Biomass 6.07E-07 3.77E-07 PNW Reforested Acres - High Intensity Management acre Biomass 1.04E-07 6.46E-08 PNW Reforested Acres - Low Intensity Management acre Biomass 6.91E-07 4.29E-07

PNW Reforested Acres - Medium Intensity Management acre Biomass 6.07E-07 3.77E-07 Electricity - Stationary Grid Btu Energy 1.09E+03 8.62E+02

Production of Coal, Well-to-POU Btu Fuel 3.01E-04 2.35E-09 Production of Non-Road Diesel, Well-to-POU Btu Fuel 1.06E-05 1.01E-05

Production of Diesel Fuel, Well-to-POU Btu Fuel 8.57E-05 3.30E-04 Production of Gasoline, Well-to-POU Btu Fuel 1.17E-05 2.13E-07

Production of Hogfuel/Biomass, Well-to-POU Btu Fuel 4.47E-03 1.74E-04 Production of LPG, Well-to-POU Btu Fuel 1.37E-04 3.56E-05

Production of Natural Gas, Well-to-POU Btu Fuel 1.48E-03 9.59E-04 MUF Hardener (for Glulam) lb Manufacture (Resin) 6.83E-07 0.00E+00

MUF Resin (for Glulam) lb Manufacture (Resin) 6.15E-06 0.00E+00 PRF Hardener (for Glulam) lb Manufacture (Resin) 3.29E-05 0.00E+00

PRF Resin (for Glulam) lb Manufacture (Resin) 5.81E-06 0.00E+00 PF Resin Manufacture (for LVL) lb Manufacture (Resin) 0.00E+00 9.36E-06

Sawmill lb Manufacture (Glulam) 1.24E-04 0.00E+00 Kiln Drying lb Manufacture (Glulam) 1.24E-04 0.00E+00

Lumber Planer lb Manufacture (Glulam) 1.24E-04 0.00E+00 Glulam Plant ft3 Manufacture (Glulam) 1.24E-04 0.00E+00

Debarking lb Manufacture (LVL) 0.00E+00 1.33E-04 Log Conditioning lb Manufacture (LVL) 0.00E+00 1.33E-04

Green Veneer lb Manufacture (LVL) 0.00E+00 1.33E-04 Dry Veneer lb Manufacture (LVL) 0.00E+00 1.33E-04

Press & lay-up lb Manufacture (LVL) 0.00E+00 1.33E-04 Trim and saw lb Manufacture (LVL) 0.00E+00 1.33E-04

LVL Plant ft3 Manufacture (LVL) 0.00E+00 1.33E-04 Heavy Truck Transport ton-miles Transportation 5.52E+02 1.85E+02

Rail Transport ton-miles Transportation 1.85E-02 1.15E-02 Construction Installation of Glulam in Residence 75-Years ft3 Use 0.00E+00 0.00E+00

Construction Installation of LVL in Residence 75-Years ft3 Use 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 Disposal of EWP in Landfill (Including Demolition) ft3 Disposal 0.00E+00 0.00E+00

It appears that the use and disposal phases are sleeping processes and could have been left out. This could indicate an error in calculations or a modeling omission or error.

Inventory vectors g (one vector per reference flow) for the 40 environmental flows are shown below as a comparison between both product reference flows. Maximum values are highlighted in red. Table 4: Inventory Matrix, g

Inventory Matrix (g Matrix) Unit Category Glulam LVL Total Energy Btu Input/Resource -1.77E+09 -1.41E+09

Coal Btu Input/Resource -1.22E+09 -9.69E+08 Fossil Fuels Btu Input/Resource -1.71E+09 -1.36E+09

Hydro Energy Btu Input/Resource -1.55E+01 0.00E+00 Natural Gas Btu Input/Resource -3.95E+08 -3.14E+08

Other (Nuclear, Undefined) Btu Input/Resource 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 Petroleum Btu Input/Resource -9.56E+07 -7.59E+07

Uranium Ore g Input/Resource -8.75E-09 0.00E+00 Water g Input/Resource -3.39E-02 -5.11E-02

Iron Ore g Input/Resource -4.02E-09 0.00E+00 K-fertilizer g Input/Resource -9.84E-11 -6.11E-11 Limestone g Input/Resource -3.23E-08 0.00E+00

NaCl g Input/Resource -1.06E-06 0.00E+00 Nitrogen g Input/Resource -8.10E-08 0.00E+00

Phosphate g Input/Resource -1.80E-09 0.00E+00 Sulphur g Input/Resource -2.85E-07 0.00E+00

CH4 g Air Emission 3.21E+05 2.55E+05 CO: Total g Air Emission 6.35E+04 5.04E+04

CO2 g Air Emission 2.39E+08 1.89E+08 GHGs g Air Emission 2.47E+08 1.96E+08 N2O g Air Emission 3.39E+03 2.69E+03

NOx: Total g Air Emission 2.60E+05 2.07E+05 SOx: Total g Air Emission 5.72E+05 4.54E+05 VOC: Total g Air Emission 2.14E+04 1.70E+04

Formaldehyde g Air Emission 1.25E-09 1.50E-08 Dust g Air Emission 3.31E-08 2.94E-12

Particulates (unspecified) g Air Emission 5.29E-05 6.75E-08 PM10: Total g Air Emission 3.14E+05 2.50E+05 PM2.5: Total g Air Emission 8.28E+04 6.58E+04

Particulates Total (Dust, PM10, PM2.5, unsp.) g Air Emission 3.97E+05 3.15E+05 Aromatics g Air Emission 2.03E-10 0.00E+00 Acetone g Air Emission 0.00E+00 1.52E-08

Ammonia g Air Emission 4.68E-10 4.21E-12 Benzene g Air Emission 1.57E-10 0.00E+00 Ethanol g Air Emission 1.77E-08 0.00E+00 Floride g Air Emission 0.00E+00 0.00E+00

HCl g Air Emission 1.85E-10 0.00E+00 Hydrocarbons g Air Emission 9.19E-08 0.00E+00

Methanol g Air Emission 4.80E-08 4.55E-08 Phenol g Air Emission 3.70E-08 1.26E-08

The glulam clearly draws more resource inputs and outputs more emissions. However, some of these emission values are very small. This model has been iterated several times as more data has become available, and further investigation of emissions for both reference flows are necessary and should be reserved for future study.

4.0 Life Cycle Impact Assessment ___________________________________________________________________________________

The 2006 ISO14044 Standard Section 4.4 provides the basic background and procedures required for life-cycle impact assessments based on the functional units and reference flows defined in the Goal and Scope.

4.1 Impact Assessment This environmental impact assessment uses the demand vectors developed in the life cycle inventories for the glulam and LVL beams to identify and compare negative impacts of the inventory flows. The assessment relies primarily on classification and characterization of impact factors from the Framework for Responsible Environmental Decision-Making (FRED). Where FRED data were unavailable (the remaining 24 flows), impacts assessment was omitted for purposes of this project. A total of 16 flows were considered in the impact assessment.

GREET introduced a limitation to the impact assessment. GREET does not consider trace chemicals and flows that the CORRIM studies did use. Conversely, the CORRIM studies did not incorporate carbon dioxide emissions for the forestry processes or manufacturing of the lumber. These are potentially very large limitations for the overall impact assessment on both counts. The results, then should be interpreted such that impact categories are heavily dependent on the data from one or the other study.

4.2 Classification The inputs from and outputs to the environment are classified by overall resource use (where applicable) and the medium they influence, respectively. Data classification for impact assessment of both products was based on the reference flows for each type of beam element (one functional unit of product), and available factors in FRED. Impacts considered for this study were briefly introduced in the goal and scope section of this report. Table 5 demonstrates how the inputs and outputs were classified and their environmental impact assessment categories, along with their FRED equivalency factors. Data gaps as noted in the previous section are noted with one star for GREET and two stars for CORRIM. Table 5: Available FRED Impact Equivalency Factors, Q

Impact Equivalancy Factors, (Q Matrix) Category GWP

(kg CO2 eq)Smog

(kg O3 eq) Acid

(kg SO2 eq)Eutro

(kg SO4 eq)HH NC

(kg C7H 8 eq) HHC

(kg C6H 6 eq) ECO

CH4 Air Emission 21 CO: Total Air Emission 0.07

**CO2 Air Emission 1 N2O Air Emission 310

NOx: Total Air Emission 0.7 0.13 SOx: Total Air Emission 1

*Formaldehyde Air Emission 9.12 7 0.003 7.4 *Aromatics Air Emission 3.93 *Acetone Air Emission 0.48

*Ammonia Air Emission 1.9 0.33 3.2 *Benzene Air Emission *Ethanol Air Emission 1.92 *Floride Air Emission 7.3

*HCl Air Emission 0.087 11 *Methanol Air Emission 0.99 *Phenol Air Emission 1.86 0.045

4.3 Characterization Part of the LCIA is characterization of the inventory flow demands. For this study, as noted in the goal and scope chapter, the environmental impacts are limited to global warming potential, smog contribution, human health impacts (cancer and non-cancer where noted), ecotoxicity, eutrophication and acidification based only on air emissions.

4.3.1 Ecological Impacts Ecological impacts due to air emissions are generally implicitly understood, but some terms are slightly outside of vernacular. Six are included in this study and described briefly below.

Acidification According to the EEA, “acidification is the process whereby air pollution (mainly ammonia, sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides) is converted into acid substances….acid rain is best known for the damage it causes to forests and lakes. Sulphur dioxide and the nitrogen oxides are mainly emitted by burning fossil fuels.” (2008)

Climate Change Contribution & Global Warming Potential The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) defines global warming potential and climate change in their Fourth Assessment Report as follows: Climate change refers to a change in the state of the climate that can be identified (e.g. using statistical tests) by changes in the mean and/or the variability of its properties, and that persists for an extended period, typically decades or longer. Climate change may be due to natural internal processes or external forcings, or to persistent anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere or in land use. (IPCC 2007)

Global Warming Potential (GWP) is “an index, based upon radiative properties of well mixed greenhouse gases, measuring the radiative forcing of a unit mass of a given well mixed greenhouse gas in today’s atmosphere integrated over a chosen time horizon, relative to that of CO2. The GWP represents the combined effect of the differing lengths of time that these gases remain in the atmosphere and their relative effectiveness in absorbing outgoing infrared radiation.” (IPCC 2007)

Ecotoxicity According to the U.S. EPA, “ecotoxicity studies measure the effects of chemicals on fish, wildlife, plants, and other wild organisms.” (“Pesticides” 2008). Ecotoxicity was measured in this assessment relative to a global scale. Regional specific equivalency factors were not gathered, and data collection generally represented results of average unit process information on a relative to a global scale.

Eutrophication Eutrophication is a measure of typically nitrogenous and phosphorous nutrients that can accelerate the aging and degradation process of an ecosystem. Air emissions may effect land or water bodies. Often a decrease in water quality or soils is noted. (“Eutrophication” 2008)

Photochemical Smog Photochemical smog is a reaction caused by degradation of chemicals and particles in the atmosphere. Typically, smog is measured on a regional scale. Regional normalization data was not collected for this part of the assessment because smog impacts were not normalized.

4.3.2 Human Health Impacts Human health is both a qualitative and quantitative concept. The primary environmental impacts associated with human health often are split between carcinogenic or non-carcinogenic impacts for the FRED equivalency factors.

4.3.3 Results Results of the life-cycle impact assessment are denoted in Table 6 for the glulam and LVL beams. Table 6: Total Environmental Impact, h

Total Environmental Impact (h Matrix) Units Glulam LVL

Global Warming Potential (kg CO2 eq) 2.46E+05 1.96E+05

Photochemical Smog (kg O3 eq) 4.44E+00 3.53E+00

Acidification (kg SO2 eq) 7.55E+02 5.99E+02

Eutrophication (kg SO4 eq) 3.38E+01 2.69E+01

Human Health (Non-Carcinogen) (kg C7H 8 eq) 1.19E-11 1.06E-10

Human Health (Carcinogen) (kg C6H 6 eq) 3.75E-15 4.51E-14

Ecotoxity - 1.13E-11 1.11E-10

4.4 Normalization Impact results for the key issues of global warming potential and acidification were normalized using the course notes for normalization factors as follows:

Population data was collected from the U.S. Census bureau to determine the appropriate per capita multiplier for the total U.S. impact. The current data provides a total population of 303,616,968 people. Normalization results are shown in Table 7. Table 7: Normalized Impacts

Normalized Impacts (h Matrix) Glulam LVL

Global Warming Potential 0.000003696% 0.000002945%

Acidification 0.000000011% 0.000000009%

Overall contribution to global warming and acidification in the U.S. due to either type of beam is very, very small.

