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AB
ifO
ifF
AC
A B
rief
Ove
rvie
w o
f FA
C
Inve
sti g
atio
ns, E
xper
ienc
es a
nd
g,
pLe
sson
s Lea
rned
Dougla
s M
unso
nW
AN
OSem
inar
WAN
O S
emin
arEffec
tive
Monitoring a
nd C
ontr
ol of FA
CH
aiya
n,
Zhej
iang,
Chin
aJa
nuar
y 15-1
7,
2008
EN
T000
035
Sub
mitt
ed:
Mar
ch 2
8, 2
012
Uni
ted
Stat
es N
ucle
ar R
egul
ator
y C
omm
issi
on O
ffici
al H
earin
g Ex
hibi
t
In th
e M
atte
r of:
Ent
ergy
Nuc
lear
Ope
ratio
ns, I
nc.
(Indi
an P
oint
Nuc
lear
Gen
erat
ing
Uni
ts 2
and
3)
ASL
BP
#:07
-858
-03-
LR-B
D01
D
ocke
t #:0
5000
247
| 050
0028
6 Ex
hibi
t #:
Iden
tifie
d:
Adm
itted
: W
ithdr
awn:
R
ejec
ted:
St
ricke
n:
Oth
er: E
NT0
0003
5-00
-BD
0110
/15/
2012
10/1
5/20
12
Hist
oric
alPe
rspe
ctiv
eH
istor
ical
Per
spec
tive
�Fl
ow
-acc
eler
ated
corr
osi
on (
FAC)
is n
ot
a new
phen
om
enon
�H
isto
rica
llyit
was
calle
der
osi
on
corr
osi
on
�H
isto
rica
lly it
was
cal
led e
rosi
on-c
orr
osi
on
�As
use
d h
isto
rica
lly,
erosi
on-c
orr
osi
on
des
crib
ed t
wo d
iffe
rent
mec
han
ism
s�
A c
hem
ical
dis
solu
tion o
f th
e pro
tect
ive
oxi
de
laye
r in
a
movi
ng s
trea
m o
f w
ater
or
wet
ste
am�
Am
echan
ical
wea
ring
away
ofth
epro
tect
ive
oxi
de
�A m
echan
ical
wea
ring a
way
of th
e pro
tect
ive
oxi
de
laye
r
�E-C
is
iden
tified
as
one
of
the
8 f
orm
s of
corr
osi
on
inFo
nta
na
&G
reen
e’s
clas
sica
lte
xtco
rrosi
on in F
onta
na
& G
reen
es
clas
sica
l te
xt
book
“Corr
osi
on E
ngin
eering”
publis
hed
in 1
967
Eros
ion-
Cor
rosio
n an
d Fl
ow-A
ccel
erat
ed C
orro
sion
Film
Fre
e
Bre
akaw
ay
te
Film
Bre
akdo
wn
Velo
city
rosion Ra
Eros
ion-
Cor
rosi
on
Corr
FAC
Velo
city
Bre
akaw
ay v
eloci
ty for
carb
on s
teel
str
aight
pip
e in
wat
er ~
10 m
/sec
, w
et s
trea
m ~
30 m
/sec
1940
s19
40s
�M
ost
ear
ly r
esea
rcher
s w
ere
conce
rned
about
turb
ines
, hea
t ex
chan
ger
tubes
, an
d f
eedw
ater
i
(FAC
ith
if
fd
ti
)iron (
FAC is
the
prim
ary
sourc
e of
feed
wat
er iro
n)
�Fa
ilure
s of
pow
er p
lant
pip
ing a
ttribute
d t
o F
AC
wer
eid
entified
inth
e1940s
wer
e id
entified
in t
he
1940s
�U
nfo
rtunat
ely
they
wer
e n
ot
wel
l docu
men
ted
�Fo
ssil
and indust
rial
pla
nts
typ
ical
ly r
epla
ced
the
pip
ing a
nd r
esta
rted
1940
s (co
ntin
ued)
�In
the
late
1940s,
Mar
s Fo
nta
na
at O
hio
Sta
te
,U
niv
ersi
ty (
and o
ther
s) b
egan
to inve
stig
ate
E-C
. Stu
die
s w
ere
conduct
ed o
n m
any
diffe
rent
allo
ys
with
diffe
rent
fluid
sw
ith d
iffe
rent
fluid
s�
Stu
die
s in
cluded
car
bon s
teel
and d
istille
d w
ater
.
Found:
�Rat
e f(
velo
city
)�
Rat
e f(
pH
); r
ate
was
neg
ligib
le f
or
pH
> 1
0.0
�Rat
e f(
tem
per
ature
)�
Rat
e f(
allo
y an
d f
luid
)
1950
s
Di
fi
ll
lt
ith
id�
Des
ign o
f co
mm
erci
al n
ucl
ear
pow
er p
lants
in t
he
mid
1950s
nec
essi
tate
d a
hig
her
lev
el o
f sa
fety
and d
esig
n
�Ship
pin
gport
(PW
R)
wen
t oper
atio
nal
12/1
957
�D
resd
en 1
(BW
R)
wen
t oper
atio
nal
7/1
960
�In
the
late
1950s,
the
US A
tom
ic E
ner
gy
Com
mis
sion
sponso
red
ase
ries
ofex
per
imen
tson
PWR
type
reac
tors
sponso
red a
ser
ies
of ex
per
imen
ts o
n P
WR-t
ype
reac
tors
�Concl
uded
car
bon s
teel
could
be
use
d in t
he
prim
ary
loop if oxy
gen
was
low
and p
H >
10.5
to 1
1.5
�Als
o in t
he
late
1950s,
Oak
Rid
ge
Nat
ional
Lab
ora
tory
te
sted
car
bon s
teel
at
250°C
, a
wat
er v
eloci
ty o
f 8 m
/s
and v
aryi
ng o
xygen
, an
d n
ote
d v
aria
tions
in o
xide
film
an
d c
orr
osi
on r
ates
as
a fu
nct
ion o
f oxy
gen
1960
s-G
E19
60s
GE
�In
the
late
1950s,
GE
beg
ana
pro
gra
mto
study
corr
osi
on
in�
In t
he
late
1950s,
GE b
egan
a p
rogra
m t
o s
tudy
corr
osi
on in
stea
m,
wet
ste
am,
satu
rate
d w
ater
and s
ubco
ole
d w
ater
co
nditio
ns
�In
cluded
was
the
rele
ase
ofco
rrosi
on
pro
duct
sin
typic
alBW
R�
Incl
uded
was
the
rele
ase
of co
rrosi
on p
roduct
s in
typ
ical
BW
R
feed
wat
er c
onditio
ns
(then
O2
< 1
5 p
pb)
�Pr
ior
dat
a w
as t
aken
at
~25°C
and 2
88°C
, w
ith little
to n
o d
ata
inbet
wee
nin
bet
wee
n�
One
study
use
d a
sid
e st
ream
tes
t lo
op a
t th
e H
um
bold
t Bay
N
ucl
ear
Pow
er P
lant
loca
ted in C
aliforn
ia (
oper
atio
nal
8/1
963)
�Q
uan
tified
the
dep
enden
ceofO
on
FAC
rate
s�
Quan
tified
the
dep
enden
ce o
f O
2on F
AC r
ates
�Als
o c
oncl
uded
that
:�
Car
bon s
teel
can
be
use
d o
nly
if O
2>
15 p
pb
Si
lb
df
lll
lfO
�Sta
inle
ss c
an b
e use
d f
or
all le
vels
of O
2
�Le
ad inve
stig
ators
wer
eBru
sh a
nd P
earl
1974
Kel
ler
Dev
elop
sthe
Firs
tPre
dict
ive
Mod
elK
elle
r D
evel
ops t
he F
irst
Pre
dict
ive
Mod
el
�In
1974,
H.
