establishment of high courts in india
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Acknowledgement………………………………………………………………………………... 3
Introduction……………………………………………………………………………….............. 4
Justice Delivery System Before the Establishment of High Courts……………………………… 5
Establishment of High Courts Pre and Post Independence………………………………………..7
Pre Independence………………………………………………………………………………. 7
Post Independence……………………………………………………………………………... 8
Establishmnet of Different High Courts In India………………………………………………….9
Calcutta High Court…………………………………………………………………………….9
High Court of Bombay………………………………………………………………………… 9
Madras High Court…………………………………………………………………………… 10
High court of Judicature at Allahabad………………………………………………………... 11
High Court of Karnataka……………………………………………………………………... 12
The High court of Judicature at Patna………………………………………………………... 12
High court of Madhya Pradesh……………………………………………………………….. 13
High Court of Jammu and Kashmir………………………………………………………….. 14
High Court of Punjab and Haryana…………………………………………………………... 15
Odisha High Court…………………………………………………………………………….16
Gauhati High Court…………………………………………………………………………... 17
High Court of Rajasthan……………………………………………………………………… 17
High Court of Andhra Pradesh……………………………………………………………….. 18
High Court of Kerala…………………………………………………………………………. 19
High Court of Gujrat…………………………………………………………………………. 20
High Court of Delhi………………………………………………………………………….. 20
High Court of Himachal Pradesh…………………………………………………………….. 21
High Court of Sikkim. ……………………………………………………………………….. 22
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Creation of three new High Courts Under Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar
Reorganisation Act, 2000 In the states of Chhattisgarh Uttrakhand and Bihar. ……………...
23
High Court of Chhattisgarh………………………………………………………………...23
High Court of Uttrakhand…………………………………………………………………. 24
Jharkhand High Court……………………………………………………………………... 24
Establishment of three New High courts in Meghalaya Manipur and Tripura. ……………... 25
High Court of Meghalaya. ………………………………………………………………... 25
High Court of Tripura. ……………………………………………………………………. 26
High Court of Manipur. …………………………………………………………………... 26
Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………………. 28
Biblography………………………………………………………………………………………29
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I have taken efforts in this project. However, it would not have been possible without the kind
support and help of many individuals and my subject teacher. I would like to extend my sincere
thanks to all of them.
I am highly indebted to my subject teacher Mr. R.K. Das for his guidance and constant
supervision as well as for providing necessary information regarding the project & also for his
support in completing the project.
I would like to express my gratitude towards my hostel mates for their kind co-operation and
encouragement which help me in completion of this project.
My thanks and appreciations also go to my friends in making the project and people who have
willingly helped me out with their abilities.
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INTRODUCTION
India's unitary judicial system is made up of the Supreme Court of India at the national
level, for the entire country and the 24 High Courts at the State & Union territory level. These
courts have jurisdiction over a state, a union territory or a group of states and union territories.
Each State has its own judiciary which administers both union and State laws. It is set in
hierarchical pattern. At the apex of the State judiciary is the High Court, which is the highest
court of appeal and revision in the State for civil and criminal matters, including the wide
powers, both administrative and judicial, over the subordinate judiciary.Below the High Courts
are a hierarchy of subordinate courts such as the civil courts, family courts, criminal courts and
various other district courts. High Courts are instituted as constitutional courts under Part VI,
Chapter V, Article 214 of the Indian Constitution. Article 214 of The Constitution of India says
“There shall be a High Court for each state”.
The High Courts are the principal civil courts of original jurisdiction in the state along
with District Courts which are subordinate to the High courts. However, High courts exercise
their original civil and criminal jurisdiction only if the courts subordinate to the High court in the
state are not competent (not authorized by law) to try such matters for lack of pecuniary,
territorial jurisdiction. High courts may also enjoy original jurisdiction in certain matters if so
designated specifically in a state or Federal law. e.g.: Company law cases are instituted only in a
High court.
The first High Court in India was established in July, 1862 at Calcutta in order to give
justice to the people of British India in the lights of equity and good conscience.
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JUSTICE DELIVERY SYSTEM BEFORE THE ESTABLISHMENT OF HIGH COURTS
The British gained control of Bengal in the mid-18th century, the system of justice there
was presided over by the Nawab of Bengal himself, who, as the chief law officer, Nawāb Nāzim,
attended to cases qualifying for capital punishment . His deputy, the Naib Nāzim, attended to the
slightly less important cases. The ordinary lawsuits belonged to the jurisdiction of a hierarchy of
court officials consisting of faujdārs, muhtasils, and kotwāls. In the rural areas, or the Mofussil,
the zamindars—the rural overlords with the hereditary right to collect rent from peasant
farmers—also had the power to administer justice.