5.0 Interpretation ___________________________________________________________________________________

5.1 Data Quality Data quality interpretations are based on data quality scores (noted in Section 2.2.9 and provided in Appendix B). The data were rated with numbers and scored according to the UWME criteria. The scoring is shown in Table 7. The overall average data quality score for the study was 1.60. Table 8: Data Quality Scores

ISO14040 Data Quality Indicators: UWME DfE Lab

Unit Process/Process Category Source DSQ1 DSQ2 DSQ3 DSQ4 DSQ5 DSQ6 DSQ7 Average 1 NREL 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1.14 2 NREL 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1.14 3

Raw Materials Acquisition Avoided 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5.00

4 NREL 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1.14 5 NREL 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1.14 6 NREL 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1.14 7 NREL 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1.14 8 NREL 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1.14 9 NREL 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1.14

Biomass Production

NREL 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1.14 11 GREET 2 3 2 3 3 2 3 2.57 12 GREET 2 3 2 3 3 2 3 2.57 13 GREET 2 3 2 3 3 2 3 2.57 14 GREET 2 3 2 3 3 2 3 2.57 15 GREET 2 3 2 3 3 2 3 2.57 16 GREET 2 3 2 3 3 2 3 2.57 17 GREET 2 3 2 3 3 2 3 2.57 18

Fuel Production

GREET 2 3 2 3 3 2 3 2.57 19 NREL 2 2 1 1 1 1 3 1.57 20 NREL 2 2 1 1 1 1 3 1.57 21 NREL 2 2 1 1 1 1 3 1.57 22 NREL 2 2 1 1 1 1 3 1.57 23

Chemical Resin Production

NREL 2 2 1 2 1 1 3 1.71 24 NREL 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1.14 25 NREL 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1.14 26 NREL 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1.14 27

Glulam Production

NREL 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1.14 28 NREL 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1.14 29 NREL 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1.14 30 NREL 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1.14 31 NREL 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1.14 32 NREL 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1.14 33 NREL 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1.14 34

LVL Production

NREL 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1.14 35 NREL 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1.14 36

Transportation NREL 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1.14

37 NREL 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1.29 38 NREL 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1.29 39

Design Life & Disposal NREL 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1.14

Overall Average Score 1.60

The condition number defines the upper bound for the uncertainties in the data. In this study, the resulting value for the condition number was frankly terrible. Computed in MATLab, it shows::

κ = 2.18 x 1013

This essentially means that a data error could potentially propogate through the calculations on the order of 10 trillion times. This is likely due to data gaps previously noted.

5.2 Contribution Analyses The overall contributions of the unit processes are shown graphically in Figure 6 below. The contribution from 16 total processes was zero. These 16 processes were:

• PNW Phosphorous Fertilizer Production • Lubricant Production (Hollow Process) • PNW Greenhouse Seedling Production • PNW Harvest Acres - High Intensity Management • PNW Harvest Acres - Low Intensity Management • PNW Harvest Acres - Medium Intensity Management • PNW Reforested Acres - High Intensity Management • PNW Reforested Acres - Low Intensity Management • PNW Reforested Acres - Medium Intensity Management

• Lumber Planer • Debarking • Log Conditioning • Green Veneer • Trim and saw • Heavy Truck Transport • Rail Transport

These processes are likely multifunctional. Allocation (omitting) of the co-product influences could have a significant effect on these processes and their contribution to the overall life-cycle impacts.

Contribution Analyses

-20% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Acidification

% Contribution by Process

PNW Nitrogen Fertilizer Production

Electricity - Stationary Grid

Production of Coal, Well-to-POU

Production of Non-Road Diesel, Well-to-POU

Production of Diesel Fuel, Well-to-POU

Production of Gasoline, Well-to-POU

Production of Hogfuel/Biomass, Well-to-POU

Production of LPG, Well-to-POU

Production of Natural Gas, Well-to-POU

MUF Hardener (for Glulam)

MUF Resin (for Glulam)

PRF Hardener (for Glulam)

PRF Resin (for Glulam)

PF Resin Manufacture (for LVL)

Sawmill

Kiln Drying

Glulam Plant

Dry Veneer

Press & lay-up

LVL Plant

Construction Installation of Glulam in Residence

Construction Installation of LVL in Residence

Disposal of EWP in Landfill (Including Demolition)

Figure 6: Contribution Analyses

The worst processes that contributed to the impact categories are shown in Table 8. Table 9: Worst Process Contributers

Worst Process Contributors % Impact

Global Warming Well to POU Diesel 94.6%

Smog Production of Electricity 28.0%

Acidification Well to POU Diesel 93.4%

Eutrophication Production of Electricity 43.9%

Human Health (NC) PF Resin Manufacture for LVL 84.9%

Human Health (C) PF Resin Manufacture for LVL 97.6%

Ecotoxicity PF Resin Manufacture for LVL 94.0%

Due to the skew in the data for the processes that were included, as expected, data gathered from GREET is the highest contributer for global warming, smog and acidification. Data gathered from the CORRIM reports, where GREET data was absent, governs in the categories for human health and ecotoxicity. It appears that resin manufacture was another heavy contributor depending on the type of resin. Resin manufacture makes up a large portion of the eutrophication impact.

5.3 Sensitivity Analysis Sensitivity analyses were conducted for inventory flows on the data with the MATLab code provided by Heijungs & Suh (2002) and adapted for this project. This procedure generated perturbation matrices, called “gammaA” and “gammaB,” in three dimensions and the output data was inspected for deviations from one or negative one. These output are provided in Appendix E. Numbers above the absolute value of unity, in this model, would indicate a heightened sensitivity to a small change in the inventory vector or the scaling vector. Fossil fuel and resource use processes and related environmental flows are most influenced by small perturbations. Several values in the same process category and flow approach unity but none exceed it. However, potentially, sensitivities across several areas may have a larger impact on the results than a single case of sensitivity slightly above one.

This is further reinforced by the perturbations for the scaling matrix. Also calculated with MATLab, “sigmaA,” shows that, in several cases, the fossil fuel use and resource use are extremely sensitive to small changes in the scaling matrix. For some cases the value is over 10, which indicates an extremely high sensitivity to a small 1 percent change.

5.4 Limitations of Data Limitations of these data have been discussed in previous sections of this report.

5.5 Results Summary The glulam beam appears to be more environmentally detrimental than the LVL beam relative to global warming, smog, acidification and resource use (according to the LCI). This is probably due to noted data gaps, especially with the manufacture of the PF resin for the LVL. The resins for the glulam played a large role in environmental impact contributions. Additionally, since the LVL has higher impacts for human health and ecotoxicity, if resin data were available this could potentially be worse. It should be noted that the glulam actually requires a smaller volume of final product, and has a larger impact than the LVL.

6.0 Recommendations ___________________________________________________________________________________

Though comphrensive, the CORRIM data is aging quickly. This study relied heavily on the information contained in the CORRIM documentation since it is currently the only model directly applicable to the United States residential building industry. The enormous scope of their study has likely outgrown their researchers’ primary gathered process data, especially following the publishing of the Phase I report. Future studies should update the process information for the engineered wood product industry, especially since they are exponentially more common than they were almost ten years ago during data collection. It would be ignorant to assume that the environmental impacts of the industry have decreased in scale with the increase in production. Perhaps this information would also be useful for an efficiency study.

Other items to consider for future study include:

• Gathering more primary data from the wood products industry about milling processes and forest management.

• Gathering primary data on resin transport, storage, manufacture and associated environmental impacts.

• Performing sensitivity analyses for fossil fuels and electricity grids. The model should be refined to include the PNW grid where applicable.

• Performing sensitivity analyses for renewable energy in transportation or biofuel alternatives. • Modeling on-site energy production or use of “renewable” energy such as hogfuel or larger

amounts of site-generated biomass. • Requiring forest product manufacturers to report the carbon dioxide output. • Modeling carbon sequestration could be an interesting for perturbing the scaling vectors

depending on the required volume of structural product. • Performing additional impact assessments should be performed with TRACI tool, and

further refinement of the FRED results. • Monitoring data for composition of construction and demolition waste with respect to

building structural components. • Comparing this study with the existing LCA of sawn lumber (such as equivalent structural

members cited in this study.) • Recycling, co-products, and related emissions from these processes. • Simulating other transportation models such as more rail instead of trucks. • Consider backhaul and fronthaul efficiency in more detail. • Cost analysis on smaller scale (for individual components). • Isolating environmental impacts of individual components for residential use such that

structural engineers will understand the implications of their specifications.

7.0 References ___________________________________________________________________________________

Bear Creek Lumber. “Douglas Fir Wood Products Page: Beams: Flooring: Siding.” http://www.bearcreeklumber.com/species/douglasfir.html. 12 Mar 2008.

Canadian Wood Council. 17 Oct 2007. “Engineered Wood Products.” http://www.cwc.ca/NR/rdonlyres/35C376ED-F20A-43EB-8405-D70C452CAB68/0/EngineeredWoodProducts.pdf . 24 Jan 2008.

Canadian Wood Council. 17 Oct 2007. “Glulam.” http://www.cwc.ca/NR/rdonlyres/5B9FFB1C-409C-4B65-BE03-338CC172F5EC/0/Glulam.pdf. 24 Jan 2008.

Canadian Wood Council. 17 Oct 2007. “Lumber.” http://www.cwc.ca/NR/rdonlyres/EEA75111-F1DC-432C-8C8D-DBF34CD0B436/0/Visuallygradedlumber.pdf 24 Jan 2008.

Conner, Anthony. “Urea-Formaldehyde Adhesive Resins.” Polymeric Materials Encyclopedia. Vol. 2. Salamone, Joseph C. ed. 1996: CRC Press, New York. pp. 8496-8501. http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf1996/conne96a.pdf

Consortium for Research on Renewable Industrial Materials. “CORRIM Reports on Environmental Performance of Wood Building Materials.” Wood and Fiber Science. Vol. 37 Special Issue. Dec 2005. 2006: Society of Wood Science and Technology, pp 18-29.

Consortium for Research on Renewable Industrial Materials. “Phase I Research Report on the Research Plan to Develop Environmental Performance Measures for Renewable Building Materials with Alternatives for Improved Performance. Life Cycle Environmental Performance of Renewable Building Materials in the Context of Residential Construction.” http://www.corrim.org/. 24 Jan 2008.

European Environment Agency (EEA). “Acidification Introduction.” 1995-2008. http://www.eea.europa.eu/themes/acidification. 12 Mar 2008.

“Eutrophication.” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutrophication. 12 Mar 2008.

Forest Stewardship Council. http://www.fscus.org/ 12 Mar 2008

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. “Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fourth Assessment. Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.” Pachauri, R.K and Reisinger, A. eds. IPCC: Switzerland, 2007. 104 pp. http://www.ipcc.ch/

International Organization for Standardization. ISO 14040:2006(E) Environmental Management — Life Cycle Assessment — Principles and Framework. 2nd ed. 2006: IHS.

International Organization for Standardization. ISO 14044:2006(E) Environmental Management — Life Cycle Assessment — Requirements and Guidelines. 1st ed. 2006: IHS.

National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants. “Industry Profile for the Proposed Wood Building Products: NESHAP Final Report.” Doc. 453R01002. USEPA.

National Renewable Energy Laboratory. “U.S. Life-Cycle Inventory Database.” http://www.nrel.gov/lci/ 7 Mar 2008.

Petersen A.K.; Solberg B. “Greenhouse gas emissions, life-cycle inventory and cost-efficiency of using laminated wood instead of steel construction. - Case: beams at Gardermoen airport.” Environmental Science and Policy. Vol. 5. No.2. Elsevier: Apr 2002. pp. 169-182(14)

United States Census Bureau. http://www.census.gov/ 12 Mar 2008.

United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards. “Production of Acetal, Amino and Phenolic Resins.” Doc. EPA-450/3-92-015. USEPA: Jul 1992.

United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Toxic Substances. “A Literature Survey Oriented Towards Environmental Effects Resultant From AZO Compounds, Brominated Hydrocarbons, EDTA, Formaldehyde Resins, and O-Nitrochlorobenzene.” Doc. EPA-560/2-76-005. USEPA: May 1976.

United States Environmental Protection Agency. “Pesticides: Environmental Effects.” http://www.epa.gov/oppefed1/general/databasesdescription.htm. 7 Mar 2008.

United States Environmental Protection Agency. “Profile of the Lumber and Wood Products Industry.” Doc. EPA/310-R-95-006. USEPA: Sep 1995.

United States Green Building Council. LEED-NC for New Construction: Reference Guide v2.2. 1st Ed. USGBC: Oct 2005.

United States Patent and Trademark Office. Patent Application 20060084778. “Phenol-formaldehyde resole resins, method of manufacture, methods of use, and articles formed therefrom.” http://www.freshpatents.com/Phenol-formaldehyde-resole-resins-method-of-manufacture-methods-of-use-and-articles-formed-therefrom-dt20060420ptan20060084778.php?type=description. 7 Mar 2008.

Weyerhaeuser Company. 1997-2007. http://www.weyerhaeuser.com/ 15 Jan 2008.