Kel
ler
of Sie
men
s/KW
U d
evel
oped
the
firs
t pre
dic
tive
model
�Val
idfo
r2-p
has
elin
esw
ith
ast
eam
qual
ity
of70-1
00%
�Val
id for
2-p
has
e lin
es w
ith a
ste
am q
ual
ity
of 70-1
00%
FAC R
ate
= [
f(T)
· f(
X)
· V ·
Kc]
–Ks
(m
m/1
04
hours
)
Wher
ef(
T)
= d
imen
sionle
ss c
oef
fici
ent
f(X)
= d
imen
sionle
ss c
oef
fici
ent
rela
ted t
o s
team
wet
nes
sV =
flu
id v
eloci
ty (
m/s
)Kc
= f
acto
r to
acc
ount
for
loca
l geo
met
ryKs
= a
const
ant
that
must
be
exce
eded
bef
ore
FAC is
obse
rved
1974
Kel
ler
Dev
elop
s the
Fir
st P
redi
ctiv
e M
odel
(
tid)
(con
tinue
d)
1974
Kel
ler
Dev
elop
s the
Fir
st P
redi
ctiv
e M
odel
(c
ontin
ued)
(con
tinue
d)
Kel
ler’s
Geo
met
ryKel
lers
Geo
met
ry
Fact
ors
1970
s –C
EGB
(UK
)(
)
�In
the
late
1970s
and
early
1980s
GBig
nold
I�
In t
he
late
1970s
and e
arly
1980s,
G.
Big
nold
, I.
W
ools
ey a
nd o
ther
s at
the
Cen
tral
Ele
ctrici
ty
Gen
erat
ing B
oar
d (
UK)
wer
e per
form
ing
syst
emat
ic s
tudie
s of
FAC
�Q
uan
tified
wal
l lo
ss a
s f(
tem
per
ature
, pH
, ve
loci
tyal
loy
com
posi
tion)
velo
city
, al
loy
com
posi
tion)
�CEG
B r
esea
rcher
s al
so a
pplie
d t
hin
lay
er s
urf
ace
activa
tion t
o lab
ora
tory
exp
erim
ents
to a
ccura
tely
m
easu
re w
all lo
ss r
ates
in r
eal tim
e�
Dev
eloped
a p
redic
tive
model
FAC
4k3
(Co
)3(H
+)2
/B2
FAC =
4k3
· (C
oeq
)3·
(H+)2
/B2
1970
s –ED
F (F
ranc
e)(
)
�Sta
rtin
g in t
he
early
1970s,
P.
Ber
ge,
M.
gy
,g
,Bouch
acourt
, F.
Rem
y an
d o
ther
s at
Ele
ctrici
te d
e Fr
ance
wer
e al
so p
erfo
rmin
g s
yste
mat
ic s
tudie
s of
FAC
�In
cluded
lab
ora
tory
tes
ts t
o inve
stig
ate
oxi
de
laye
r,
influen
ce o
f st
eam
qual
ify,
surf
ace
roughnes
s, m
ass
tran
sfer
allo
yco
mposi
tion
pH
amin
eet
ctr
ansf
er,
allo
y co
mposi
tion,
pH
, am
ine,
etc
�
ED
F al
so s
tart
ed t
he
dev
elopm
ent
of
a m
echan
istic
model
to p
redic
t th
e ra
te o
f FA
C
FAC =
(
Ceq
-C
�)
(1/2
K +
1/k
)
1982
Duc
reux
Mat
eria
lInv
estig
atio
nsD
ucre
ux M
ater
ial I
nves
tigat
ions
�In
1982,
J.D
ucr
eux
ofED
F(F
rance
)publis
hed
labora
tory
dat
a�
In 1
982,
J. D
ucr
eux
of ED
F (F
rance
) publis
hed
lab
ora
tory
dat
a on t
he
effe
ct o
f al
loy
com
posi
tion o
n F
AC r
ates
. H
is m
odel
:
FAC R
ate/
FAC R
ate m
ax=
1/(
83 ·
Cr%
0.8
9·
Cu%
0.2
5·
Mo%
0.2
0)
�The
Ducr
eux
rela
tionsh
ip is
the
bas
is for
most
of th
e pre
dic
tive
te
chnolo
gy
in u
se t
oday
Earl
y 19
80s –
Siem
ens/
KW
U (G
erm
any)
y(
y)
�Sta
rtin
g in t
he
late
1970s,
H.
Hei
tman
n,
W.