In the mid-18th century, the British had completed a century and a half in India, and had
a burgeoning presence in the three presidency towns of Madras, Bombay, and Calcutta. Charles
II in 1683 issued a charter under which, the Company was given the power to establish "courts of
judicature" in locations of its choice, each court consisting of a lawyer and two merchants. This
right was renewed in the subsequent charters of 1686 and 1698 respectively. In 1726, however,
the Company felt that more customary justice was necessary for European residents in the
presidency towns, and petitioned the King to establish Mayor's Courts. The petition was
approved and Mayor's courts, each consisting of a Mayor and nine aldermen, and each having
the jurisdiction in lawsuits between Europeans, were created in Fort William (Calcutta), Madras,
and Bombay.
Warren Hastings arrived in Calcutta as the first Governor-General of the Company's
Indian dominions and resolved to overhaul the Company's organization and in particular its
judicial affairs. In the interior, or Mofussil, diwāni adālats, or a civil courts of first instance, were
constituted in each district; these courts were presided over by European Zilā judges employed
by the Company, who were assisted in the interpretation of customary Indian law by
Hindu pandits and Muslim qazis. For small claims, however, Registrars and Indian
commissioners, known as Sadar Amīns and Munsifs, were appointed. These in their turn were
supervised by provincial civil courts of appeal constituted for such purpose, each consisting of
four British judges. Similarly for criminal cases, Mofussil nizāmat adālats, or Provincial courts
of criminal judicature, were created in the interior; these again consisted of Indian court officers
(pandits and qazis), who were supervised by officials of the Company.
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Around this time the business affairs of the East India Company began to draw increased
scrutiny in the House of Commons. After receiving a report by a committee, which condemned
the Mayor's Courts, the Crown issued a charter for a new judicial system in the Bengal
Presidency. The British Parliament consequently enacted the Regulating Act of 1773 under
which the King-in-Council created a Supreme Court in the Presidency town, i.e. Fort William.
The tribunal consisted of one Chief Justice and three judges; all four judges were to be chosen
from barristers. The Supreme Court supplanted the Mayor's Court; however, it left the Court of
Requests in place. Both the Act and the charter said nothing about the relation between
the judiciary (Supreme Court) and the executive branch (Governor-General); equally, they were
silent on the Adālats(both Diwāni and Nizāmat) created by Warren Hastings just the year before.
In the new Supreme Court, the civil and criminal cases alike were interpreted and prosecuted
accorded to English law; in the Sadr Adālats, however, the judges and law-officers had no
knowledge of English law, and were required only, by the Governor-General's order, "to proceed
according to equity, justice, and good conscience, unless Hindu or Muslim Laws was in point, or
some Regulation expressly applied."
There was a good likelihood, therefore, that the Supreme Court and the Sadar
Adālats would act in opposition to each other and, predictably, many disputes resulted. The
appointment had to be annulled in 1781 by a parliamentary intervention with the enactment of
the Declaration Act. The Act exempted the Executive Branch from the jurisdiction of the
Supreme Court. It recognized the independent existence of the Sadar Adālats and all subsidiary
courts of the Company. Furthermore, it headed off future legal turf wars by prohibiting the
Supreme Court any jurisdiction in matters of revenue (Diwāni) or Regulations of the
Government enacted by the British Parliament.1
1 http://realityviews.blogspot.in/2010/07/part-24-indian-legal-history-indian.html
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ESTABLISHMENT OF HIGH COURTS PRE AND POST INDEPENDENCE
Pre Independence
Indian High Courts Act 1861, was passed to abolish two sets of courts which were
administering justice in India. The King’s Courts and the Company’s Courts formed the dual
system of courts having their separate jurisdictions. Efforts to unite the two sets of Courts began
much earlier than 1861. In 1858 the East India Company was abolished and the assumption of
direct responsibility of the Government of India by the Crown made the problem of uniting two
sets of Courts much easier. Uniform Penal Code, Civil and Criminal Procedure Codes were
passed and the next step was to implement uniformity in the administration of Justice to
amalgamate the Supreme Courts and Sadar Adalats. This object was achieved by the Indian High
Courts Act passed by the British Parliament in 1861.