APPENDIX A ___________________________________________________________________________________

TIMBER BEAM & JOIST CALCULATION: DEFINING FUNCTIONAL UNIT

AND REFERENCE FLOWS

Description

LCA Project ME599JLA

Scope :

Title : Job #

Description :Dsgnr: Date:

Comparative LCA of Glulam and LVL11:57AM, 19 FEB 08

Timber Member Information Code Ref: 1997/2001 NDS, 2000/2003 IBC, 2003 NFPA 5000. Base allowables are user defined

Sawn Wide Glulam LVL Sawn Deep

Timber Section 6x12 3.0x12.0 MicroLam: 3.5x11.2 4x14

Beam Width in11.500 12.000 11.250 13.250Beam Depth in 5.500 3.000 3.500 3.500

Le: Unbraced Length

Fb - Basic Allow psi 1,550.0 2,600.0 2,600.0 1,900.0

Fv - Basic Allow psi 170.0 240.0 285.0 170.0Elastic Modulus ksi 1,700.0 1,800.0 1,700.0Load Duration Factor 1.000 1.000 1.000

ft 0.00 0.00

1,800.0

0.00 0.00Douglas Fir - Larch, Dense

Douglas Fir, 26F - E/DF1M1

Truss Joist - MacMillan,

Douglas Fir - Larch, Dense

TImber Grade

Repetitive Status No No No NoGluLamMember Type Sawn Manuf/Pine Sawn

Center Span DataSpan ft 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00

189.00 189.00 189.00 189.00Dead Load #/ftLive Load #/ft 352.00 352.00 352.00 352.00

Results 0.93840.9512Ratio = 0.9717 0.9754

182.59 182.59 182.59 182.59Mmax @ Center in-k @ X = ft 7.50 7.50 7.50 7.50

fb : Actual 1,506.1 2,535.9 2,473.1 1,782.9Fb : Allowable psi 1,550.0 2,600.0 2,600.0 1,900.0

Bending OKBending OKBending OK Bending OK

fv : Actual 84.7 147.4 136.0 112.3Fv : Allowable psi 170.0 240.0 285.0 170.0

Shear OK Shear OK Shear OK Shear OK

Reactions @ Left End DL lbs 1,417.50 1,417.50 1,417.50 1,417.50

LL lbs 2,640.00 2,640.00 2,640.00 2,640.00Max. DL+LL lbs 4,057.50 4,057.50 4,057.50 4,057.50

@ Right End DL lbs 1,417.50 1,417.50 1,417.50 1,417.50LL lbs 2,640.00 2,640.00 2,640.00 2,640.00

Max. DL+LL lbs 4,057.50 4,057.50 4,057.50 4,057.50

Ratio OK Ratio > 240 ! Ratio > 240 ! Deflection OKDeflectionsCenter DL Defl in -0.182 -0.277 -0.288 -0.187

L/Defl RatioCenter LL Defl in

990.8 650.2 625.0 964.4

L/Defl Ratio -0.338 -0.516 -0.536 -0.348

532.0 349.1 335.6 517.8Center Total Defl in -0.520 -0.792 -0.824 -0.534

7.500 7.500 7.500ftLocation 7.500 346.1 227.1 218.4 336.9L/Defl Ratio

APPENDIX B ___________________________________________________________________________________

UWME DATA QUALITY SCORES

DATA QUALITY SCORES By the University of Washington Department Of Mechanical Engineering Design for Environment Lab

UWME ID

ISO14040 Data Quality Indicators

Supporting Information SPOLD ID(s)

Scoring Method

Start date of valid time span

601, 603, 611

DQS1 Time-Related Coverage Data (i.e. data age)

End date of valid time span

602, 603, 611

Deviation from intended period (difference in years to year of study) (1) Less than 3 years (2) Less than 6 years (3) Less than 10 years (4) Less than 15 years (5) Age of data unknown or more than 15 years

DQS2 Geographical Coverage

Area and country names 662, 663, 401, 3703

Deviation from intended area (1) Data from study area (2) Average data from larger area which includes study area (3) Data from area under similar production conditions (4) Data from area with slightly similar production conditions (5) Data from unknown area or area with different production conditions

Technology description 692, 492

Included processes 402, 492

DQS3 Technology Coverage

Extrapolations 726

Deviation from intended technology (1) Data from enterprises, processes and materials under study (2) Data from processes and materials under study but different

enterprises (3) Data from processes and materials under study but different

technology (4) Data on related process and materials but same technology (5) Data on related process and materials but different technology

Sampling procedure 725

Number of samples 3792

Absolute sample volume 722

Relative sample volume 724

Extrapolations 726

DQS4 Precision, completeness, and representativeness of the data

Uncertainty adjustments 727

Representativeness for intended process (1) Very high (data represent all aspects of system under study) (2) High (data represent a majority subset of the system under study) (3) Moderate (data represent a minority subset of the system under study) (4) Low (data represent an example of the system under study) (5) Very low or unknown (the extent to which the data represents the study

is unknown)

DQS5 Consistency and reproducibility of the methods used throughout the LCA

Description of method for data collection and data treatment

802, 803 (1) Very high (data are based on direct measurements using a widely accepted test method or on sound engineering models representing the current technology and have been extensively peer reviewed. Also, the source provides a transparent account of the assumptions made.)

(2) High (although the data are based on a generally sound test method or model and the source provides a transparent account of the assumptions made, the data are dated or lack enough detail for adequate validation or have not been extensively peer reviewed)

(3) Moderate (data are based on an unproven or new methodology or are lacking a significant amount of background information)

(4) Low (data are based on a generally unacceptable method, but the method may provide an order-of-magnitude flow)

(5) Very low or unknown (data are based on an unknown method, but the method may provide an order-of-magnitude value of the flow)

DQS6 Sources and their representativeness

References used for data collection and data treatment

756-762, 1002-1013, 5615, 5619

Type of reference (1) Data from reviewed source (2) Data from public written source (not reviewed) (3) Data from closed written source (not reviewed) (4) Other sources (5) Unknown source

Mean value 3707

Standard deviation 3709

Uncertainty type 3708, 3792

DQS7 Uncertainty of the information

Description of strengths and weaknesses (e.g. occurrence of data gaps)

Coefficient of variance (1) Below 10% (2) 10-25% (3) 25-50% (4) 50-100% (5) Over 100% or unknown

APPENDIX C ___________________________________________________________________________________

LIFE CYCLE INVENTORY MATRICES

Inputs from Technosphere

l- to-

ell- t

l of E

fill (

it ion

Design Life & DisposalRaw Materials Acquisition Biomass Production Fuel Production Chemical Resin Production Glulam Production LVL Production TransportationMaterial Flows from Technosphere (A or A' Matrix) Unit Category

N fertilizer lb Raw Materials 2000 0 0 -0.094 0 0 0 -354 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0P fertilizer lb Raw Materials 0 2000 0 -0.158 0 0 0 -60 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Lubricants lb Raw Materials 0 0 1 0 -42.25 -20.52 -28.94 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Seedlings Count Biomass 0 0 0 1000 0 0 0 -400 -400 -400 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Harvested Saw logs PNW-LI ft3 Biomass 0 0 0 0 0 8550 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -47.5734 0 0 0 -7.872 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0HarvestedSaw logs PNW-HI ft3 Biomass 0 0 0 0 16245 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -13.5924 0 0 0 -27.552 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0HarvestedSaw logs PNW-MI ft3 Biomass 0 0 0 0 0 0 10665 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -52.1042 0 0 0 -30.176 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Reforested acre PNW-HI acre Biomass 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0.000836713 0 0 0 -0.00048458 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Reforested acre PNW-LI acre Biomass 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0.00556414 0 0 0 -0.003222456 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Reforested acre PNW-MI acre Biomass 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0.004885532 0 0 0 -0.002829442 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Electricity - National & PNW Grid (Allocated) Btu Energy -784522.805 -495396.95 0 -143448.39 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -4846460 -308394.5844 -181412.759 -96639.7776 -8157070 -58771.86 -32764.8 -83447.85 -173994.74 -52150.64 -73004.07 -5656023.6 0 0 0 0 0Coal Btu Fuel -205740 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1000000 0 0 0 0 0 0 -6851416.516 -3600386.323 -6235700 -11921706.27 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -23207.41622 -23207.41622 0Diesel Fuel, Non-Road Btu Fuel 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1000000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -64692.12802 0 -20942.05131 0 -54782.55 0 -20942.05131 0 0 0 0 0 0 -250.1398156 -250.1398156 0Diesel fuel Btu Fuel 0 0 0 0 -45158850.9 -21937290.75 -30926483.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1000000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -30178944 0 -3609.40725 0 -376015.95 0 0 0 0 0 0 -174749.4 0 0 -146339.7331 -146339.7331 -18626067Gasoline Btu Fuel 0 0 0 -216125 0 0 0 -157500 -157500 -157500 0 0 0 0 1000000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -100 -6087.2475 0 0 -85750 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Hogfuel/Biomass Btu Fuel 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1000000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -2104960 0 -33882352.94 0 -134400 0 -979200 -192000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0LPG Btu Fuel 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1000000 0 0 0 0 0 0 -11.4089436 0 -4.666963 -1105093 0 -6210.44 -6210.44 -6301.77 -6210.44 -5023.15 -237458 0 0 0 0 0Natural Gas Btu Fuel -31239300 -2848653 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1000000 -12577375.08 -15738010.79 -18174415.61 -17017861.89 -44712408 0 -1359834.357 0 -4103980.583 0 0 0 -132586.6 -29043.27 0 -3891097.1 0 0 -845.7108051 -845.7108051 0MUF Hardener lb Manufacture (Resin) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -5.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0MUF Resin lb Manufacture (Resin) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1000 0 0 0 0 0 0 -49.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0PRF Hardener lb Manufacture (Resin) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1000 0 0 0 0 -46.8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0PRF Resin lb Manufacture (Resin) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1000 0 0 0 0 0 -265.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0PF Resin lb Manufacture (Resin) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2204 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -15.88 0 -139 0 0 0 0 0Rough green lumber from sawmill lb Manufacture (Glulam) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1875 -1875 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Rough kiln-dried lumber from kiln lb Manufacture (Glulam) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1875 -1875 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Planed Dried Lumber from Planing Mill lb Manufacture (Glulam) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1616 -1616 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Glulam Product ft3 Manufacture (Glulam) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30200 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -27 0 0Debarked wood lb Manufacture (LVL) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1788 -1788 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Conditioned wood lb Manufacture (LVL) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1788 -1788 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Dry Veneer from Dry Veneer Production lb Manufacture (LVL) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1192 -1192 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Green Veneer from Green Veneer Production lb Manufacture (LVL) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1252 -1252 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Pressed Raw PL plywood from lay-up lb Manufacture (LVL) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1192 -1192 0 0 0 0 0 0Parallel-Laminated Plywood from Trim and Saw lb Manufacture (LVL) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 937 -937 0 0 0 0 0LVL Product ft3 Manufacture (LVL) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 32500 0 0 0 -27 0Transport by Heavy Truck ton-miles Transportation -127 -75 0 0 -55051 -28974 -36142 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -122 0 -26.21238 0 -2352 0 0 0 0 0 0 -632.5 0.000621371 0 -5.98567E-07 -7.2869E-07 -2.50499E-15Transport by Rail ton-miles Transportation -385 -1400 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.000621371 -3.12296E-07 -3.9037E-07 0Glulam Beam Installed in Residence ft3 Use 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 27 0 -27LVL Beam Installed in Residence ft3 Use 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 27 -27Disposed Engineered Wood Product ft3 Disposal 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -27 -27 27

Co-Product Outputs (A" Matrix) Unit Category

Bark (From Harvest) lb Co-Product 0 0 0 0 1462 770 960 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Dry Veneer Sold from Dry Veneer Production lb Co-Product 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 60 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Glulam Process Co-products ft3 Co-Product 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6758 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Green Veneer Sold from Green Veneer Production lb Co-Product 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Hogfuel from Trim & Saw Retained lb Co-Product 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 96.9 0 0 0 0 0 0Hogfuel from Trim & Saw Sold lb Co-Product 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 42 0 0 0 0 0 0LVL Process Co-products ft3 Co-Product 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1500 0 0 0 0 0Panel Trim from Trim & Saw lb Co-Product 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 107 0 0 0 0 0 0Peeler core from Green Veneer Manufacture lb Co-Product 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 95.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Planar Shavings from Planing Mill lb Co-Product 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 132 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Pressed Raw Laminated Plywood from Lay-up lb Co-Product 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1192 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Pulp Chips From Planing Mill lb Co-Product 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 102 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Pulp chips from Green Veneer Mfr lb Co-Product 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 425.3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Pulp Chips from Sawmill lb Co-Product 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 879.645 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Sawdust (From Glulam Plane & Saw) lb Co-Product 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 284.5053 0 24 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Sawdust (From LVL Trim & Saw) lb Co-Product 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0Wood Waste from Demo lb Co-Product 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 810

Inputs to Nature/Environmental Flows (B Matrix) Unit Category In Fred? For LCIA? GWP Smog Acidification Eutro HH NC HHC Eco NDR-A