Kas
tner
an
d o
ther
s at
KW
U (
now
Sie
men
s) w
ere
also
(
)per
form
ing s
yste
mat
ic s
tudie
s of
FAC
�In
cluded
wer
e ra
te s
tudie
s ve
rsus
pH
�In
the
mid
1980s,
the
Kel
ler
model
was
furt
her
dev
eloped
FAC =
Kc·
F 1(V
, T,
h)
· F 2
(pH
) ·
F 3(O
2)
· F 4
(t)
· F
5(x
)
1984
Hui
jbre
gtsM
ater
ials
Inve
stig
atio
nsH
uijb
regt
s Mat
eria
ls In
vest
igat
ions
�In
1984,
W.
M.
M.
Huijbre
ghts
of
KEM
A
(Net
her
lands)
publis
hed
la
bora
tory
dat
aon
the
effe
ctla
bora
tory
dat
a on t
he
effe
ct
of
allo
y co
mposi
tion o
n F
AC
rate
s. H
is m
odel
:
�FA
C R
ate/
FAC R
ate m
ax=
1/(
0.6
1 +
2.4
3Cr(
%)
+
1.6
4Cu(%
) +
0.3
Mo(%
))
June
197
8O
yste
rC
reek
(US)
Oys
ter
Cre
ek (U
S)
�G
ener
alEle
ctric
BW
R�
Gen
eral
Ele
ctric
BW
R�
Failu
re o
ccurr
ed in a
200 x
350 m
m r
educe
r dow
nst
ream
of
a fe
edw
ater
pum
p
�Fa
ilure
was
att
ribute
d t
o c
avitat
ion
�Sig
nific
ant
and r
eocc
urr
ing d
amag
e w
as f
ound in
seve
ralfe
edw
ater
contr
olva
lves
seve
ral fe
edw
ater
contr
ol va
lves
�D
amag
e w
as a
ttribute
d t
o f
lash
ing
�Sig
nific
ant
wal
l th
innin
g w
as f
ound in s
ever
al
pip
ing
aea
sm
ost
ldo
nst
eam
of
cont
ol
pip
ing a
reas
, m
ost
ly d
ow
nst
ream
of
contr
ol
valv
es�
Eve
nt
and f
indin
gs
had
little
effe
ct o
n n
ucl
ear
indust
ry
Nov
embe
r 19
82
Nav
ajo
Foss
ilPl
ant(
US)
(con
tinue
d)N
avaj
o Fo
ssil
Plan
t (U
S) (co
ntin
ued)
�Fe
edw
ater
just
dow
nst
ream
of fe
ed p
um
p�
Origin
al t
hic
knes
s =
9.3
mm
�Thic
knes
s @
fai
lure
= 0
.7 m
m�
Ther
e w
as a
bac
king r
ing a
t th
e upst
ream
wel
dL
Hi
hd
it
hi
t�
Low
pH
am
monia
+ h
ydra
zine
wat
er c
hem
istr
y�
Unusu
al b
ecau
se it
was
a foss
il fa
ilure
that
was
public
ized
and
anal
yzed
public
ized
and a
nal
yzed
�Li
ttle
chan
ge
in t
he
way
foss
il an
d n
ucl
ear
pla
nts
appro
ached
FAC.
Nov
embe
r 19
82
Nav
ajo
Foss
ilPl
ant(
US)
Nav
ajo
Foss
il Pl
ant (
US)
Note
direc
tion o
f flow
Dec
embe
r 19
86Su
rry
Uni
t2(U
S)Su
rry
Uni
t 2 (U
S)
Flow
Conden
sate
sys
tem
just
bef
ore
the
feed
pum
p
Dec
embe
r 19
86Su
rry
Uni
t2(U
S)(
id)
Surr
y U
nit 2
(US)
(con
tinue
d)
�W
estinghouse
PWR
�W
estinghouse
PW
R�
Four
work
men
wer
e ki
lled.
Four
oth
ers
wer
e in
jure
d�
Am
monia
wat
er c
hem
istr
y w
ith a
low
pH
y
p�
Man
y re
pla
cem
ents
(~
190)
wer
e m
ade
in b
oth
units
�Sim
ilar
conditio
ns
as N
avaj
o�
This
fai
lure
show
ed:
�Ser
iousn
ess
of
FAC
Sib
ilif
il
hC
�Susc
eptibili
ty o
f si
ngle
-phas
e sy
stem
s to
FAC
�N
eed f
or
an insp
ection p
rogra
m�
Max
imum
dam
age
may
not
be
atex
trad
os
of
�M
axim
um
dam
age
may
not
be
at e
xtra
dos
of
elbow
s
1987
US
Indu
stry
Res
pond
sto
Surr
yU
S In
dust
ry R
espo
nds t
o Su
rry
�N
UM
ARC a
ssem
ble
d a
work
ing g
roup a
nd iss
ued
guid
elin
es f
or
utilit
ies
to im
ple
men
t an
insp
ection
pro
gra
m f
or
single
-phas
e sy
stem
s
NRC
dIN
POb
it
td
ith
i�
NRC a
nd I
NPO
bec
ame
inte
rest
ed in t
he
issu
e
�U
S n
ucl
ear
pla
nts
sta
rt t
o im
ple
men
t in
spec
tion
pro
gra
ms
of
single
phas
epip
ing
pro
gra
ms
of
single
-phas
e pip
ing
1987
C
urre
ntIn
dust
ry Im
prov
es it
s Pre
dict
ive
Tec
hnol
ogy
Tec
hnol
ogy
�EPR
Idev
elops
apre
dic
tive
model
and
soft
war
efo
r�
EPR
I dev
elops
a pre
dic
tive
model
and s
oft
war
e fo
r utilit
y use
�Bes
t es
tim
ate
model
dev
eloped
by
Bin
di Chex
al a
nd J
eff
Horo
witz
usi
ng a
reg
ress
ion a
nal
ysis
of la
bora
tory
dat
a�
Rel
ease
d C
HEC in 1
987:
1-p
has
e lin
es o
nly
�Rel
ease
dCH
ECM
ATE
in1989:
1an
d2-p
has
elin
es�
Rel
ease
d C
HECM
ATE in 1
989:
1 a
nd 2
-phas
e lin
es�
Rel
ease
d C
HECW
ORKS in 1
993 (
curr
ent
vers
ion is
2.2
)�
Com
ponen
t-by-
com
ponen
t pre
dic
tions
of ra
te o
f w
all
thin
nin
g,
tota
l w
all lo
ss t
o d
ate,
rem