The Indian High Courts Act was passed by the British Parliament on the 6th August,
1861 and was titled as an act for establishing high courts of judicature in India. This legislation
contained only 19 sections only.
Its main function was to abolish the supreme courts and the Sadar Adalats in the three
Presidencies and to establish the high courts in their place. The records and document of the
various courts became the records and documents of the High Court concerned. It gave power
authority in Her Majesty to issue letters patent under the great seal of the United Kingdom, to
erect and establish High courts of judicature at Calcutta, Madras and Bombay.
Each High court was to consist of a chief justice and as many puisne judges not
exceeding fifteen as her majesty might think to fit to appoint. Who became the high court judge
or who was eligible to become the high court judge.
Each high court was to have and exercise all such civil and criminal admiralty and vice-
admiralty, testamentary, intestate and matrimonial jurisdiction and original and appellate
The High Court was to have superintendence over all courts subject to its appellate jurisdiction.
It got power, authority to call for return, to transfer any suit or appeal from one court to another
and to make and issue general rules for regulating the practice and proceedings of such courts.
The charter for the Calcutta High Court was issued on May 14, 1862 and was published in
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Calcutta on the 1st July 1862 establishing the high court from the next day. The charter for the
High Courts of Bombay and Madras were issued on June 26, 1862 and these courts were
inaugurated on the 14th and 15th August 1862.2
Post Independence
The present Constitution of India makes a number of provisions concerning the High
Courts though it is not the place to expound the full ramifications of these provisions as the
matter falls more appropriately within the realm of Constitution law.
The Constitution recognized all the existing High Courts. It provided a High Court for
each State. The Parliament is empowered to establish a common High Court for two or more
States or Union territories. The High Court is a court of record and as such can punish for its
contempt. It is not subject to the superintendence of any Court or authority, though appeals from
its decisions may lie to the Supreme Court. It consists of a Chief Justice and as many Judges as
the President of India may sanction.
The Constitution of India has conferred on the High Courts significant and effective
powers to administer justice, to promote Justice by the lower courts, to take prompt action when
there is a miscarriage of Justice, to secure the rights and liberties of the people and to ensure that
the administration functions within the limits of the law. The High Court thus occupies a high
position of respect, dignity and authority in the modern judicial system.3
2 http://admiraltypractice.com/chapters/1.htm 3 http://indiancourts.nic.in/
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ESTABLISHMNET OF DIFFERENT HIGH COURTS IN INDIA
The High Courts in India were first established in 1862 since then 24 High Courts till
now has been established in different states. The High Courts in India before Independence were
established by High Courts Act 1861, Government of India Act 1915 or by various Acts passed
by The Maharaja of various states; whereas, the High Courts after Independence were made
under Article 214 of The Constitution of India, most of the High Courts formed after
Independence were because of state reorganisation and the same state reorganisation had the
provision for the same.
CALCUTTA HIGH COURT
The High Court at Calcutta, formerly known as the High Court of Judicature at
Fort William, was brought into existence by the Letters Patent dated 14th May, 1862, issued
under the High Court's Act, 1861, which provided that the jurisdiction and powers of the High
Court were to be defined by Letters Patent. The High Court of Judicature at Fort William was
formally opened on 1st July, 1862, with Sir Barnes Peacock as its first Chief Justice. Justice
Sumboo Nath Pandit appointed on 2nd
February, 1863, was the first Indian to assume office
as a Judge of the Calcutta High Court.
The Calcutta High Court has the distinction of being the first High Court and one of the
three Chartered High Courts to be set up in India, along with the High Courts of Bombay,
Madras. It has jurisdiction over the state of West Bengal and the Union Territory of the
Andaman and Nicobar Islands. As per the Calcutta High Court (Extension of Jurisdiction) Act,
1953, the Calcutta High Court's jurisdiction was extended to cover areas of the Andaman and
Nicobar Islands. The Calcutta High Court maintains a permanent circuit bench in Port Blair, the
capital of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.4
HIGH COURT OF BOMBAY
The 'Indian High Court Act' of 1861, vested in the Queen of England to issue letters
patent under the Seal of the United Kingdom to erect and establish High Courts of Calcutta,
Madras and Bombay. The Indian High Courts Act, 1861 did not by itself create and establish the
4 http://calcuttahighcourt.nic.in/history.htm
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High Courts in India. The express and avowed aim of the Act was to effect a fusion of the
Supreme Courts and the Sudder Adalats in the three Presidencies and this was to be
consummated by issuing Letter Patent. The Charter of High Court of Bombay was issued on
June 26, 1862.