Total Energy Btu Input/Resource 0 0 0 -0.000175455 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1632176.448 -11708.46808 -181896.6695 -181896.6695 -226222.4651 -31657.63254 -123445.8194 -71947.87648 -29389886.57 -21221713.36 -33713254.05 -41100144.64 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0.879811202 -0.253429463 -96085.45297 -96085.45297 0 N NCoal Btu Input/Resource 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1123541.198 -3598.053822 -32207.94579 -32207.94579 -40085.85684 -2328.348345 -21379.86045 -2401.402339 -6851416.516 -3600386.323 -6235700 -11921706.27 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -3.12296E-07 0 0 Y N 0.08086Fossil Fuels Btu Input/Resource 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1575640.817 -11119.31593 -178639.6664 -178639.6664 -222402.4276 -31257.96994 -120967.8094 -71471.17864 -8761281.037 -1683347.256 -9013290.919 -11494013.19 0 1.56623E-06 0 0 0.000295 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0.879811202 -0.253429463 0 0 0 Y NHydro Energy Btu Input/Resource 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1199813.929 -199968.9882 -289847.5227 -666563.294 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -222.3465027 -222.3465027 0 N NNatural Gas Btu Input/Resource 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -364053.0694 -1383.41876 -61877.67905 -61877.67905 -75687.45541 -3788.514655 -42843.63795 -64779.91999 -12577375.08 -15738010.79 -18174415.61 -17017861.89 0 0 -1359834.357 0 0 0 0 0 -132586.6 -29043.27 0 -3891097.1 0 0 -845.7108051 -845.7108051 0 Y N 4.812Other (Nuclear, Undefined) Btu Input/Resource 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -7718.600024 -7718.600024 0 N NPetroleum Btu Input/Resource 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -88046.5495 -6137.843352 -84554.04158 -84554.04158 -106629.1154 -25141.10694 -56744.31102 -4289.856318 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0.879811202 -0.253429463 0 0 0 Y N 1.35Uranium Ore g Input/Resource 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0.000577273 -6.13636E-05 -0.000190909 -0.000291364 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Y NWater g Input/Resource 0 0 0 -1226 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -267.22 0 -112.53 0 0 0 0 -268 0 0 0 0 0 Y NIron Ore g Input/Resource 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -9.54545E-05 -2.72727E-05 -9.09091E-05 -0.000136364 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Y NK-fertilizer g Input/Resource 0 0 0 -0.000175455 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Y NLimestone g Input/Resource 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0.000354545 -0.0003 -0.000822727 -0.000545455 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Y NNaCl g Input/Resource 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0.104363636 -0.001918182 -0.012781818 -0.095768182 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Y NNitrogen g Input/Resource 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0.003818182 0 -0.002381818 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Y NPhosphate g Input/Resource 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -5.45455E-05 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Y NSulphur g Input/Resource 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0.002154545 -0.036918182 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Y NCH4 g Air Emission 0.000195455 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 296.0350737 118.4505332 103.0711309 0.241299858 106.7082709 2.820367819 98.25642576 196.35758 0.001145455 0.003131818 0.002154545 0.002109091 -6.13636E-05 -0.000190909 -0.000291364 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.36989E-06 9.98512E-07 4.389299557 4.389299557 0 Y Y 21CO: Total g Air Emission 3.18182E-05 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 58.45667953 1.044457648 12.64052127 42.93890141 13.96280349 6.858708156 11.07542706 7.859449695 0.001377273 0.000327727 0.000418636 0.002172727 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.000157229 5.40636E-05 26.79650626 26.79650626 0 Y Y 0.07CO2 g Air Emission 0.482727273 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 219706.5439 959.7611864 14521.25224 103.0711309 17770.46565 -4250.402294 10209.15718 5242.436391 0.613636364 0.654545455 0.795454545 1.013636364 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.068457234 0.019671833 5398.670925 5398.670925 1860.411334 Y Y 1GHGs g Air Emission 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 227437.8738 3688.73797 16963.31301 7.661861689 20310.758 -4152.468233 12521.2077 9783.973999 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.069009792 0.019844829 0 0 0 N NN2O g Air Emission 0.002818182 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.116632408 0.015589592 0.241299858 16963.31301 0.29054771 0.11170811 0.176191651 0.085517799 1.04545E-05 0 1.36364E-06 1.36364E-05 0.004954545 0 0.002622727 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.76031E-06 5.06859E-07 0.033506103 0.033506103 0 Y Y 310NOx: Total g Air Emission 0.000127273 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 239.6309974 3.24912795 42.93890141 8.672662694 46.92699888 63.11299121 39.35967068 22.43149412 0.004118182 0.002395455 0.0035 0.006272727 0.018581818 0.033336364 0.0923 0 0 1.06466E-05 4.20659E-06 0 0 0 0 0 0.000323054 0.00038448 39.91833404 39.91833404 0 Y Y 0.7 0.13SOx: Total g Air Emission 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 527.2175245 6.823479153 20.95946867 14521.25224 23.58514492 1.861365666 16.99997998 11.55200281 0.003427273 0 0.002481818 0.005422727 0 0 1.86364E-06 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8.67688E-06 2.03699E-06 21.97162736 21.97162736 0 Y Y 1VOC: Total g Air Emission 0.040909091 2.72727E-05 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19.68160854 7.075010604 7.661861689 12.64052127 26.61372595 1.6595651 7.602360085 5.759241464 0.256818182 0 0.009090909 0.622727273 0.006727273 0.060567273 0.093216818 0.016750636 8.272727273 0 0 0 0.285363636 0.113636364 0 0 2.96238E-05 1.87406E-05 4.456311764 4.456311764 0 N NFormaldehyde g Air Emission 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9.09091E-07 9.09091E-07 0 0.001319091 1.35909E-10 0 0 9.77273E-06 0 0 0 1.33636E-05 8.63636E-07 0 5.95455E-06 0 0 0 0 0 Y Y 9.12 7 0.003 7.4Dust g Air Emission 0.000240909 9.09091E-05 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.000228074 0 3.84224E-05 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 N NParticulates (unspecified) g Air Emission 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.42 0.926 0.961 2.14 0 2.21449E-05 9.08509E-06 0 0.017545455 0 0 0.000006 0.000143591 5.45455E-05 4.54545E-07 0.000302091 0 0 0.001534427 0.001534427 0 N NPM10: Total g Air Emission 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 289.6215268 169.346994 8.672662694 3.427394464 10.68934579 1.423513111 5.949264608 0.860969739 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.002068182 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6.63369E-06 9.10825E-06 0 0 0 N NPM2.5: Total g Air Emission 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 76.27987146 41.98273468 3.427394464 20.95946867 4.170827455 0.993715093 2.453651454 0.510739361 0 0 0 0.000563636 0.000563636 0.000246818 0.00055 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6.10299E-06 8.19743E-06 0 0 0 N NParticulates Total (Dust, PM10, PM2.5, unsp.) g Air Emission 0.000240909 9.09091E-05 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 365.9013983 211.3297286 12.10005716 24.38686314 14.86017324 2.417228204 8.402916062 1.3717091 1.42 0.926 0.961 2.140563636 0.000563636 0.000497037 0.002627267 3.84224E-05 0.017545455 0 0 0.000006 0.000143591 5.45455E-05 4.54545E-07 0.000302091 1.27367E-05 1.73057E-05 0.001534427 0.001534427 0 N NAromatics g Air Emission 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4.54545E-06 9.09091E-06 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Y Y 3.93Acetone g Air Emission 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.95455E-06 0 0.000111 0 0 0 0 0 Y Y 0.48Ammonia g Air Emission 0.000368182 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.000075 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Y Y 1.9 0.33 3.2Benzene g Air Emission 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4.77273E-06 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Y YEthanol g Air Emission 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.000142273 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Y Y 1.92Floride g Air Emission 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Y Y 7.3HCl g Air Emission 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.18636E-05 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.90376E-06 1.90376E-06 0 Y Y 0.087 11Hydrocarbons g Air Emission 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.002113636 0.000968182 0.001886364 0.003854545 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 N NMethanol g Air Emission 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.001090909 4.54545E-05 0.000305 1.36364E-05 0 1.56623E-06 0 0 0.000295 0 0 0 1.56364E-05 6.36364E-05 0 0.000262364 0 0 0 0 0 Y Y 0.99Phenol g Air Emission 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.36364E-07 9.09091E-06 0.001318182 1.62301E-07 0 0 0.000297727 0 0 0 1.25455E-06 6.36364E-07 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Y Y 1.86 0.045

ISO14040 Data Quality Indicator UWME ID Process Category

Source NREL* NREL* Avoided NREL* NREL* NREL* NREL* NREL* NREL* NREL* GREET GREET GREET GREET GREET GREET GREET GREET NREL* NREL* NREL* NREL* NREL* NREL* NREL* NREL* NREL* NREL* NREL* NREL* NREL* NREL* NREL* NREL* NREL* NREL* NREL* NREL* NREL*Time Related Coverage DSQ1 UWME DfE Lab 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2Geographical Coverage DSQ2 UWME DfE Lab 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1Technology Coverage DSQ3 UWME DfE Lab 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1Precision, Completeness, Representativeness DSQ4 UWME DfE Lab 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1Consistency and Reproducibility DSQ5 UWME DfE Lab 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1Sources and Source Representativeness DSQ6 UWME DfE Lab 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1Uncertainty DSQ7 UWME DfE Lab 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1Average Score (Process) 1.14 1.14 2.71 1.14 1.14 1.14 1.14 1.14 1.14 1.14 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.57 1.57 1.57 1.57 1.71 1.14 1.14 1.14 1.14 1.14 1.14 1.14 1.14 1.14 1.14 1.14 1.14 1.14 1.29 1.29 1.14Overall Average Score

*U.S. NREL Database contained unit process information from CORRIM glulam and LVL modules, which were studied in the PNW and published in 2004.*GREET software provided and maintained by UWME Design for Environment Lab

Demand Vectors, fT Unit Total Flow

3"x12"x15'0" Douglas Fir 26F-E/DF1M1 ft3/glulam 3.75 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.75 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 03.5"x11.875"x15'0" 1.8E Microllam LVL ft3/LVL 4.33 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4.329427083 0 0 0 0 0

Design Life & Disposal

Raw Materials Acquisition Biomass Production Fuel Production

Raw Materials Acquisition Biomass Production Fuel Production LVL Production Transportation

Chemical Resin Production Glulam Production LVL Production

Raw Materials Acquisition Biomass Production Fuel Production Chemical Resin Production Glulam Production LVL Production Transportation

Chemical Resin Production Glulam Production LVL Production Transportation

Transportation

Chemical Resin Production Glulam Production

Design Life & Disposal

Raw Materials Acquisition Biomass Production Fuel Production Chemical Resin Production Glulam Production LVL Production Transportation

APPENDIX D ___________________________________________________________________________________

LIFE CYCLE INVENTORY MATLAB CODE

C:\My Files\W2008\ME599\Project\Appendices\AppD.mMarch 12, 2008

36:37 PM

clearclc

A = [2000 0 0 -0.094 0 0 0 -354 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 2000 0 -0.158 0 0 0 -60 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 1 0 -42.25 -20.52 -28.94 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 1000 0 0 0 -400 -400 -400 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 8550 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -47.5734 0 0 0 -7.872 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 16245 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -13.5924 0 0 0 -27.552 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 10665 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -52.1042 0 0 0 -30.176 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0.000836713 0 0 0 -0.00048458 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0.00556414 0 0 0 -0.003222456 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0.004885532 0 0 0 -0.002829442 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0-784522.805 -495396.95 0 -143448.39 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -4846460 -308394.5844 -181412.759 -96639.7776 -8157070 -58771.86 -32764.8 -83447.85 -173994.74 -52150.64 -73004.07 -5656023.6 0 0 0 0 0-205740 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1000000 0 0 0 0 0 0 -6851416.516 -3600386.323 -6235700 -11921706.27 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -23207.41622 -23207.41622 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1000000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -64692.12802 0 -20942.05131 0 -54782.55 0 -20942.05131 0 0 0 0 0 0 -250.1398156 -250.1398156 00 0 0 0 -45158850.9 -21937290.75 -30926483.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1000000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -30178944 0 -3609.40725 0 -376015.95 0 0 0 0 0 0 -174749.4 0 0 -146339.7331 -146339.7331 -186260670 0 0 -216125 0 0 0 -157500 -157500 -157500 0 0 0 0 1000000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -100 -6087.2475 0 0 -85750 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1000000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -2104960 0 -33882352.94 0 -134400 0 -979200 -192000 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1000000 0 0 0 0 0 0 -11.4089436 0 -4.666963 -1105093 0 -6210.44 -6210.44 -6301.77 -6210.44 -5023.15 -237458 0 0 0 0 0-31239300 -2848653 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1000000 -12577375.08 -15738010.79 -18174415.61 -17017861.89 -44712408 0 -1359834.357 0 -4103980.583 0 0 0 -132586.6 -29043.27 0 -3891097.1 0 0 -845.7108051 -845.7108051 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -5.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1000 0 0 0 0 0 0 -49.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1000 0 0 0 0 -46.8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1000 0 0 0 0 0 -265.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2204 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -15.88 0 -139 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1875 -1875 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1875 -1875 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1616 -1616 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

36:37 PM

0 30200 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -27 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1788 -1788 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1788 -1788 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1192 -1192 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1252 -1252 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1192 -1192 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 937 -937 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 32500 0 0 0 -27 0-127 -75 0 0 -55051 -28974 -36142 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -122 0 -26.21238 0 -2352 0 0 0 0 0 0 -632.5 0.000621371 0 -5.98567E-07 -7.2869E-07 -2.50499E-15-385 -1400 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.000621371 -3.12296E-07 -3.9037E-07 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 27 0 -270 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 27 -270 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -27 -27 27];

B = [0 0 0 -0.000175455 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1632176.448 -11708.46808 -181896.6695 -181896.6695 -226222.4651 -31657.63254 -123445.8194 -71947.87648 -29389886.57 -21221713.36 -33713254.05 -41100144.64 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0.879811202 -0.253429463 -96085.45297 -96085.45297 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1123541.198 -3598.053822 -32207.94579 -32207.94579 -40085.85684 -2328.348345 -21379.86045 -2401.402339 -6851416.516 -3600386.323 -6235700 -11921706.27 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -3.12296E-07 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1575640.817 -11119.31593 -178639.6664 -178639.6664 -222402.4276 -31257.96994 -120967.8094 -71471.17864 -8761281.037 -1683347.256 -9013290.919 -11494013.19 0 1.56623E-06 0 0 0.000295 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0.879811202 -0.253429463 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1199813.929 -199968.9882 -289847.5227 -666563.294 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -222.3465027 -222.3465027 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -364053.0694 -1383.41876 -61877.67905 -61877.67905 -75687.45541 -3788.514655 -42843.63795 -64779.91999 -12577375.08 -15738010.79 -18174415.61 -17017861.89 0 0 -1359834.357 0 0 0 0 0 -132586.6 -29043.27 0 -3891097.1 0 0 -845.7108051 -845.7108051 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -7718.600024 -7718.600024 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -88046.5495 -6137.843352 -84554.04158 -84554.04158 -106629.1154 -25141.10694 -56744.31102 -4289.856318 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0.879811202 -0.253429463 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0.000577273 -6.13636E-05 -0.000190909 -0.000291364 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 -1226 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -267.22 0 -112.53 0 0 0 0 -268 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -9.54545E-05 -2.72727E-05 -9.09091E-05 -0.000136364 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 -0.000175455 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0.000354545 -0.0003 -