ainin
g s
ervi
ce life
�W
ater
chem
istr
y an
d n
etw
ork
flo
w a
nal
ysis
�Sto
rage
and e
valu
atio
n o
f co
mponen
t in
spec
tion d
ata
g�
Man
agem
ent
of
rela
ted o
uta
ge
activi
ties
1987
-C
urre
ntIn
dust
ry Im
prov
es it
s Pre
dict
ive
Tec
hnol
ogy
(con
tinue
d)(c
ontin
ued)
�ED
Fdev
elops
the
BRT-C
ICERO
soft
war
ebas
edon
�ED
F dev
elops
the
BRT-C
ICERO
soft
war
e bas
ed o
n
the
Big
nold
/Ber
ge/
Bouch
acourt
model
:
FAC =
f(C
r) ·
f(�
) ·
(Ceq
-C�
)[0
.5 ·
(1
/k +
�/D
)]
�Res
ults
incl
ude:
�W
ear
and w
ear
rate
�Res
idual
thic
knes
s �
Ran
ge
of
valid
ity
of
thic
knes
s ta
king u
nce
rtai
nties
in
toac
count
into
acc
ount
1987
-C
urre
ntIn
dust
ry Im
prov
es it
s Pre
dict
ive
Tec
hnol
ogy
(i
d)(c
ontin
ued)
�Sie
men
s/KW
U d
evel
ops
the
WATH
EC a
nd D
ASY p
rogra
ms:
FAC =
Kc·
F 1(V
, T,
h)
· F 2
(pH
) ·
F 3(O
2)
· F 4
(t)
· F
5(x
)
�Res
ults
incl
ude:
�W
all th
innin
g a
nd r
emai
nin
g life
�D
esig
ned
topro
vide
conse
rvat
ive
pre
dic
tions
of
�D
esig
ned
to p
rovi
de
conse
rvat
ive
pre
dic
tions
of
max
imum
pro
bab
le t
hin
nin
g�
Curr
ent
vers
ion is
calle
d C
OM
SYS
Inl
des
oth
em
ehan
ism
ss
has
stai
nin
ded
�In
cludes
oth
er m
echan
ism
s su
ch a
s st
rain
-induce
d
crac
king,
mat
eria
l fa
tigue,
cav
itat
ion,
dro
ple
t im
pin
gem
ent
For
Mor
e In
form
atio
n
�D
etai
ls o
f th
e va
rious
model
s, a
theo
retica
l tr
eatm
ent
and lab
ora
tory
dat
a ar
e pro
vided
in
yp
EPR
I re
port
TR-1
06611-R
1.
Prim
ary
auth
ors
:�
Bin
di Chex
al a
nd J
eff
Horo
witz
–EPR
I�
Mic
hel
Bouch
acourt
and F
ranco
is R
emy
–ED
F�
Wolfgan
g K
astn
er –
KW
U/S
iem
ens
Apr
il 19
89A
rkan
sasN
ucle
arO
ne(U
S)A
rkan
sas N
ucle
ar O
ne (U
S)
Apr
il 19
89k
l(
)A
rkan
sas N
ucle
ar O
ne (U
S) (c
ontin
ued)
�Com
bust
ion E
ngin
eering P
WR
�Tw
o-p
has
e co
nditio
ns
Lti
dt
fhi
h�
Loca
tion w
as d
ow
nst
ream
of
hig
h-p
ress
ure
ex
trac
tion n
ozz
le�
This
failu
resh
ow
ed:
�This
fai
lure
show
ed:
�Aggre
ssiv
e nat
ure
of
FAC in 2
-phas
e lin
es a
nd
nee
d t
o incl
ude
them
in t
he
insp
ection
pro
gra
m
May
198
9U
SN
RC
Issu
esG
ener
icLe
tter
89-0
8U
S N
RC
Issu
es G
ener
ic L
ette
r 89
-08
�Req
uired
the
US u
tilit
ies
to:
�Im
ple
men
t a
long-t
erm
FAC m
onitoring
pro
gra
m�
Incl
ude
all su
scep
tible
hig
h-e
ner
gy
carb
on
stee
lpip
ing
syst
ems
stee
l pip
ing s
yste
ms
�In
clude
both
sin
gle
-an
d t
wo-p
has
e lin
es�
Utiliz
e th
e N
UM
ARC/E
PRI
or
equal
ly e
ffec
tive
U
te
te
UC/
oeq
ua
ye
ect
em
ethod
Dec
embe
r 19
89
Sant
aM
aria
deG
aron
a(S
pain
)Sa
nta
Mar
ia d
e G
aron
a (S
pain
)
�G
E B
WR
�A s
mal
l pie
ce o
f th
e fe
edw
ater
lin
e w
as b
low
n
pout
�Fa
ilure
was
just
dow
nst
ream
of
a flow
met
er.
�Li
ne
oper
ated
with v
ery
low
oxy
gen
(~
6 p
pb)
�Fa
ilure
dem
onst
rate
d:
�N
eed
for
FAC
pro
gra
mfo
rBW
Rs
�N
eed f
or
FAC p
rogra
m f
or
BW
Rs
�D
anger
s of
oper
atin
g w
ith low
oxy
gen
in
neu
tral
wat
er
July
198
9EP
RIf
orm
sCH
UG
EPR
I for
ms C
HU
G
Th
en
(1
98
9)
No
w (
20
08
)�
Purp
ose
was
to s
upport
the
CH
EC a
nd C
HECM
ATE c
om
pute
r co
des
�FA
Conly
�Is
sue
gro
up t
o d
eal w
ith
deg
radat
ion in F
AC s
usc
eptible
sy
stem
s�
FAC
erosi
on
wel
ddeg
radat
ion
�FA
C o
nly
�2 m
eetings/
year
�Tra
inin
g�
10 m
ember
s re
pre
senting ~
30
�FA
C,
erosi
on,
wel
d d
egra
dat
ion
�2 m
eetings/
year
�W
eb s
ite
�Tec
hnic
al inve
stig
atio
ns
pg
nucl
ear
pla
nts
(U
S o
nly
)g
�Tra
inin
g�
46 m
ember
s re
pre
senting >
160 n
ucl
ear
pla
nts
l•B
elgiu
m•C
anad
a (a
ll)•C
zech
Rep
ublic
•Fra
nce
(CO
•Rom
ania
•Slo
vaki
a•S
outh
Kore
a•S
pai
n (
all)
i•J
apan
(TEPCO
only
)•M
exic
o
•Ta i
wan
•US (
all)
May
199
0 Lo
viisa
Uni
t1(F
inla
nd)
Lovi
isa U
nit 1
(Fin
land
)
Not
eor
ifice
Not
e or
ifice
.