The Bombay High Court was inaugurated on 14th August,1862. The High Court had an
Original as well as an Appellate Jurisdiction the former derived from the Supreme Court, and the
latter from the Sudder Diwani and Sudder Foujdari Adalats, which were merged in the High
Court. With the establishment of the High Court the Penal Code, the Criminal Procedure Code
and Code of Civil Procedure were enacted into law.The Charter of the High Court also made it
the supreme and final court of appeal in all cases, civil and criminal, decided by inferior courts,
except such as possessed the requisite importance, pecuniary or legal, demanding a further
appeal to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council.
The reorganisation of the States extended the territories of the Bombay State after
Independence and with it the jurisdiction of the High Court was also extensively extended.
Benches of the High Court were established at Nagpur and Rajkot to deal with matters arising
from Vidharbha and Saurashtra districts respectively. In 1960 on the formation of the State of
Gujarat, the Gujarat High Court was set up. In 1981 a Bench of the High Court was notified in
Aurangabad and the Permanent Bench was established in 1984. In accordance with the High
Court at Bombay (Extension of Jurisdiction to Goa, Daman and Diu) Act, 1981, the Panaji (Goa)
Bench of the High Court for the Union Territory of Goa, Daman and Diu was inaugurated in
1982 after their liberation from Portuguese. Later when Goa attained statehood in 1987 the High
Court came to have jurisdiction.5
MADRAS HIGH COURT
British India's three presidency towns of Madras (Chennai), Bombay (Mumbai),
and Calcutta (Kolkata) were each granted a High Court by letters patent dated 26 June 1862. The
letters patent were issued by Queen Victoria under the authority of the British
parliament's Indian High Courts Act 1861. The three courts remain unique in modern India,
having been established under British royal charter; this is in contrast with the country's other
5 http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/history.php#
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high courts, which have been directly established under Indian legislation. However, the
Constitution of India recognises the status of the older courts.
The Madras High Court was formed by merging the Supreme Court of Judicature at
Madras, and the Sadar Dewani Adalat. It is the highest Court in the state of Tamil Nadu. The
Court was required to decide cases in accordance with justice, equity and good conscience. Sir
Colley Harman Scotland was made its 1st Chief Justice. The first Indian to sit as a judge of the
High Court was Justice T. Muthuswamy Iyer.
The Madras High Court was a pioneer in Original Side jurisdiction reform in favour of
Indian practitioners as early as the 1870s.
Although the name of the city was changed from Madras to Chennai in 1996, the Court
as an institution did not follow suit, and has remained as the Madras High Court.6
HIGH COURT OF JUDICATURE AT ALLAHABAD
In exercise of the powers conferred by the section 16 of Indian High Courts Act, the
Crown by Letters Patent established High Court of Judicature for the North Western Provinces in
1866 at Agra. The High Court was constituted to be a Court of Record (Clause I). On its
establishment, the Sadar Diwani Adalat and Sadar Nizamat Adalat functioning in the Province of
Agra for the Last 35 years were abolished and the High Court by virtue of its Letters Patent and
of sections 16 and 9 of the Act became vested with all the appellate and superintending powers,
authority and jurisdiction of the Courts abolished. By its Letters Patent the High Court was also
vested with original Jurisdiction in certain special matters with the same powers and authority as
possessed in those matters by the Calcutta High Court. Sir Walter Morgan, Barrister-at-Law and
Mr. Simpson were appointed the first Chief Justice and the first Registrar respectively of the
High Court of North-Western Provinces. The location High Court for the North-Western
Provinces was shifted from Agra to Allahabad in 1869 and the name was correspondingly
changed to the High Court of Judicature at Allahabad from 11 March 1919.7
6 http://www.hcmadras.tn.nic.in/hhist.htm 7 http://www.allahabadhighcourt.in/history.htm
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In November 1925, the Oudh Judicial Commissioner's Court was replaced by the Oudh
Chief Court at Lucknow by the Oudh Civil Courts Act of 1925, enacted by the United Provinces
Legislature with the previous sanction of the Governor General the passing of this Act.
In February, 1948, the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly passed a resolution
requesting the Governor to submit to the Governor General the request of the Assembly to the
effect that the High Court of Judicature at Allahabad and the Oudh Chief Court be amalgamated.