36:37 PM

0.000822727 -0.000545455 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0.104363636 -0.001918182 -0.012781818 -0.095768182 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0.003818182 0 -0.002381818 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -5.45455E-05 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0.002154545 -0.036918182 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00.000195455 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 296.0350737 118.4505332 103.0711309 0.241299858 106.7082709 2.820367819 98.25642576 196.35758 0.001145455 0.003131818 0.002154545 0.002109091 -6.13636E-05 -0.000190909 -0.000291364 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.36989E-06 9.98512E-07 4.389299557 4.389299557 03.18182E-05 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 58.45667953 1.044457648 12.64052127 42.93890141 13.96280349 6.858708156 11.07542706 7.859449695 0.001377273 0.000327727 0.000418636 0.002172727 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.000157229 5.40636E-05 26.79650626 26.79650626 00.482727273 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 219706.5439 959.7611864 14521.25224 103.0711309 17770.46565 -4250.402294 10209.15718 5242.436391 0.613636364 0.654545455 0.795454545 1.013636364 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.068457234 0.019671833 5398.670925 5398.670925 1860.4113340 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 227437.8738 3688.73797 16963.31301 7.661861689 20310.758 -4152.468233 12521.2077 9783.973999 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.069009792 0.019844829 0 0 00.002818182 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.116632408 0.015589592 0.241299858 16963.31301 0.29054771 0.11170811 0.176191651 0.085517799 1.04545E-05 0 1.36364E-06 1.36364E-05 0.004954545 0 0.002622727 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.76031E-06 5.06859E-07 0.033506103 0.033506103 00.000127273 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 239.6309974 3.24912795 42.93890141 8.672662694 46.92699888 63.11299121 39.35967068 22.43149412 0.004118182 0.002395455 0.0035 0.006272727 0.018581818 0.033336364 0.0923 0 0 1.06466E-05 4.20659E-06 0 0 0 0 0 0.000323054 0.00038448 39.91833404 39.91833404 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 527.2175245 6.823479153 20.95946867 14521.25224 23.58514492 1.861365666 16.99997998 11.55200281 0.003427273 0 0.002481818 0.005422727 0 0 1.86364E-06 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8.67688E-06 2.03699E-06 21.97162736 21.97162736 00.040909091 2.72727E-05 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19.68160854 7.075010604 7.661861689 12.64052127 26.61372595 1.6595651 7.602360085 5.759241464 0.256818182 0 0.009090909 0.622727273 0.006727273 0.060567273 0.093216818 0.016750636 8.272727273 0 0 0 0.285363636 0.113636364 0 0 2.96238E-05 1.87406E-05 4.456311764 4.456311764 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9.09091E-07 9.09091E-07 0 0.001319091 1.35909E-10 0 0 9.77273E-06 0 0 0 1.33636E-05 8.63636E-07 0 5.95455E-06 0 0 0 0 00.000240909 9.09091E-05 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.000228074 0 3.84224E-05 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.42 0.926 0.961 2.14 0 2.21449E-05 9.08509E-06 0 0.017545455 0 0 0.000006 0.000143591 5.45455E-05 4.54545E-07 0.000302091 0 0 0.001534427 0.001534427 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 289.6215268 169.346994 8.672662694 3.427394464 10.68934579 1.423513111 5.949264608 0.860969739 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.002068182 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6.63369E-06 9.10825E-06 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 76.27987146 41.98273468 3.427394464 20.95946867 4.170827455 0.993715093 2.453651454 0.510739361 0 0 0 0.000563636 0.000563636 0.000246818 0.00055 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6.10299E-06 8.19743E-06 0 0 00.000240909 9.09091E-05 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 365.9013983 211.3297286 12.10005716 24.38686314 14.86017324 2.417228204 8.402916062 1.3717091 1.42 0.926 0.961 2.140563636 0.000563636 0.000497037 0.002627267 3.84224E-05 0.017545455 0 0 0.000006 0.000143591 5.45455E-05 4.54545E-07 0.000302091 1.27367E-05 1.73057E-05 0.001534427 0.001534427 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4.54545E-06 9.09091E-06 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.95455E-06 0 0.000111 0 0 0 0 00.000368182 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.000075 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

36:38 PM

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4.77273E-06 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.000142273 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.18636E-05 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.90376E-06 1.90376E-06 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.002113636 0.000968182 0.001886364 0.003854545 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.001090909 4.54545E-05 0.000305 1.36364E-05 0 1.56623E-06 0 0 0.000295 0 0 0 1.56364E-05 6.36364E-05 0 0.000262364 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.36364E-07 9.09091E-06 0.001318182 1.62301E-07 0 0 0.000297727 0 0 0 1.25455E-06 6.36364E-07 0 0 0 0 0 0 0];

f = [0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.75 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4.329427083 0 0 0 0 0]';

disp('Performing Life Cycle Inventory...')

Ainv = inv(A);

s = Ainv*f;

g = B*s;

lambda = B*Ainv;

ftilde = A*s;

d = ftilde - f;

P = [A;B];

q = [f;g];

disp('Performing Life Cycle Impact Assessment...')

Q = [21 0 0 0 0 0 00 0.07 0 0 0 0 01 0 0 0 0 0 0310 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0.7 0.13 0 0 00 0 1 0 0 0 00 9.12 0 0 7 0.003 7.40 3.93 0 0 0 0 00 0.48 0 0 0 0 00 0 1.9 0.33 3.2 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 00 1.92 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 7.30 0 0.087 0 0 0 110 0.99 0 0 0 0 00 1.86 0 0 0.045 0 0]';

Bred = [0.000195455 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 296.0350737 118.4505332 103.0711309 0.241299858 106.7082709 2.820367819 98.25642576 196.35758 0.001145455 0.003131818 0.002154545 0.002109091 -6.13636E-05 -0.000190909 -0.000291364 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.36989E-06 9.98512E-07 4.389299557 4.389299557 0

36:38 PM

3.18182E-05 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 58.45667953 1.044457648 12.64052127 42.93890141 13.96280349 6.858708156 11.07542706 7.859449695 0.001377273 0.000327727 0.000418636 0.002172727 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.000157229 5.40636E-05 26.79650626 26.79650626 00.482727273 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 219706.5439 959.7611864 14521.25224 103.0711309 17770.46565 -4250.402294 10209.15718 5242.436391 0.613636364 0.654545455 0.795454545 1.013636364 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.068457234 0.019671833 5398.670925 5398.670925 1860.4113340.002818182 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.116632408 0.015589592 0.241299858 16963.31301 0.29054771 0.11170811 0.176191651 0.085517799 1.04545E-05 0 1.36364E-06 1.36364E-05 0.004954545 0 0.002622727 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.76031E-06 5.06859E-07 0.033506103 0.033506103 00.000127273 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 239.6309974 3.24912795 42.93890141 8.672662694 46.92699888 63.11299121 39.35967068 22.43149412 0.004118182 0.002395455 0.0035 0.006272727 0.018581818 0.033336364 0.0923 0 0 1.06466E-05 4.20659E-06 0 0 0 0 0 0.000323054 0.00038448 39.91833404 39.91833404 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 527.2175245 6.823479153 20.95946867 14521.25224 23.58514492 1.861365666 16.99997998 11.55200281 0.003427273 0 0.002481818 0.005422727 0 0 1.86364E-06 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8.67688E-06 2.03699E-06 21.97162736 21.97162736 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9.09091E-07 9.09091E-07 0 0.001319091 1.35909E-10 0 0 9.77273E-06 0 0 0 1.33636E-05 8.63636E-07 0 5.95455E-06 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4.54545E-06 9.09091E-06 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.95455E-06 0 0.000111 0 0 0 0 00.000368182 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.000075 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4.77273E-06 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.000142273 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.18636E-05 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.90376E-06 1.90376E-06 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.001090909 4.54545E-05 0.000305 1.36364E-05 0 1.56623E-06 0 0 0.000295 0 0 0 1.56364E-05 6.36364E-05 0 0.000262364 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.36364E-07 9.09091E-06 0.001318182 1.62301E-07 0 0 0.000297727 0 0 0 1.25455E-06 6.36364E-07 0 0 0 0 0 0 0];

gimp = [321000 25500063500 50400239000000 1890000003390 2690260000 207000572000 4540001.25E-09 0.0000000152.03E-10 00 1.52E-084.68E-10 4.21E-121.57E-10 01.77E-08 00 01.85E-10 00.000000048 4.55E-080.000000037 1.26E-08];

h = Q*gimp;

disp('Performing Contribution Analyses...')

36:38 PM

Cont = Q*Bred;

sumrow = cumsum(Cont);

sumcol = cumsum(Cont');

flowcont = sumcol(size(sumcol,1),:);

proccont = sumrow(size(sumrow,1),:);

disp('Performing Sensitivity and Perturbation Analyses...')kappa = cond(A);

for k=1:size(s); for i=1:size(A,1); for j=1:size(A,2); dsdA(i,j,k) = -Ainv(k,i)*s(j); end endend

for k=1:size(g); for i=1:size(A,1); for j=1:size(A,2); dgdA(i,j,k) = -lambda(k,i)*s(j); end endend

for k=1:size(g); for i=1:size(B,1); for j=1:size(B,2); if i==k; dgdB(i,j,k) = s(j); else dgdB(i,j,k) = 0; end end endend

for k=1:size(s) for i=1:size(A,1) for j=1:size(A,2) if s(k)==0 sigmaA(i,j,k) = 0; else sigmaA(i,j,k) = -A(i,j)/s(k)*Ainv(k,i)*s(j); end end endend

for k=1:size(g); for i=1:size(A,1); for j=1:size(A,2); if g(k)==0 gammaA(i,j,k) = 0; else gammaA(i,j,k) = -A(i,j)/g(k)*lambda(k,i)*s(j); end end end

36:38 PM

for k=1:size(g); for i=1:size(B,1); for j=1:size(B,2); if g(k)==0 gammaB(i,j,k) = 0; elseif i==k; gammaB(i,j,k) = B(i,j)/g(k)*s(j); else gammaB(i,j,k) = 0; end end endend

disp('Creating output file me599combo.txt...')fid = fopen('me599combo.txt', 'wt');

fprintf(fid,'L C I\n\n');fprintf(fid,'A\n\n');for i=1:size(A,1); for j=1:size(A,2); fprintf(fid, '%6.2e %\t', A(i,j)); end fprintf(fid, '\n');endfprintf(fid, '\n');

fprintf(fid,'Ainv\n\n');for i=1:size(Ainv,1); for j=1:size(Ainv,2); fprintf(fid, '%6.2e %\t', Ainv(i,j)); end fprintf(fid, '\n');endfprintf(fid, '\n');

fprintf(fid,'f\n\n');for i=1:size(f,1); for j=1:size(f,2); fprintf(fid, '%6.2e ', f(i,j)); end fprintf(fid, '\n');endfprintf(fid, '\n');

fprintf(fid,'s\n\n');for i=1:size(s,1); for j=1:size(s,2); fprintf(fid, '%6.2e ', s(i,j)); end fprintf(fid, '\n');endfprintf(fid, '\n');

fprintf(fid,'B\n\n');for i=1:size(B,1); for j=1:size(B,2); fprintf(fid, '%6.2e ', B(i,j)); end fprintf(fid, '\n');end

36:38 PM

fprintf(fid, '\n');

fprintf(fid,'g\n\n');for i=1:size(g,1); for j=1:size(g,2); fprintf(fid, '%6.2e ', g(i,j)); end fprintf(fid, '\n');endfprintf(fid, '\n');

fprintf(fid,'lambda\n\n');for i=1:size(lambda,1); for j=1:size(lambda,2); fprintf(fid, '%6.2e ', lambda(i,j)); end fprintf(fid, '\n');endfprintf(fid, '\n');

fprintf(fid,'ftilde\n\n');for i=1:size(ftilde,1); for j=1:size(ftilde,2); fprintf(fid, '%6.2e ', ftilde(i,j)); end fprintf(fid, '\n');endfprintf(fid, '\n');

fprintf(fid,'d\n\n');for i=1:size(d,1); for j=1:size(d,2); fprintf(fid, '%6.2e ', d(i,j)); end fprintf(fid, '\n');endfprintf(fid, '\n');

fprintf(fid,'P\n\n');for i=1:size(P,1); for j=1:size(P,2); fprintf(fid, '%6.2e ', P(i,j)); end fprintf(fid, '\n');endfprintf(fid, '\n');

fprintf(fid,'q\n\n');for i=1:size(q,1); for j=1:size(q,2); fprintf(fid, '%6.2e ', q(i,j)); end fprintf(fid, '\n');endfprintf(fid, '\n');

fprintf(fid,'L C I A\n\n');

fprintf(fid,'Q\n\n');for i=1:size(Q,1); for j=1:size(Q,2); fprintf(fid, '%6.2e ', Q(i,j)); end

36:38 PM

fprintf(fid, '\n');endfprintf(fid, '\n');

fprintf(fid,'Bred\n\n');for i=1:size(Bred,1); for j=1:size(Bred,2); fprintf(fid, '%6.2e ', Bred(i,j)); end fprintf(fid, '\n');endfprintf(fid, '\n');

fprintf(fid,'gimp\n\n');for i=1:size(gimp,1); for j=1:size(gimp,2); fprintf(fid, '%6.2e ', gimp(i,j)); end fprintf(fid, '\n');endfprintf(fid, '\n');

fprintf(fid,'h\n\n');for i=1:size(h,1); for j=1:size(h,2); fprintf(fid, '%6.2e ', h(i,j)); end fprintf(fid, '\n');endfprintf(fid, '\n');

% Contribution analyses

fprintf(fid,'Cont\n\n');for i=1:size(Cont,1); for j=1:size(Cont,2); fprintf(fid, '%6.2e ', Cont(i,j)); end fprintf(fid, '\n');endfprintf(fid, '\n');

fprintf(fid,'flowcont\n\n');fprintf(fid, '%6.2e ', flowcont);fprintf(fid, '\n');

fprintf(fid,'proccont\n\n');fprintf(fid, '%6.2e ', proccont);fprintf(fid, '\n');

% Sensitivity analysesfprintf(fid,'kappa\n\n');fprintf(fid, '%6.2e ', kappa);fprintf(fid, '\n');

fprintf(fid,'dgdA\n\n');for i=1:size(dgdA,1); for j=1:size(dgdA,2); for k=1:size(dgdA,3); fprintf(fid, '%6.2e ', dgdA(i,j,k)); end fprintf(fid, '\n'); end