Dow
nstre
am P
ipe
Ups
tream
Fla
nge
May
199
0 Lo
viisa
Uni
t1(F
inla
nd)(
cont
inue
d)Lo
viisa
Uni
t 1 (F
inla
nd) (
cont
inue
d)
�Russ
ian
built
PWR
�Russ
ian b
uilt
PW
R�
Failu
re just
dow
nst
ream
of orifice
in fee
dw
ater
lin
e�
Wat
er c
hem
istr
y w
as n
eutr
al w
ater
with low
O2
�Fa
ilure
thro
ugh o
rifice
fla
nge.
Ther
e w
as little
wea
r in
pup
pie
ce a
nd d
ow
nst
ream
pip
e�
11
of12
sist
erlo
cations
wer
e<
min
imum
thic
knes
s.�
11 o
f 12 s
iste
r lo
cations
wer
e <
min
imum
thic
knes
s.�
This
fai
lure
show
ed:
�The
signific
ance
of Cr
(ther
e w
as >
0.1
% C
r in
d
ti
d0
Ci
thfl
)dow
nst
ream
pip
e an
d ~
0 C
r in
the
flan
ge)
�Im
port
ance
of hig
h o
xygen
if usi
ng n
eutr
al w
ater
�H
igh
risk
atorifice
sH
igh r
isk
at o
rifice
s�
All
types
of
nucl
ear
pla
nt
des
igns
are
at r
isk
�N
ote
: U
nit 2
had
a s
imila
r fa
ilure
in 1
993
Dec
embe
r 19
90
Mill
ston
e3
(US)
Mill
ston
e 3
(US)
Dec
embe
r 19
90
Mill
ston
e3
(US)
(con
tinue
d)M
illst
one
3 (U
S) (c
ontin
ued)
�W
estinghouse
PWR
�W
estinghouse
PW
R�
Sim
ultan
eous
failu
res
of tw
o (
of fo
ur)
par
alle
l lin
es
dow
nst
ream
of
leve
l co
ntr
ol va
lves
and d
ow
nst
ream
of
mois
ture
separ
ator
dra
inta
nk
mois
ture
sep
arat
or
dra
in t
ank
�The
lines
wer
e om
itte
d fro
m t
he
CH
EC
©an
alys
is.
�This
fai
lure
show
ed:
�N
eed for
a co
mpre
hen
sive
susc
eptibili
ty a
nal
ysis
�H
igh r
isk
dow
nst
ream
of
contr
ol va
lves
Ct
dl
ti
ld
lltibl
t�
Com
pute
r m
odel
s m
ust
incl
ude
all su
scep
tible
sys
tem
s�
Import
ance
of
good c
om
munic
atio
ns
bet
wee
n c
entr
al
engin
eering a
nd t
he
pla
nt
gg
p�
Para
llel lin
es m
ay w
ear
diffe
rently
Nov
embe
r 19
91
Mill
ston
e2
(US)
Mill
ston
e 2
(US)
Nov
embe
r 19
91
Mill
ston
e2
(US)
(d)
Mill
ston
e 2
(US)
(con
tinue
d)
�Com
bust
ion
Engin
eering
PW
R�
Com
bust
ion E
ngin
eering P
WR
�Fa
ilure
dow
nst
ream
of
leve
l co
ntr
ol va
lve
in t
he
rehea
ter
dra
in lin
e.�
Loca
tion h
ad n
ot
bee
n p
revi
ousl
y in
spec
ted.
�In
both
of
the
Mill
stone
acci
den
ts,
per
sonnel
wer
e i
thi
iit
fth
bk
lti
htl
bf
in t
he
vici
nity
of
the
bre
ak loca
tions
short
ly b
efore
th
e co
mponen
ts f
aile
d,
but
wer
e not
inju
red
�This
fai
lure
show
ed:
�A lar
ge
effo
rt w
as n
eeded
to im
pro
ve t
he
FAC
pro
gra
m a
t al
l of
the
ow
ner
s units.
This
re
quired
asi
gnific
ant
rest
art
effo
rtre
quired
a s
ignific
ant
rest
art
effo
rt.