Consequently, the Chief Court of Oudh was amalgamated with the High Court of Allahabad with
a Lucknow as its permanent bench.
When the state of Uttaranchal, now known as Uttarakhand, was carved out of Uttar
Pradesh in 2000, this high court ceased to have jurisdiction over the districts falling in
Uttaranchal
HIGH COURT OF KARNATAKA
The history of the Karnataka High Court can be traced back to the year 1884 when the
Chief Court of Mysore was created with three judges and was designated as the highest court of
appeal, reference and revision in the State of Mysore, the earlier name of Karnataka. It came into
existence by Mysore High Court Act 1884. The court had District Courts, Sub-ordinate Judges'
Courts and Munsiff Courts to assist it on civil cases and a Court of Sessions, District Magistrate
and First, Second and Third Class Magistrates to assist it on criminal cases. In 1881, the office of
the Chief Judge was created and the designated person had the utmost authority in the court. In
1930, it was renamed as the High Court of Mysore and the Chief Judge was given the new name
of Chief Justice. In 1973, it got its present name of Karnataka High Court.8 Two circuit benches
of the High court at Dharwad and Gulbarga has now been made permanent benches from
August, 2013.
THE HIGH COURT OF JUDICATURE AT PATNA
Proclamation made by the Governor-General of India on the 22nd
March, 1912 the
territories of Bihar and Orissa which were formerly subject to and included within the limits of
the Presidency of Fort William in Bengal, were promoted to the status of a separate province.
8 http://karnatakajudiciary.kar.nic.in/history.html
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The Patna High Court was established by Letters Patent,on 9th
February 1916 and later affiliated
under the Government of India Act, 1915. It was ushered into existence with Circuit sittings at
Cuttack, and form the 26th February, 1916. The date on which the aforesaid Letters Patent was
published in the Gazette of India, the High Court of Judicature at Fort William in Bengal ceased
to exercise jurisdiction, Civil, Criminal, Admiralty, Matrimonial, Testamentary and Intestate,
Enrolment, etc. in all matters in which jurisdiction was given to the High Court of Judicature at
Patna. Thus the ancient city of Pataliputra had a High Court of its own in 1916 with Sir Edward
Maynard Des Champs Chamier, Barrister-at-Law as its first Chief Justice.9
HIGH COURT OF MADHYA PRADESH
The present state of Madhya Pradesh, as is well known, was originally created as Central
Province on 02/11/1861, as Judicial Commission's territory and was administered by the Judicial
Commissioner. The Judicial Commissioner's court was at Nagpur, at that time, the highest Court
of the territory. It was converted into a Governor's province in 1921, when it became entitled to a
full-fledged High Court for administration of Justice.
Thereafter, by virtue of Letters Patent dated 2 January 1936, issued under Section 108 of
the Government of India Act, 1915, by King Emperor, George the Fifth established Nagpur High
Court for Central Provinces. This Letters Patent, continued in force even after the adoption of the
constitution of India on 26 January 1950 by virtue of Articles 225 & 372 thereof.
On 1 November 1956, new state of Madhya Pradesh was constituted under States
Reorganization Act. Subsection (1) of Section 49 of the States Re-organization Act ordained that
from the appointed day i.e., 1 November 1956, the High Court exercising jurisdiction, in relation
to the existing state of Madhya Pradesh, i.e. Nagpur High Court, shall be deemed to be the High
Court for the present state of Madhya Pradesh. Thus Nagpur High Court was not abolished but
by a legal fiction it became High Court for the new state of Madhya Pradesh with its seat
at Jabalpur with Justice M. Hidayatullah as its Chief Justice.
9 http://patnahighcourt.bih.nic.in/about.htm
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Later in 1956, two temporary benches of the High Court of Madhya Pradesh were
constituted at Indore and at Gwalior which later became permanent benches in 1968.10
HIGH COURT OF JAMMU AND KASHMIR
The full-fledged High Court of Judicature for the Jammu and Kashmir State was
established in the year 1928. Prior to the establishment of High Court of Judicature, the Ruler of
the State (Maharaja) was the final authority in the administration of justice. In the year 1889, the
British Government asked the then Ruler of the State, Maharaja Partap Singh to appoint a
Council and the Judicial member of the Council exercised all the appellate powers both on civil
and criminal side. The State having two provinces – Jammu and Kashmir, had chief judges
exercising judicial authority but acted under the superintendence and control of the Law member
of the Council. Later the Council was abolished and a Minister designated as Judge of the High
Court was appointed by the Ruler to decide judicial cases. In 1927 a new Constitution was
sanctioned by the then Ruler of the State and instead of Law Member, a Ministry in the Judicial
Department was created.