36:38 PM

fprintf(fid, '\n');endfprintf(fid, '\n');

fprintf(fid,'dgdB\n\n');for i=1:size(dgdB,1); for j=1:size(dgdB,2); for k=1:size(dgdB,3); fprintf(fid, '%6.2e ', dgdB(i,j,k)); end fprintf(fid, '\n'); end fprintf(fid, '\n');endfprintf(fid, '\n');

% Perturbation analysesfprintf(fid,'sigmaA\n\n');for i=1:size(sigmaA,1); for j=1:size(sigmaA,2); fprintf(fid, '%6.2e ', sigmaA(i,j)); end fprintf(fid, '\n');endfprintf(fid, '\n');

fprintf(fid,'gammaA\n\n');for i=1:size(gammaA,1); for j=1:size(gammaA,2); for k=1:size(gammaA,3); fprintf(fid, '%6.2e ', gammaA(i,j,k)); end fprintf(fid, '\n'); end fprintf(fid, '\n');endfprintf(fid, '\n');

fprintf(fid,'gammaB\n\n');for i=1:size(gammaB,1); for j=1:size(gammaB,2); for k=1:size(gammaB,3); fprintf(fid, '%6.2e ', gammaB(i,j,k)); end fprintf(fid, '\n'); end fprintf(fid, '\n');endfclose(fid);

APPENDIX E ___________________________________________________________________________________

LIFE CYCLE INVENTORY MATLAB OUTPUT

2000 0 0 -0.094 0 0 0 -354 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 2000 0 -0.158 0 0 0 -60 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 1 0 -42.3 -20.5 -28.9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 1000 0 0 0 -400 -400 -400 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 8550 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -47.6 0 0 0 -7.87 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 16200 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -13.6 0 0 0 -27.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 10700 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -52.1 0 0 0 -30.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0.000837 0 0 0 -0.000485 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0.00556 0 0 0 -0.00322 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0.00489 0 0 0 -0.00283 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

-785000 -495000 0 -143000 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -4850000 -308000 -181000 -96600 -8160000 -58800 -32800 -83400 -174000 -52200 -73000 -5660000 0 0 0 0 0-206000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1000000 0 0 0 0 0 0 -6850000 -3600000 -6240000 -11900000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -23200 -23200 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1000000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -64700 0 -20900 0 -54800 0 -20900 0 0 0 0 0 0 -250 -250 00 0 0 0 -45200000 -21900000 -30900000 0 0 0 0 0 0 1000000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -30200000 0 -3610 0 -376000 0 0 0 0 0 0 -175000 0 0 -146000 -146000 -186000000 0 0 -216000 0 0 0 -158000 -158000 -158000 0 0 0 0 1000000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -100 -6090 0 0 -85800 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1000000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -2100000 0 -33900000 0 -134000 0 -979000 -192000 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1000000 0 0 0 0 0 0 -11.4 0 -4.67 -1110000 0 -6210 -6210 -6300 -6210 -5020 -237000 0 0 0 0 0

-31200000 -2850000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1000000 -12600000 -15700000 -18200000 -17000000 -44700000 0 -1360000 0 -4100000 0 0 0 -133000 -29000 0 -3890000 0 0 -846 -846 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -5.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1000 0 0 0 0 0 0 -49.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1000 0 0 0 0 -46.8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1000 0 0 0 0 0 -265 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2200 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -15.9 0 -139 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1880 -1880 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1880 -1880 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1620 -1620 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30200 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -27 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1790 -1790 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1790 -1790 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1190 -1190 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1250 -1250 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1190 -1190 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 937 -937 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 32500 0 0 0 -27 0

-127 -75 0 0 -55100 -29000 -36100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -122 0 -26.2 0 -2350 0 0 0 0 0 0 -633 0.000621 0 -5.99E-07 -7.29E-07 -2.5E-15-385 -1400 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.000621 -3.12E-07 -0.00000039 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 27 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 27 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -27 -27 27

0.0005 5.42E-20 0 0.000000047 0 0 0 0.177 0.0000188 0.0000188 4.24E-22 8.47E-21 0 0 1.32E-22 0 0 -3.31E-23 3.57E-17 1.53E-17 3.5E-19 -3.61E-17 2.55E-19 7.91E-08 7.91E-08 9.18E-08 4.91E-09 0.000000048 0.000000048 7.21E-08 6.86E-08 7.21E-08 9.17E-08 2.64E-09 0 0 4.91E-09 2.64E-09 01.43E-18 0.0005 0 0.000000079 0 0 0 0.03 0.0000316 0.0000316 4.24E-22 2.03E-20 0 0 -2.12E-22 0 0 -5.27E-23 -2.11E-17 2.26E-17 1.07E-16 1.43E-16 2.88E-19 1.36E-08 1.36E-08 1.58E-08 8.43E-10 8.25E-09 8.25E-09 1.24E-08 1.18E-08 1.24E-08 1.57E-08 4.54E-10 0 0 8.43E-10 4.54E-10 06.53E-21 5.95E-22 1 8.32E-25 0.0024 0.0026 0.00271 2.35E-18 4.24E-22 4.24E-22 9.55E-39 1.88E-37 0 1.06E-22 5.76E-28 0 0 4.18E-25 2.19E-22 1.24E-20 1.95E-20 2.29E-20 9.28E-19 0.000155 0.000155 0.00018 0.00000963 0.0000964 0.0000964 0.000145 0.000138 0.000145 0.000184 0.00000531 0 0 0.00000963 0.00000531 03.25E-18 3.2E-19 0 0.001 0 0 0 0.4 0.4 0.4 1.11E-21 5.42E-20 0 0 -8.47E-22 0 0 -1.82E-22 1.64E-18 1.08E-16 1.8E-16 1.32E-16 1.05E-18 0.00000241 0.00000241 0.00000279 0.000000149 0.00000146 0.00000146 0.00000219 0.00000209 0.00000219 0.00000279 8.04E-08 0 4.34E-19 0.000000149 8.04E-08 0

-3.46E-38 -6.73E-38 0 -1.42E-41 -1.36E-20 0.0000616 -1.01E-20 -1.63E-35 -5.88E-39 -5.88E-39 -4.08E-56 -2.61E-54 0 -6.62E-24 -1.32E-45 0 0 -1.05E-42 -1.74E-39 -5.77E-38 -4.84E-38 -3.93E-38 -4.75E-20 0.000000446 0.000000446 0.000000518 2.77E-08 0.000000949 0.000000949 0.00000142 0.00000135 0.00000142 0.00000181 5.22E-08 0 -9.4E-38 2.77E-08 5.22E-08 -4.45E-180 0 0 0 0.000117 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00000297 0.00000297 0.00000344 0.000000184 0.000000515 0.000000515 0.000000772 7.35E-07 7.72E-07 0.000000983 2.83E-08 0 0 0.000000184 2.83E-08 0

9.66E-23 -5.69E-22 0 -8.15E-26 0 0 0.0000938 0 -3.31E-23 -3.31E-23 3.67E-40 -1.18E-38 0 0 -3.04E-30 0 0 1.66E-26 -7.5E-23 4.23E-22 6.06E-22 6.6E-22 -8.05E-21 0.00000261 0.00000261 0.00000302 0.000000162 0.00000158 0.00000158 0.00000237 0.00000226 0.00000237 0.00000302 8.71E-08 0 -8.47E-22 0.000000162 8.71E-08 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.000000446 0.000000446 0.000000518 2.77E-08 0.000000271 0.000000271 0.000000407 3.87E-07 4.07E-07 0.000000517 1.49E-08 0 0 2.77E-08 1.49E-08 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00000297 0.00000297 0.00000344 0.000000184 0.0000018 0.0000018 0.0000027 0.00000257 0.0000027 0.00000344 9.92E-08 0 0 0.000000184 9.92E-08 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00000261 0.00000261 0.00000302 0.000000162 0.00000158 0.00000158 0.00000237 0.00000226 0.00000237 0.00000302 8.71E-08 0 0 0.000000162 8.71E-08 0

392 248 0 144 0 0 0 211000 57400 57400 1 0 0 0 3.33E-16 0 0 1.01E-16 1.62E-11 1.82E-11 6.23E-11 3.96E-11 2200 165 262 363 290 33.1 51.4 293 140 366 544 199 0 0 290 199 00.000103 5.08E-20 0 9.67E-09 0 0 0 0.0364 0.00000387 0.00000387 4.54E-23 0.000001 0 0 4.69E-23 0 0 1.81E-24 0.00685 0.0036 0.0119 0.00624 9.82E-20 1.63E-08 1.63E-08 1.89E-08 0.0000804 9.88E-09 9.88E-09 1.48E-08 1.41E-08 1.48E-08 1.89E-08 5.44E-10 0 5.42E-20 0.00094 0.00086 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.000001 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0000345 0.0000345 0.000053 0.00000284 0.0000306 0.0000306 0.0000635 0.0000605 0.0000635 0.0000808 0.00000233 0 0 0.0000121 0.0000116 09.97E-21 1.94E-20 0 4.09E-24 0.00257 0.00278 0.0029 4.69E-18 1.69E-21 1.69E-21 1.18E-38 7.52E-37 0 0.000001 3.81E-28 0 0 3.04E-25 5.02E-22 1.66E-20 1.4E-20 1.13E-20 0.0137 0.000166 0.000168 0.000195 0.0000229 0.000103 0.000103 0.000155 0.000147 0.000337 0.000429 0.0000763 0 2.71E-20 0.695 0.695 0.691.08E-19 3.25E-19 0 0.000216 0 0 0 0.244 0.244 0.244 3.92E-22 6.78E-21 0 0 0.000001 0 0 -5.29E-23 2.09E-17 3.58E-18 4.17E-17 4.17E-17 4.54E-08 0.00000471 0.00000471 0.00000547 0.00000313 0.000000892 0.000000892 0.00000134 0.00000127 0.00000134 0.0000017 4.93E-08 0 4.34E-19 0.00000313 4.93E-08 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.000001 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00112 0.0013 0.00119 0 0.0000752 0.000934 0.000107 0.0011 0.00139 0.0000402 0 0 0.00119 0.0000402 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.000001 0 0 0 0 0 0 6.08E-09 6.08E-09 9.95E-09 0.0000366 0 0.00000347 0.0000157 0.00000992 0.0000209 0.000032 0.00000823 0 0 0.0000366 0.00000823 0

0.0156 0.00142 0 0.00000169 0 0 0 5.62 0.000677 0.000677 -6.25E-21 -2.17E-19 0 0 1.57E-20 0 0 0.000001 0.0126 0.0157 0.017 0.0182 0.0203 0.00000251 0.000728 0.000844 0.000395 0.00000152 0.00000152 0.000114 0.00000218 0.000408 0.000519 0.000221 0 6.94E-18 0.000426 0.000253 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.001 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.000000182 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.000000182 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.001 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00000164 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00000164 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.001 0 0 0 0 0.00000878 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00000878 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.001 0 0 0 0 0 0.00000155 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00000155 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.000454 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00000604 0.00000769 0.00000216 0 0 0 0.00000216 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.000533 0.000533 0.000619 0.0000331 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0000331 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.000533 0.000619 0.0000331 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0000331 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.000619 0.0000331 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0000331 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0000331 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0000331 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.000559 0.000559 0.000839 0.000799 0.000839 0.00107 0.0000308 0 0 0 0.0000308 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.000559 0.000839 0.000799 0.000839 0.00107 0.0000308 0 0 0 0.0000308 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.000839 0.000799 0.000839 0.00107 0.0000308 0 0 0 0.0000308 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.000839 0 0.000839 0.00107 0.0000308 0 0 0 0.0000308 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.000839 0.00107 0.0000308 0 0 0 0.0000308 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00107 0.0000308 0 0 0 0.0000308 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0000308 0 0 0 0.0000308 0

102 60.4 0 0.0191 5450 5450 5450 39800 7.66 7.66 5.55E-17 1.78E-15 0 0 0 0 0 6.94E-18 7.94E-12 3.2E-12 2.08E-12 3.34E-12 89.1 329 352 408 147 200 200 300 286 301 383 42.8 1610 0 147 42.8 0310 1130 0 0.207 0 0 0 177000 82.8 82.8 0 2.13E-14 0 0 0 0 0 1.84E-16 1.68E-10 8.7E-11 1.96E-10 3.01E-10 2.07E-12 0.0796 0.0796 0.0924 0.00494 0.0483 0.0483 0.0725 0.069 0.0725 0.0923 0.00266 0 1610 0.00496 0.00268 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.037 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.037 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.037 0.037 0.037

0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0

3.75 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 4.330 00 00 00 00 0

sScaling Matrix (s Matrix) Unit Category Glulam LVL

PNW Nitrogen Fertilizer Production lb Raw Materials 1.84E-08 1.14E-08PNW Phosphorous Fertilizer Production lb Raw Materials 3.16E-09 1.96E-09Lubricant Production (Hollow Process) lb Raw Materials 3.61E-05 2.30E-05PNW Greenhouse Seedling Production Count Biomass 5.61E-07 3.48E-07PNW Harvest Acres - High Intensity Management ft3 Biomass 1.04E-07 2.26E-07PNW Harvest Acres - Low Intensity Management ft3 Biomass 6.91E-07 1.23E-07PNW Harvest Acres - Medium Intensity Management ft3 Biomass 6.07E-07 3.77E-07PNW Reforested Acres - High Intensity Management acre Biomass 1.04E-07 6.46E-08PNW Reforested Acres - Low Intensity Management acre Biomass 6.91E-07 4.29E-07PNW Reforested Acres - Medium Intensity Management acre Biomass 6.07E-07 3.77E-07Electricity - Stationary Grid Btu Energy 1.09E+03 8.62E+02Production of Coal, Well-to-POU Btu Fuel 3.01E-04 2.35E-09Production of Non-Road Diesel, Well-to-POU Btu Fuel 1.06E-05 1.01E-05Production of Diesel Fuel, Well-to-POU Btu Fuel 8.57E-05 3.30E-04Production of Gasoline, Well-to-POU Btu Fuel 1.17E-05 2.13E-07Production of Hogfuel/Biomass, Well-to-POU Btu Fuel 4.47E-03 1.74E-04Production of LPG, Well-to-POU Btu Fuel 1.37E-04 3.56E-05Production of Natural Gas, Well-to-POU Btu Fuel 1.48E-03 9.59E-04