Mar
ch 1
993
Sequ
oyah
Uni
t2(U
S)Se
quoy
ah U
nit 2
(US)
�W
estinghouse
PWR
�W
estinghouse
PW
R�
Failu
re o
f a
275 m
m O
D p
ipe
dow
nst
ream
of
a te
e in
a h
igh-p
ress
ure
ext
ract
ion lin
e �
150 x
75 m
m “
fish
-mouth
” fa
ilure
�Po
st-a
ccid
ent
inve
stig
atio
n indic
ated
num
erous
pro
gra
mm
atic
def
icie
nci
espro
gra
mm
atic
def
icie
nci
es�
Length
y sh
utd
ow
n f
or
both
Seq
uoya
h u
nits
was
re
quired
�This
fai
lure
show
ed:
�N
eed f
or
per
sonnel
tra
inin
g
�N
eed
toid
entify
apro
gra
mow
ner
�N
eed t
o iden
tify
a p
rogra
m o
wner
�D
anger
s of
exce
ssiv
e per
sonnel
turn
ove
r
Nov
embe
r 19
93EP
RII
ssue
sNSA
C-2
02L
EPR
I Iss
ues N
SAC
-202
L
�In
res
ponse
to c
ontinuin
g lea
ks a
nd fai
lure
s, in 1
992
EPR
I beg
an a
ser
ies
of pla
nt
visi
ts t
o u
nder
stan
d h
ow
FA
C k
now
ledge
and t
echnolo
gy
wer
e bei
ng im
ple
men
ted
ggy
gp
�Vis
its
found a
wid
e ra
nge
of im
ple
men
tation d
etai
ls
�In
1993 E
PRI
and C
HU
G d
evel
oped
NSAC-2
02L
“Rd
tif
Eff
tiFl
Al
td
“Rec
om
men
dat
ions
for
an E
ffec
tive
Flo
w-A
ccel
erat
ed
Corr
osi
on P
rogra
m”
�H
as b
een a
ccep
ted b
y IN
PO,
the
US N
RC,
and r
egula
tors
p
y,
,g
in m
any
oth
er c
ountr
ies
as t
he
stan
dar
d for
FAC c
ontr
ol
�Consi
der
ed a
liv
ing d
ocu
men
t, t
he
late
st v
ersi
on is
revi
sion
3is
sued
in2006
(EPR
Ire
port
1011838)
revi
sion 3
iss
ued
in 2
006 (
EPR
I re
port
1011838)
Con
tent
ofN
SAC
-202
L-R
3C
onte
nt o
f NSA
C20
2LR
3
�O
verv
iew
of an
effec
tive
pro
gra
m�
Proce
dure
s an
d d
ocu
men
tation
�Rec
om
men
dat
ions
for
FAC t
asks
�Pe
rform
ing
asu
scep
tibili
tyan
alys
is�
Perf
orm
ing a
susc
eptibili
ty a
nal
ysis
�Pe
rform
ing a
FAC a
nal
ysis
�Sel
ection o
f in
spec
tion loca
tions
Pf
ii
ti�
Per
form
ing insp
ections
�Eva
luat
ing insp
ection d
ata
�Eva
luat
ing w
orn
com
ponen
ts�
Rep
lace
men
ts a
nd r
epai
rs�
Dev
elopin
g a
long-t
erm
str
ateg
y�
Rec
om
men
ded
pro
gra
mfo
rsm
all-
bore
pip
ing
�Rec
om
men
ded
pro
gra
m f
or
smal
lbore
pip
ing
�Rec
om
men
ded
pro
gra
m f
or
vess
els
and e
quip
men
t
Nov
embe
r 19
94
Sh
Uit
1(U
S)Se
quoy
ah U
nit 1
(US)
�W
estinghouse
PW
R�
Cra
ckca
use
da
leak
inth
eco
nden
sate
syst
em�
Cra
ck c
ause
d a
lea
k in
the
conden
sate
sys
tem
.�
Flow
str
aighte
ner
use
d d
uring c
onst
ruct
ion w
as
inad
vert
ently
left
inpla
cedes
pite
dra
win
gs
inad
vert
ently
left
in p
lace
des
pite
dra
win
gs
indic
atin
g t
hat
it
was
rem
ove
d.
�This
fai
lure
show
ed:
�Im
port
ance
of kn
ow
ing a
s-built
conditio
n o
f th
e pla
nt
and insp
ecting “
new
” lo
cations
Febr
uary
199
5 Pl
easa
ntPr
airi
eFo
ssil
Plan
t(U
S)Pl
easa
nt P
rair
ie F
ossil
Pla
nt (U
S)
Febr
uary
199
5 Pl
easa
nt P
rair
ie F
ossil
Pla
nt (U
S) (c
ontin
ued)
()(
)
�Cat
astr
ophic
failu
reof
ast
raig
ht,
seam
less
pip
e�
Cat
astr
ophic
fai
lure
of
a st
raig
ht,
sea
mle
sspip
e dow
nst
ream
of
a te
e in
fee
dw
ater
sys
tem
�Tw
o p
lant
emplo
yees
wer
e ki
lled
�Lo
w p
H a
mm
onia
and h
ydra
zine
wat
er c
hem
istr
y�
The
pip
e had
a m
easu
red C
r of
0.0
3%
and t
he
tee
had
am
easu
red
Cr
of
012%
had
a m
easu
red C
r of
0.1
2%
.�
This
fai
lure
show
ed:
�Im
port
ance
of
chro
miu
m�
Import
ance
of
chro
miu
m�
Nee
d f
or
foss
il pla
nts
to im
ple
men
t a
FAC
insp
ection p
rogra
m�
Import
ance
of
wat
er c
hem
istr
y fo
r fo
ssil
pla
nts
Aug
ust 1
995
Mill
ston
e2
(US)
Mill
ston
e 2
(US)
Gat
e Va
lve
Aug
ust 1
995
Mill
t2
(US)
Mill
ston
e 2
(US)
(con
tinue
d)
�Fa
ilure
dow
nst
ream
of
gat
e va
lve
in h
eate
r dra
in
tank
byp
ass
line
�Po
stac
ciden
tan
alys
isin
dic
ated
that
wat
er�
Post
acc
iden
t an
alys
is indic
ated
that
wat
er
ham
mer
cau
sed t
his
ruptu
re a
lthough t
he
pip
e w
as t
hin
ned
by
FAC.
�
Failu
re o
ccurr
ed e
ven t
hough t
he
pip
e w
as
above
min
imum
wal
l th
ickn
ess
�This
failu
resh
ow
ed:
�This
fai
lure
show
ed:
�The
import
ance
of
know
ing o
per
atin
g h
isto
ry.
The
valv
e had
appar
ently
bee
n u
sed t
o t
hro
ttle
pp
yth
e flow
Apr
il 19
97
Fort
Cal
houn
(US)
Fort
Cal
houn
(US)
Apr
il 19
97
Fort
Cal
houn
(US)
(i
d)Fo
rt C
alho
un (U
S) (c
ontin
ued)
�Com
bust
ion
Engin
eering
PWR
�Com
bust
ion E
ngin
eering P
WR
�A 5
dia
met
er s
wee
p in a
hig
h p
ress
ure
ext
ract
ion lin
e fa
iled c
atas
trophic
ally
.�
Anoth
er e
lbow
loca
ted d
ow
nst
ream
was
ver
y th
in (
~
0.5
mm
).�
The
pla
nt
had
pre
viousl
yre
pla
ced
the
upst
ream
�The
pla
nt
had
pre
viousl
y re
pla
ced t
he
upst
ream
co
mponen
t, a
nd insp
ecte
d it
inst
ead o
f th
e sw
eep.
