essentials of understanding psychology 9 th edition by robert feldman azhar ali shah1
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MODULE 31: Psychodynamic Approaches to
Personality • How do psychologists define and use the
concept of personality?
• What do the theories of Freud and his successors tell us about the structure and development of personality?
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MODULE 31: Psychodynamic Approaches to
Personality • Psychodynamic Approaches to Personality
– Based on the idea that personality is motivated by inner forces and conflicts about which people have little awareness and over which they have no control .
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Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory: Mapping the Unconscious Mind
• Psychoanalytic Theory– Sigmund Freud– Unconscious
• Part of the personality that contains memories, knowledge, beliefs, feelings, urges, and drives of which one is not aware
• Motivates much of our behavior – Preconscious
• Holds material easily brought to mind e.g. WHAT IS YOUR NAME?
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Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory:Mapping the Unconscious Mind
• Structuring Personality: Id, Ego, & Superego– Id
• Raw, unorganized, inborn part of personality • Sex, hunger, aggression and irritation• Holds primitive drives• Pleasure principle
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Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory:Mapping the Unconscious Mind
• Structuring Personality: Id, Ego, & Superego– Ego
• Strives to balance the desires of the id and the realities of the objective, outside world
• It makes decisions, control actions, solving problems and allow thinking
• Reality principle• It is also called "Executive” of personality
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Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory:Mapping the Unconscious Mind
• Structuring Personality: Id, Ego, & Superego– Superego
• Represents the rights and the wrongs of society as taught and modeled by one’s parents, teachers, and other significant individuals
• Includes the conscience which enables us to prevent the improper behavior by making us guilty.
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Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory:Mapping the Unconscious Mind
• Developing Personality: Psychosexual Stages– Individuals encounter conflicts between the
demands of society and their own sexual desires.– Failure to resolve conflicts at any stage can result
in fixation– 12-18 months baby (sucking, eating)– 12 months – 3 years baby (get toilet training) etc.
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Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory:Mapping the Unconscious Mind
• Developing Personality: Psychosexual Stages– Oral stage ( birth to 1 year)
• Baby’s mouth is focal point of pleasure• Weaning (sucking the mother breast with power) is
main conflict • Fixation could include:
– Eating– Talking– Smoking – Other oral interests
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Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory:Mapping the Unconscious Mind
• Developing Personality: Psychosexual Stages– Anal stage (12-18 to 3 years)
• Major source of development is the digestive system• Children get growth in both retention and expulsion of
feces• Fixation may result in:
– Rigidity: they can do patient.– Orderliness (expectation)– Punctuality: they ask the things at right time e.g. hunger– Sloppiness: they can sustain their feces.
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Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory:Mapping the Unconscious Mind
• Developing Personality: Psychosexual Stages– Phallic stage (3-6 years)
• Oedipal conflict At this stage the male take interest in opposite sex
therefore they take interest in mother, even they hate their father.
• Identification : wanting to be like another person as much as possible
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Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory:Mapping the Unconscious Mind
• Developing Personality: Psychosexual Stages– Latency period (5-6year)
• Lasts until puberty (sexual mature)• Sexual interests become dormant it reemerge during
adult again.
– Genital stage (adult)• This process is permanent and it Extends until death• Focus is on mature, adult sexuality (sexual intercourse)
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Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory:Mapping the Unconscious Mind
• Defense Mechanisms– Unconscious strategies that people use to reduce anxiety by
concealing its source from themselves and others• Repression: we put unacceptable and unpleasant Id
impulse back into our unconscious e.g. patience.
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The Neo-Freudian Psychoanalysts: Building on Freud
• Jung’s Collective Unconscious– Common set of ideas, feelings, images, and
symbols that we inherit from our relatives, the whole human race, and even nonhuman animal ancestors from the distant past
• Archetypes• Universal symbolic representations of a particular person,
object, or experience– He paid greater attention to the effects of society and culture
on personality development.
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MODULE 32: Trait, Learning, Biological, Evolutionary, and Humanistic Approaches to Personality
• What are the major aspects of trait, learning, biological and evolutionary, and humanistic approaches to personality?
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Trait Approaches:Placing Labels on Personality
• Trait Theory– Seeks to explain, in a straightforward way, the
consistencies in individuals’ behavior• Traits
– Consistent personality characteristics and behaviors displayed in different situations
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Trait Approaches:Placing Labels on Personality
• Allport’s Trait Theory: Identifying Basic Characteristics– Cardinal trait
• Single characteristic that directs most of a person’s activities
– Central trait • Major characteristics of an individual e.g. honesty &
sociability.
– Secondary trait• Affect behavior in fewer situations e.g. hesitation in eating
meat.
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Trait Approaches:Placing Labels on Personality
• Cattell and Eysenck: Factoring Out Personality– Factor analysis
• Statistical method of identifying associations among a large number of variables to reveal more general patterns
– Factors » Combinations of traits
– Cattell:• Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF)
– Eysenck:• 3 major dimensions:
– Extraversion, neuroticism(sociability), and psychoticism (twist from reality)
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Trait Approaches:Placing Labels on Personality
• The Big Five Personality Traits– Openness to experience (imaginative / practical)– Conscientiousness (careful / careless, disciplined/impulsive, etc )– Extraversion ( talkative / quiet, sociable / retiring)– Agreeableness (kind /cold, appreciative / unfriendly)– Neuroticism (stable / tense, calm /anxious)
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Learning Approaches:We Are What We’ve Learned
• B. F. Skinner’s Behaviorist Approach– States that personality is a collection of learned
behavior patterns
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Learning Approaches:We Are What We’ve Learned
• How much consistency exists in personality?– Walter Mischel
• Personality is variable from one situation to another• Situationism• Cognitive-affective processing system theory (CAPS)
– People’s thoughts and emotions about themselves and the world determine how they view, and then react, in situations
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Learning Approaches:We Are What We’ve Learned
• Self-esteem– The component of personality that encompasses
our positive and negative self-evaluations• Relationship harmony
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Biological and Evolutionary Approaches:Are We Born with Personality?
• Suggest that important components of personality are inherited– Temperament
• Innate disposition
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Humanistic Approaches:The Uniqueness of You
• Emphasize people’s inherent goodness and their tendency to move towards higher levels of functioning
• Carl Rogers– Self-actualization
• Self-concepts– Unconditional positive regard– Conditional positive regard
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MODULE 33: Assessing Personality: Determining What Makes Us Distinctive
• How can we most accurately assess personality?
• What are the major types of personality measures?
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Psychological Tests
• Standard measures devised to assess behavior objectively– Reliability
• The measurement consistency of a test
– Validity • When a test measures what it is designed to measure
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Self-Report Measures of Personality
• Self-Report Measures– Asks people about a relatively small sample of
their behavior• Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory -2 (MMPI-
2)• Test standardization
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Projective Measures
• Projective Personality Tests– People are shown ambiguous stimulus and asked to describe it
or tell a story about it• Rorschach test• Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
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