MUF Hardener (for Glulam) lb Manufacture (Resin) 6.83E-07 0.00E+00

MUF Resin (for Glulam) lb Manufacture (Resin) 6.15E-06 0.00E+00

PRF Hardener (for Glulam) lb Manufacture (Resin) 3.29E-05 0.00E+00

PRF Resin (for Glulam) lb Manufacture (Resin) 5.81E-06 0.00E+00

PF Resin Manufacture (for LVL) lb Manufacture (Resin) 0.00E+00 9.36E-06

Sawmill lb Manufacture (Glulam) 1.24E-04 0.00E+00Kiln Drying lb Manufacture (Glulam) 1.24E-04 0.00E+00

Lumber Planer lb Manufacture (Glulam) 1.24E-04 0.00E+00Glulam Plant ft3 Manufacture (Glulam) 1.24E-04 0.00E+00

Debarking lb Manufacture (LVL) 0.00E+00 1.33E-04Log Conditioning lb Manufacture (LVL) 0.00E+00 1.33E-04

Green Veneer lb Manufacture (LVL) 0.00E+00 1.33E-04Dry Veneer lb Manufacture (LVL) 0.00E+00 1.33E-04

Press & lay-up lb Manufacture (LVL) 0.00E+00 1.33E-04Trim and saw lb Manufacture (LVL) 0.00E+00 1.33E-04

LVL Plant ft3 Manufacture (LVL) 0.00E+00 1.33E-04Heavy Truck Transport ton-miles Transportation 5.52E+02 1.85E+02

Rail Transport ton-miles Transportation 1.85E-02 1.15E-02Construction Installation of Glulam in Residence 75-Year Design Life ft3 Use 0.00E+00 0.00E+00Construction Installation of LVL in Residence 75-Year Design Life ft3 Use 0.00E+00 0.00E+00

Disposal of EWP in Landfill (Including Demolition) ft3 Disposal 0.00E+00 0.00E+00

0 0 0 -0.000175 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1630000 -11700 -182000 -182000 -226000 -31700 -123000 -71900 -29400000 -21200000 -33700000 -41100000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0.88 -0.253 -96100 -96100 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1120000 -3600 -32200 -32200 -40100 -2330 -21400 -2400 -6850000 -3600000 -6240000 -11900000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -3.12E-07 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1580000 -11100 -179000 -179000 -222000 -31300 -121000 -71500 -8760000 -1680000 -9010000 -11500000 0 0.00000157 0 0 0.000295 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0.88 -0.253 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1200000 -200000 -290000 -667000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -222 -222 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -364000 -1380 -61900 -61900 -75700 -3790 -42800 -64800 -12600000 -15700000 -18200000 -17000000 0 0 -1360000 0 0 0 0 0 -133000 -29000 0 -3890000 0 0 -846 -846 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -7720 -7720 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -88000 -6140 -84600 -84600 -107000 -25100 -56700 -4290 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0.88 -0.253 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0.000577 -0.0000614 -0.000191 -0.000291 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 -1230 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -267 0 -113 0 0 0 0 -268 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0.0000955 -0.0000273 -0.0000909 -0.000136 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 -0.000175 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0.000355 -0.0003 -0.000823 -0.000545 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0.104 -0.00192 -0.0128 -0.0958 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0.00382 0 -0.00238 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0.0000545 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0.00215 -0.0369 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0.000195 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 296 118 103 0.241 107 2.82 98.3 196 0.00115 0.00313 0.00215 0.00211 -0.0000614 -0.000191 -0.000291 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00000137 9.99E-07 4.39 4.39 00.0000318 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 58.5 1.04 12.6 42.9 14 6.86 11.1 7.86 0.00138 0.000328 0.000419 0.00217 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.000157 0.0000541 26.8 26.8 0

0.483 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 220000 960 14500 103 17800 -4250 10200 5240 0.614 0.655 0.795 1.01 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0685 0.0197 5400 5400 18600 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 227000 3690 17000 7.66 20300 -4150 12500 9780 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.069 0.0198 0 0 0

0.00282 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.12 0.0156 0.241 17000 0.291 0.112 0.176 0.0855 0.0000105 0 0.00000136 0.0000136 0.00495 0 0.00262 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00000176 5.07E-07 0.0335 0.0335 00.000127 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 240 3.25 42.9 8.67 46.9 63.1 39.4 22.4 0.00412 0.0024 0.0035 0.00627 0.0186 0.0333 0.0923 0 0 0.0000106 0.00000421 0 0 0 0 0 0.000323 0.000384 39.9 39.9 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 527 6.82 21 14500 23.6 1.86 17 11.6 0.00343 0 0.00248 0.00542 0 0 0.00000186 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00000868 0.00000204 22 22 00.0409 0.0000273 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19.7 7.08 7.66 12.6 26.6 1.66 7.6 5.76 0.257 0 0.00909 0.623 0.00673 0.0606 0.0932 0.0168 8.27 0 0 0 0.285 0.114 0 0 0.0000296 0.0000187 4.46 4.46 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.000000909 0.000000909 0 0.00132 1.36E-10 0 0 0.00000977 0 0 0 0.0000134 8.64E-07 0 0.00000595 0 0 0 0 00.000241 0.0000909 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.000228 0 0.0000384 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.42 0.926 0.961 2.14 0 0.0000221 0.00000909 0 0.0175 0 0 0.000006 0.000144 0.0000545 0.000000455 0.000302 0 0 0.00153 0.00153 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 290 169 8.67 3.43 10.7 1.42 5.95 0.861 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00207 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00000663 0.00000911 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 76.3 42 3.43 21 4.17 0.994 2.45 0.511 0 0 0 0.000564 0.000564 0.000247 0.00055 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0000061 0.0000082 0 0 0

0.000241 0.0000909 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 366 211 12.1 24.4 14.9 2.42 8.4 1.37 1.42 0.926 0.961 2.14 0.000564 0.000497 0.00263 0.0000384 0.0175 0 0 0.000006 0.000144 0.0000545 0.000000455 0.000302 0.0000127 0.0000173 0.00153 0.00153 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00000455 0.00000909 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00000295 0 0.000111 0 0 0 0 0

0.000368 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.000075 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00000477 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.000142 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0000319 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0000019 0.0000019 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00211 0.000968 0.00189 0.00385 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00109 0.0000455 0.000305 0.0000136 0 0.00000157 0 0 0.000295 0 0 0 0.0000156 0.0000636 0 0.000262 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.000000136 0.00000909 0.00132 0.000000162 0 0 0.000298 0 0 0 0.00000125 6.36E-07 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Inventory Matrix (g Matrix)

Unit Category Glulam LVL

Inventory Matrix (g Matrix) Glulam LVL Inventory Matrix (g Matrix) Glulam LVL Total Energy BtuInput/Resource -1.77E+09 -1.41E+09

Total Energy -1.77E+09 -1.41E+09 N2O 3.39E+03 2.69E+03 Coal BtuInput/Resource -1.22E+09 -9.69E+08

Coal -1.22E+09 -9.69E+08 NOx: Total 2.60E+05 2.07E+05 Fossil Fuels BtuInput/Resource -1.71E+09 -1.36E+09

Fossil Fuels -1.71E+09 -1.36E+09 SOx: Total 5.72E+05 4.54E+05 Hydro Energy BtuInput/Resource -1.55E+01 0.00E+00

Hydro Energy -1.55E+01 0.00E+00 VOC: Total 2.14E+04 1.70E+04 Natural Gas BtuInput/Resource -3.95E+08 -3.14E+08

Natural Gas -3.95E+08 -3.14E+08 Formaldehyde 1.25E-09 1.50E-08 Other (Nuclear, Undefined)BtuInput/Resource 0.00E+00 0.00E+00

Other (Nuclear, Undefined) 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 Dust 3.31E-08 2.94E-12 Petroleum BtuInput/Resource -9.56E+07 -7.59E+07

Petroleum -9.56E+07 -7.59E+07 Particulates (unspecified) 5.29E-05 6.75E-08 Uranium Ore gInput/Resource -8.75E-09 0.00E+00

Uranium Ore -8.75E-09 0.00E+00 PM10: Total 3.14E+05 2.50E+05 Water g Input/Resource -3.39E-02 -5.11E-02

Water -3.39E-02 -5.11E-02 PM2.5: Total 8.28E+04 6.58E+04 Iron Ore gInput/Resource -4.02E-09 0.00E+00

Iron Ore -4.02E-09 0.00E+00 Particulates Total (Dust, PM10, PM2.5, unsp.) 3.97E+05 3.15E+05 K-fertilizer g Input/Resource -9.84E-11 -6.11E-11

K-fertilizer -9.84E-11 -6.11E-11 Aromatics 2.03E-10 0.00E+00 Limestone gInput/Resource -3.23E-08 0.00E+00

Limestone -3.23E-08 0.00E+00 Acetone 0.00E+00 1.52E-08 NaCl gInput/Resource -1.06E-06 0.00E+00

NaCl -1.06E-06 0.00E+00 Ammonia 4.68E-10 4.21E-12 Nitrogen gInput/Resource -8.10E-08 0.00E+00

Nitrogen -8.10E-08 0.00E+00 Benzene 1.57E-10 0.00E+00 Phosphate gInput/Resource -1.80E-09 0.00E+00

Phosphate -1.80E-09 0.00E+00 Ethanol 1.77E-08 0.00E+00 Sulphur gInput/Resource -2.85E-07 0.00E+00

Sulphur -2.85E-07 0.00E+00 Floride 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 CH4 g Air Emission 3.21E+05 2.55E+05CH4 3.21E+05 2.55E+05 HCl 1.85E-10 0.00E+00 CO: Total g Air Emission 6.35E+04 5.04E+04CO: Total 6.35E+04 5.04E+04 Hydrocarbons 9.19E-08 0.00E+00 CO2 g Air Emission 2.39E+08 1.89E+08CO2 2.39E+08 1.89E+08 Methanol 4.80E-08 4.55E-08 GHGs g Air Emission 2.47E+08 1.96E+08GHGs 2.47E+08 1.96E+08 Phenol 3.70E-08 1.26E-08 N2O g Air Emission 3.39E+03 2.69E+03

NOx: Total g Air Emission 2.60E+05 2.07E+05SOx: Total g Air Emission 5.72E+05 4.54E+05VOC: Total g Air Emission 2.14E+04 1.70E+04Formaldehyde g Air Emission 1.25E-09 1.50E-08Dust g Air Emission 3.31E-08 2.94E-12Particulates (unspecified) g Air Emission 5.29E-05 6.75E-08PM10: Total g Air Emission 3.14E+05 2.50E+05PM2.5: Total g Air Emission 8.28E+04 6.58E+04Particulates Total (Dust, PM10, PM2.5, unsp.)g Air Emission 3.97E+05 3.15E+05Aromatics g Air Emission 2.03E-10 0.00E+00Acetone g Air Emission 0.00E+00 1.52E-08Ammonia g Air Emission 4.68E-10 4.21E-12Benzene g Air Emission 1.57E-10 0.00E+00Ethanol g Air Emission 1.77E-08 0.00E+00Floride g Air Emission 0.00E+00 0.00E+00HCl g Air Emission 1.85E-10 0.00E+00Hydrocarbons g Air Emission 9.19E-08 0.00E+00Methanol g Air Emission 4.80E-08 4.55E-08Phenol g Air Emission 3.70E-08 1.26E-08

lambda

-640000000 -404000000 0 -234000000 -5260 -5300 -5330 -3.45E+11 -93700000000 -93700000000 -1630000 -0.0117 -0.182 -0.182 -0.226 -0.0317 -0.123 -0.0719 -30400 -22400 -42500 -35100 -3590000000 -269000000 -427000000 -593000000 -473000000 -54100000 -84000000 -478000000 -229000000 -598000000 -888000000 -325000000 -1420 -408 -473000000 -325000000 -125000-441000000 -278000000 0 -161000000 -82.6 -89.5 -93.4 -2.37E+11 -64500000000 -64500000000 -1120000 -0.0036 -0.0322 -0.0322 -0.0401 -0.00233 -0.0214 -0.0024 -6910 -3650 -12000 -6300 -2470000000 -185000000 -294000000 -408000000 -325000000 -37200000 -57800000 -329000000 -157000000 -411000000 -611000000 -224000000 0 -3.51E-14 -325000000 -224000000 -22200-618000000 -390000000 0 -226000000 -5260 -5290 -5320 -3.33E+11 -90500000000 -90500000000 -1580000 -0.0111 -0.179 -0.179 -0.222 -0.0313 -0.121 -0.0715 -9740 -2850 -12800 -10400 -3460000000 -260000000 -412000000 -573000000 -456000000 -52200000 -81100000 -462000000 -221000000 -577000000 -857000000 -314000000 -1420 -408 -456000000 -314000000 -123000