�This
fai
lure
show
ed:
�Im
port
ance
of
know
ing r
epla
cem
ent
his
tory
�N
eed t
o f
ully
im
ple
men
t CH
ECW
ORKS a
nd N
SAC-
202L
(pla
nt
only
had
par
tial
model
s,par
tial
202L
(pla
nt
only
had
par
tial
model
s, p
artial
im
ple
men
tation)
May
199
9 Po
intB
each
Uni
t1(U
S)Po
int B
each
Uni
t 1 (U
S)
#2 h
eate
r ,
oper
atin
g t
emper
ature
= 1
75°C
, st
eam
qual
ity
= 8
8%
May
199
9 Po
intB
each
Uni
t1(U
S)(
d)Po
int B
each
Uni
t 1 (U
S) (c
ontin
ued)
�W
estinghouse
PW
R
�N
om
inal
wal
l th
ickn
ess
= 1
3 m
m
�Fi
shm
outh
type
failu
rew
ith
open
ing
size
of
685
x22
�Fi
shm
outh
typ
e fa
ilure
with o
pen
ing s
ize
of
685 x
22
mm
. D
egra
dat
ion e
xten
ded
1219 m
m
�Fa
ilure
loca
tion w
as w
her
e st
eam
ente
ring t
he
gfe
edw
ater
hea
ter
hit t
he
impin
gem
ent
pla
te,
and
def
lect
ed t
o t
he
shel
l
Sim
iladeg
adat
ion
inpa
alle
lt
ain
�Sim
ilar
deg
radat
ion in p
aral
lel tr
ain
�This
fai
lure
show
ed:
�N
eed
for
the
insp
ection
pro
gra
mto
incl
ude
vess
els
�N
eed f
or
the
insp
ection p
rogra
m t
o incl
ude
vess
els
Aug
ust 1
999
Cal
law
ay(U
S)C
alla
way
(US)
Bli
itd
tl
Bea
m li
mite
d tra
vel
Aug
ust 1
999
Cal
law
ay (U
S)(c
ontin
ued)
y(
)()
�W
estinghouse
PWR
�W
estinghouse
PW
R�
Failu
re w
as o
n f
irst
sta
ge
rehea
ter
dra
in lin
e (1
70 m
m
dia
met
er)
just
dow
nst
ream
of
a ve
ry long h
orizo
nta
l ru
n�
A 3
80 x
530 m
m s
ection o
f pip
e w
as f
latt
ened
and
ejec
ted
ejec
ted
�O
per
atin
g c
onditio
ns
unce
rtai
n a
nd u
nusu
al:
�Q
ual
ity
bel
ieve
d t
o b
e ab
out
4.5
% a
t ~
215
°C
�This
was
bec
ause
the
leve
l co
ntr
ol va
lve
was
lo
cate
d n
ear
the
upst
ream
end o
f th
e lin
e. U
sual
ly,
such
valv
esar
elo
cate
dnea
rth
edow
nst
ream
end
such
val
ves
are
loca
ted n
ear
the
dow
nst
ream
end
Aug
ust 1
999
Cll
(US)
(d)
Cal
law
ay (U
S)(c
ontin
ued)
�The
void
frac
tion
was
estim
ated
tobe
about
55%
Most
�The
void
fra
ctio
n w
as e
stim
ated
to b
e ab
out
55%
. M
ost
tw
o-p
has
e lin
es in n
ucl
ear
pla
nts
either
hav
e:�
Void
fra
ctio
ns
of ve
ry n
ear
one
(e.g
., e
xtra
ctio
n lin
es),
or
or
�Void
fra
ctio
ns
nea
r ze
ro (
e.g.,
cas
cadin
g d
rain
s)�
A b
acki
ng r
ing w
as in t
he
line
and c
ontr
ibute
d t
o t
he
wea
r�
The
thin
nin
g d
id n
ot
affe
ct a
ll si
ster
loca
tions
�This
fai
lure
show
ed:
�Im
port
ance
ofex
tra
insp
ections
ifunce
rtai
nor
unusu
alIm
port
ance
of ex
tra
insp
ections
if u
nce
rtai
n o
r unusu
al
oper
atin
g c
onditio
ns
�Im
port
ance
of
extr
a in
spec
tions
in lin
es w
ith b
acki
ng
rings
rings
�Im
port
ance
of in
spec
ting p
aral
lel tr
ains
Mar
ch 2
000
Susq
ueha
nna
Uni
t1(U
S)Su
sque
hann
a U
nit 1
(US)
Mar
ch 2
000
Susq
ueha
nna
Uni
t1(U
S)(
d)Su
sque
hann
a U
nit 1
(US)
(con
tinue
d)
�G
E B
WR
�D
amag
e to
#3 f
eedw
ater
hea
ters
(oper
atin
g
tem
per
ature
= 1
42
°C,
stea
m q
ual
ity
= 9
1%
)�
Shel
lsT
bt
�Tube
support
s�
Tie
rods
�This
even
tsh
ow
ed:
�This
eve
nt
show
ed:
�Im
port
ance
of
insp
ecting b
oth
the
shel
ls a
nd t
he
inte
rnal
ele
men
ts o
f su
scep
tible
equip
men
t
July
200
2W
agne
r3
Foss
ilPl
ant(
US)
Wag
ner
3 Fo
ssil
Plan
t (U
S)
Feed
wat
er H
eate
r dra
in L
ine
Aug
ust 2
004
Mih
ama
Uni
t3(J
apan
)M
iham
a U
nit 3
(Jap
an)
Conden
sate
lin
e dow
nst
ream
of a
flow
mea
suring o
rifice
Aug
ust 2
004
Mih
ama
Uni
t3(J
apan
)(i
d)M
iham
a U
nit 3
(Jap
an) (
cont
inue
d)
�M
itsu
bis
hi PW
R�
560 m
m p
ipe
had
thin
ned
fro
m 1
0 m
m t
o ~
1.4
mm
�Fi
vew
ork
ers
wer
eki
lled
and
six
wer
ein
jure
d�
Five
work
ers
wer
e ki
lled a
nd s
ix w
ere
inju
red.