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1200 -200 -667 -290 0 0 0 0 -4.12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -12.4 -8.24 0-143000000 -90200000 0 -52300000 -159 -172 -179 -76900000000 -20900000000 -20900000000 -364000 -0.00138 -0.0619 -0.0619 -0.0757 -0.00379 -0.0428 -0.0648 -13400 -16800 -18100 -19400 -801000000 -60000000 -95300000 -132000000 -105000000 -12100000 -18700000 -107000000 -51000000 -133000000 -198000000 -72500000 0 -4.84E-13 -105000000 -72500000 -42700

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -286 -286 0-34500000 -21800000 0 -12600000 -5020 -5030 -5040 -18600000000 -5050000000 -5050000000 -88000 -0.00614 -0.0846 -0.0846 -0.107 -0.0251 -0.0567 -0.00429 -96 -89.6 -146 -116 -194000000 -14500000 -23000000 -32000000 -25500000 -2920000 -4530000 -25800000 -12300000 -32200000 -47900000 -17500000 -1420 -408 -25600000 -17600000 -58300

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0.000000577 -6.14E-08 -0.000000291 -0.000000191 0 0 0 0 -2.33E-09 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -2.33E-09 0 0-3.99E-15 -3.93E-16 0 -1.23 0 0 0 -490 -490 -490 -1.37E-18 -6.65E-17 0 0 1.04E-18 0 0 2.23E-19 -2.01E-15 -1.33E-13 -2.21E-13 -1.62E-13 -1.28E-15 -0.00295 -0.00295 -0.00343 -0.00903 -0.00179 -0.0647 -0.0971 -0.0924 -0.0971 -0.124 -0.0118 0 -5.32E-16 -0.00903 -0.0118 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -9.55E-08 -2.73E-08 -0.000000136 -9.09E-08 0 0 0 0 -1.07E-09 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1.07E-09 0 0-5.71E-22 -5.62E-23 0 -0.000000175 0 0 0 -0.0000702 -0.0000702 -0.0000702 -1.96E-25 -9.51E-24 0 0 1.49E-25 0 0 3.2E-26 -2.88E-22 -1.9E-20 -3.16E-20 -2.31E-20 -1.84E-22 -4.22E-10 -4.22E-10 -4.9E-10 -2.62E-11 -2.57E-10 -2.57E-10 -3.85E-10 -3.66E-10 -3.85E-10 -4.9E-10 -1.41E-11 0 -7.61E-23 -2.62E-11 -1.41E-11 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0.000000355 -0.0000003 -0.000000545 -0.000000823 0 0 0 0 -8.63E-09 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -8.63E-09 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0.000104 -0.00000192 -0.0000958 -0.0000128 0 0 0 0 -2.83E-07 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -2.83E-07 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0.00000382 0 0 -0.00000238 0 0 0 0 -2.16E-08 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -2.16E-08 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -5.45E-08 0 0 0 0 -4.79E-10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -4.79E-10 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0.0000369 -0.00000215 0 0 0 0 -7.61E-08 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -7.61E-08 0 0

116000 73300 0 42500 0.00809 0.00814 0.00817 62500000 17000000 17000000 296 0.000118 0.000103 0.000000241 0.000107 0.00000282 0.0000983 0.000196 3.28 3.52 4.75 4.31 651000 48800 77500 108000 85700 9810 15200 86800 41500 108000 161000 58900 0.0022 0.00161 85700 58900 0.16622900 14500 0 8390 0.968 0.977 0.982 12300000 3360000 3360000 58.5 0.00000104 0.0000126 0.0000429 0.000014 0.00000686 0.0000111 0.00000786 0.106 0.127 0.146 0.149 129000 9640 15300 21200 16900 1940 3010 17100 8190 21400 31800 11600 0.253 0.087 17000 11700 29.6

86200000 54400000 0 31500000 374 374 374 46400000000 12600000000 12600000000 220000 0.00096 0.0145 0.000103 0.0178 -0.00425 0.0102 0.00524 72.5 86 101 101 483000000 36200000 57500000 79800000 63600000 7280000 11300000 64400000 30800000 80500000 119000000 43700000 110 31.7 63600000 43700000 14089200000 56300000 0 32600000 376 376 376 48000000000 13100000000 13100000000 227000 0.00369 0.017 0.00000766 0.0203 -0.00415 0.0125 0.00978 148 167 210 201 500000000 37500000 59500000 82600000 65900000 7530000 11700000 66700000 31900000 83300000 124000000 45300000 111 31.9 65900000 45300000 5.29

1220 772 0 447 43.5 47.2 49.2 658000 179000 179000 3.12 1.56E-08 0.000000241 0.017 0.000000291 0.000000112 0.000000176 8.55E-08 0.00118 0.0014 0.00164 0.00165 7090 517 818 1140 903 105 162 916 439 1150 1700 622 0.00283 0.000816 12700 12400 1170094000 59400 0 34400 1.78 1.79 1.79 50600000 13800000 13800000 240 0.00000325 0.0000429 0.00000867 0.0000469 0.0000631 0.0000394 0.0000224 0.304 0.365 0.42 0.428 527000 39500 62700 87100 69400 7940 12300 70200 33600 87800 130000 47700 0.52 0.619 69400 47700 5.98

207000 131000 0 75700 37.3 40.4 42.2 111000000 30300000 30300000 527 0.00000682 0.000021 0.0145 0.0000236 0.00000186 0.000017 0.0000116 0.192 0.206 0.278 0.253 1160000 86900 138000 192000 153000 17500 27100 155000 73900 193000 287000 105000 0.014 0.00328 163000 115000 100007720 4880 0 2820 0.194 0.197 0.198 4160000 1130000 1130000 19.7 0.00000708 0.00000766 0.0000126 0.0000266 0.00000166 0.0000076 0.00000576 0.121 0.116 0.183 0.149 43300 3250 5150 7150 5700 652 1010 5770 2760 7210 10700 3920 0.0477 0.0302 5710 3930 8.72

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9.09E-10 0 9.09E-10 0.000000598 7.25E-14 7.25E-14 8.41E-14 3.33E-10 0 0 1.12E-08 0 1.99E-08 2.53E-08 3.47E-09 0 0 3.33E-10 3.47E-09 00.00000012 4.55E-08 0 1.85E-11 0 0 0 0.0000454 7.4E-09 7.4E-09 1.41E-25 3.89E-24 0 0 1.26E-26 0 0 -1.28E-26 6.69E-21 5.75E-21 9.83E-21 4.33E-21 8.77E-23 0.000000122 0.000000122 0.000000165 8.83E-09 1.23E-11 1.23E-11 1.85E-11 1.76E-11 1.85E-11 2.35E-11 6.78E-13 0 0 8.83E-09 6.78E-13 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00142 0.000926 0.00214 0.000961 0 1.18E-08 1.67E-08 1.93E-08 0.0000141 0 0 0.000000125 4.79E-09 1.71E-07 0.000000218 1.56E-08 0 0 0.0000709 0.0000568 0114000 71700 0 41600 0.045 0.0457 0.0461 61100000 16600000 16600000 290 0.000169 0.00000867 0.00000343 0.0000107 0.00000142 0.00000595 0.000000861 1.17 0.623 2.03 1.07 637000 47800 75800 105000 83900 9590 14900 84900 40600 106000 157000 57700 0.0107 0.0147 83900 57700 2.36

29900 18900 0 10900 0.0871 0.0915 0.0941 16100000 4380000 4380000 76.3 0.000042 0.00000343 0.000021 0.00000417 0.000000994 0.00000245 0.000000511 0.294 0.159 0.509 0.271 168000 12600 20000 27700 22100 2530 3920 22400 10700 27900 41500 15200 0.00982 0.0132 22100 15200 14.5

144000 90600 0 52500 0.132 0.137 0.14 77300000 21000000 21000000 366 0.000211 0.0000121 0.0000244 0.0000149 0.00000242 0.0000084 0.00000137 1.47 0.783 2.54 1.34 805000 60300 95700 133000 106000 12100 18800 107000 51300 134000 199000 72900 0.0205 0.0279 106000 72900 16.80 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9.09E-09 4.55E-09 0 0 0 0 5.4E-11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5.4E-11 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.48E-09 3.15E-09 3.51E-09 0 0 0 3.51E-09 0

0.000000184 2E-23 0 1.73E-11 0 0 0 0.0000652 6.92E-09 6.92E-09 1.56E-25 3.12E-24 0 0 4.87E-26 0 0 -1.22E-26 1.32E-20 0.000000075 1.29E-22 -1.33E-20 9.4E-23 2.91E-11 2.91E-11 3.38E-11 1.25E-10 1.77E-11 1.77E-11 2.65E-11 2.53E-11 2.65E-11 3.38E-11 9.73E-13 0 0 1.25E-10 9.73E-13 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4.77E-09 0 0 0 0 4.19E-11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4.19E-11 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4.71E-09 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4.71E-09 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.19E-08 0 0 0 0 0 4.94E-11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7.06E-08 7.05E-08 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00000211 0.000000968 0.00000385 0.00000189 0 0 0 0 2.45E-08 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.45E-08 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00000109 4.55E-08 1.36E-08 0.000000305 0 8.35E-10 8.35E-10 9.69E-10 1.28E-08 0 0 1.31E-08 0 6.65E-08 8.46E-08 1.05E-08 0 0 1.28E-08 1.05E-08 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9.09E-09 1.36E-10 0.000000598 8.66E-11 8.66E-11 1E-10 9.88E-09 0 0 1.05E-09 0 9.55E-09 1.22E-08 2.91E-09 0 0 9.88E-09 2.91E-09 0

ftilde

-2.08E-15 2E-171.13E-14 4.92E-179.83E-20 8.3E-205.92E-15 2.22E-16

0 2.17E-19-7.16E-18 -1.82E-17

-5.2E-18 3.47E-18-1.36E-21 -5.77E-212.01E-20 5.4E-21

0 5.29E-23-9.09E-13 0-4.26E-14 -6.8E-15-8.88E-16 -2.66E-151.28E-13 -3.55E-15

3.5E-13 9.33E-140 5.33E-140 -7.11E-15

-1.48E-11 -1.02E-12-1.08E-19 0

0 0-8.67E-19 06.94E-18 0

0 00 00 00 0

3.75 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 4.33

-1.11E-16 1.11E-16-6.83E-16 -4.66E-16

0 00 00 0

-2.08E-15 2E-17 -8.67E-19 01.13E-14 4.92E-17 6.94E-18 09.83E-20 8.3E-20 0 05.92E-15 2.22E-16 0 0

0 2.17E-19 0 0-7.16E-18 -1.82E-17 0 0

-5.2E-18 3.47E-18 0 0-1.36E-21 -5.77E-21 0 02.01E-20 5.4E-21 0 0

0 5.29E-23 0 0-9.09E-13 0 0 0-4.26E-14 -6.8E-15 0 0-8.88E-16 -2.66E-15 0 01.28E-13 -3.55E-15 0 -8.88E-16

3.5E-13 9.33E-14 -1.11E-16 1.11E-160 5.33E-14 -6.83E-16 -4.66E-160 -7.11E-15 0 0

-1.48E-11 -1.02E-12 0 0-1.08E-19 0 0 0

0 0Discrepancy Matrix (d Matrix) Glulam LVL Discrepancy Matrix (d Matrix) Glulam LVL

PNW Nitrogen Fertilizer Production -2.08E-15 2.00E-17 PRF Hardener (for Glulam) -8.67E-19 0.00E+00PNW Phosphorous Fertilizer Production 1.13E-14 4.92E-17 PRF Resin (for Glulam) 6.94E-18 0.00E+00Lubricant Production (Hollow Process) 9.83E-20 8.30E-20 PF Resin Manufacture (for LVL) 0.00E+00 0.00E+00PNW Greenhouse Seedling Production 5.92E-15 2.22E-16 Sawmill 0.00E+00 0.00E+00PNW Harvest Acres - High Intensity Management 0.00E+00 2.17E-19 Kiln Drying 0.00E+00 0.00E+00PNW Harvest Acres - Low Intensity Management -7.16E-18 -1.82E-17 Lumber Planer 0.00E+00 0.00E+00PNW Harvest Acres - Medium Intensity Management -5.20E-18 3.47E-18 Glulam Plant 0.00E+00 0.00E+00PNW Reforested Acres - High Intensity Management -1.36E-21 -5.77E-21 Debarking 0.00E+00 0.00E+00PNW Reforested Acres - Low Intensity Management 2.01E-20 5.40E-21 Log Conditioning 0.00E+00 0.00E+00PNW Reforested Acres - Medium Intensity Management 0.00E+00 5.29E-23 Green Veneer 0.00E+00 0.00E+00Electricity - Stationary Grid -9.09E-13 0.00E+00 Dry Veneer 0.00E+00 0.00E+00Production of Coal, Well-to-POU -4.26E-14 -6.80E-15 Press & lay-up 0.00E+00 0.00E+00Production of Non-Road Diesel, Well-to-POU -8.88E-16 -2.66E-15 Trim and saw 0.00E+00 0.00E+00Production of Diesel Fuel, Well-to-POU 1.28E-13 -3.55E-15 LVL Plant 0.00E+00 -8.88E-16Production of Gasoline, Well-to-POU 3.50E-13 9.33E-14 Heavy Truck Transport -1.11E-16 1.11E-16Production of Hogfuel/Biomass, Well-to-POU 0.00E+00 5.33E-14 Rail Transport -6.83E-16 -4.66E-16

Production of LPG, Well-to-POU 0.00E+00 -7.11E-15Construction Installation of Glulam in

Residence 75-Year Design Life 0.00E+00 0.00E+00Production of Natural Gas, Well-to-POU -1.48E-11 -1.02E-12

Construction Installation of LVL in Residence 75-Year Design Life 0.00E+00 0.00E+00

MUF Hardener (for Glulam) -1.08E-19 0.00E+00Disposal of EWP in Landfill (Including

Demolition) 0.00E+00 0.00E+00MUF Resin (for Glulam) 0.00E+00 0.00E+00

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