�Lo
cation h
ad n
ever
bee
n insp
ecte
d�
The
loca
tion
was
sim
ilar
toth
eSurr
y&
Lovi
isa
failu
res
�The
loca
tion w
as s
imila
r to
the
Surr
y &
Lovi
isa
failu
res
�Im
med
iate
ly d
ow
nst
ream
of
an o
rifice
�Appro
xim
ate
oper
atin
g c
onditio
ns:
�Tem
per
ature
~ 1
40
°C
�Pr
essu
re ~
0.9
3 M
PaVel
oci
ty1
94
m/s
�Vel
oci
ty ~
1.9
4 m
/s
Mar
ch 2
005
Edw
ards
Foss
ilPl
ant(
US)
Edw
ards
Fos
sil P
lant
(US)
Failu
re L
oca
ted B
etw
een M
ain F
eedw
ater
Reg
ula
tor
and
the
Reg
ula
tor
Dis
char
ge
Blo
ck V
alve
Aug
ust 2
005
Sout
h U
krai
ne U
nit 2
(Ukr
aine
)(
)
Aug
ust 2
005
Sout
hU
krai
neU
nit2
(Ukr
aine
)(d)
Sout
h U
krai
ne U
nit 2
(Ukr
aine
) (co
ntin
ued)
Ri
bil
PWR
�Russ
ian b
uilt
PW
R�
Failu
re w
as in a
45
°ca
rbon s
teel
elb
ow
of
the
mois
ture
separ
ator
firs
tst
age
dra
inta
nk
toth
em
ois
ture
sep
arat
or
firs
t st
age
dra
in t
ank
to t
he
dea
erat
or
�Pi
pe
size
was
219 x
8 m
m�
Pipe
wal
l had
thin
ned
to 0
.5 -
2.5
mm
�
Tw
o-p
has
e co
nditio
ns
19 k
gf/
cm2 a
nd 2
11
°CA
tht
di
Jl
2005
th�
Anoth
er r
uptu
re o
ccurr
ed in J
uly
2005 o
n t
he
dra
in lin
e fr
om
hig
h p
ress
ure
hea
ter
6A t
o t
he
dea
erat
or
Febr
uary
200
6 K
akra
par
Uni
t2(In
dia)
Kak
rapa
r U
nit 2
(In
dia)
orifi
ce
flow
Febr
uary
200
6 K
akra
par
Uni
t2(In
dia)
Kak
rapa
r U
nit 2
(In
dia)
�U
tilit
y built
PH
WR
�Fa
ilure
was
in t
he
10%
fee
dw
ater
sys
tem
d
tf
ifi
dow
nst
ream
of
an o
rifice
.
�Pi
pe
size
was
80 m
m.
Mat
eria
l w
as A
106 G
rade
B.
�This
loca
tion h
ad b
een p
lanned
for
repla
cem
ent
but
was
not
repla
ced.
Wha
t D
o Th
ese
Pict
ures
Hav
e in
Com
mon
?
Clo
se-u
p of
Rup
ture
O
vera
ll V
iew
pp
Wha
t can
be
lear
ned
from
hist
ory?y
FAC
fil
ill
fl
�FA
C fai
lure
s occ
ur
in a
ll ty
pes
of
pow
er p
lants
�Equip
men
t an
d e
quip
men
t in
tern
als
are
also
su
scep
tible
toFA
Csu
scep
tible
to F
AC
�Lo
cations
dow
nst
ream
of
orifice
s an
d c
ontr
ol
valv
es a
re e
spec
ially
susc
eptible
�It
is
import
ant
to k
now
rep
lace
men
t his
tory
�Lo
cation o
f m
axim
um
thin
nin
g v
arie
s, e
.g.,
�N
avaj
ow
ason
upst
ream
intr
ados
of
elbow
�N
avaj
o w
as o
n u
pst
ream
intr
ados
of
elbow
�Surr
y w
as o
n u
pst
ream
sid
e of
elbow
�Fo
rt C
alhoun a
nd S
outh
Ukr
aine
wer
e on
extr
ados
Wha
t can
be
lear
ned
from
hist
ory?
(con
tinue
d)y
()
�It
is
import
ant
to k
now
act
ual
oper
atin
g c
onditio
ns
of
the
lines
and if
they
are
bei
ng u
sed d
iffe
rently
than
des
igned
than
des
igned
�It
is
import
ant
to look
in n
ew loca
tions
around t
he
pla
nt
as c
onditio
ns
are
not
alw
ays
as a
ssum
edp
y�
Know
ledge
of
chro
miu
m is
import
ant
�Pa
ralle
l tr
ains
can w
ear
diffe
rently
Con
clus
ion
“You c
an e
ither
insp
ect
it a
ll (e
very
outa
ge)
, re
pla
ce
p(
yg
),p
it a
ll, o
r ru
n s
om
e le
vel of
risk
”D
avid
Sm
ith,
Duke
Ener
gy,
Pas
t Chai
rman
of
CH
UG
�The
cause
s an
d p
reve
ntion o
f FA
C a
re w
ell kn
ow
n�
An
inte
lligen
tw
ellim
ple
men
ted
pro
gra
mca
n�
An inte
lligen
t, w
ell im
ple
men
ted p
rogra
m c
an
min
imiz
e risk
at
a re
asonab
le c
ost
�Pa
rtic
ula
rly
as r
egar
ds
to lar
ge-
bore
pip
ing a
nd
vess
els
�But
ther
e w
ill a
lway
s be
som
e risk
for
curr
ent
pla
nts
par
ticu
larly
asre
gar
ds
smal
l-bore
pip
ing
pla
nts
, par
ticu
larly
as r
egar
ds
smal
lbore
pip
ing
The
Goo
dN
ews
The
Goo
d N
ews
�The
less
ons
lear
ned
fro
m h
isto
ry h
ave
bee
n
inco
r pora
ted into
the
requirem
ents
of
NSAC-
pq
202L-
R3
�N
opla
nt
that
has
fully
imple
men
ted
NSAC
202L
�N
o p
lant
that
has
fully
im
ple
men
ted N
SAC-2
02L
has
eve
r had
a m
ajor
failu
re
�D
etai
ls o
f th
e pro
cess
to b
e dis
cuss
ed t
om
orr
ow
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