Thereafter, in 1928, by virtue of an Order, the High Court of Judicature was
established.On 26.3.1928, the Maharaja appointed Lala Kanwar Sein as the First Chief Justice of
the Court. The usual places of sitting of the High Court used to be Jammu and Srinagar.
In September, 1943, Letters Patent was conferred on the High Court. In 1954 vide
Constitution Application Order of 1954; the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court was extended to
the State of J&K. In 1957, by the Jammu and Kashmir Constitution Act, an independent judicial
body with the High Court of Judicature at the top was created.
From May to end October, The Chief Justice and the Administrative Wing of High Court
shifts to Srinagar in May, while from November to end April, the HQ is at Jammu. However,
Court sections of both the Jammu and Srinagar Wings of the High Court function throughout the
year.11
10 http://mphighcourt.nic.in/history_mp.htm 11 http://jkhighcourt.nic.in/history.html
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HIGH COURT OF PUNJAB AND HARYANA
After independence of India, the old province of Punjab was divided into West Punjab
(Pakistan) and East Punjab (India). The High Court at Lahore being in Pakistan, ceased to have
jurisdiction over Delhi and East Punjab. The question of location of the new High Court for these
provinces arose.
The East Punjab High Court of judicature was established at Shimla on August 15, 1947
by the Governor General's High Court (Punjab) Order 1947 issued under Section 9 of the Indian
Independence Act, 1947. In exercise of the powers conferred by Section 229 (1) of the
Government of India Act, 1935, the High Court of East Punjab was also made a court of record
and as provided by Clause 5 of the said order, it had in respect of the provinces of Punjab and
Delhi, all such original, appellate and other jurisdictions as under the law in force immediately
before the August 15, 1947, was exercisable in respect of those territories by the High Court at
Lahore. The East Punjab High Court was the successor and continuation of the High Court at
Lahore. The decisions of Lahore High Court were binding on the Punjab High Court on the
principle of stare decisis. The Constitution of India came into force on January 26, 1950. The
State of East Punjab came to be known as the Punjab now and accordingly, the name of the High
Court was also changed. As per Article 214(2) of the Constitution of India, the High Court was
to be continued along with other High Courts.
On account of its inclement weather in winters, it was very inconvenient for the litigants
to go to Shimla. Accordingly, the seat of the High Court was shifted to Chandigarh. The Court
started functioning at Chandigarh from January 17, 1955.
There existed the Patiala and East Punjab State Union (Pepsu) along the State of Punjab,
which had also its own High Court known as 'Pepsu High Court'. However by the States Re-
organisation Act, 1956 the State of Pepsu was merged in the State of Punjab. The Punjab High
Court also assumed jurisdiction over the territories which were earlier under the Pepsu High
Court.
A new chapter opened in the history of the High Court in the year 1966. The States Re-
organisation Act, 1966, brought another State named Haryana and the Union Territory of
Chandigarh into existence from November 1st, 1966. From the date of enforcement of the said
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Re-organisation Act, the High Court of Punjab was renamed as 'the High Court of Punjab and
Haryana'. The Judges of the High Court of Punjab became Judges of the common High Court
with all the powers and jurisdiction of the High Court of Punjab. However, the principal seat of
the High Court remained at Chandigarh.12
ODISHA HIGH COURT
The Odisha High Court is the High Court of the state of Odisha. The establishment
Odisha High Court was only possible after the formation of Odisha state which was a part of
Bengal until 1912. Bengal Presidency was a vast province including present
day Assam, Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha, and West Bengal. It was difficult to administratively
manage such a vast area, inhabited by people speaking in different languages and having
different traditions. Administrative exigencies required separation of such areas which originally
did not from part of Bengal. So, new province of Bihar and Odisha was formed on March 22,
1912. However, the said new province of Bihar and Odisha was under the jurisdiction
of Calcutta High Court.
On February 9, 1916, in exercise of the powers under Section 113 of the Government of
India Act, 1915, the King of England issued letters of patent constituting High Court of Patna.
Orissa was placed under the jurisdiction of Patna High Court.
On April 1, 1936, Orissa was made a separate province but no separate High Court was
provided for it. People raised their voice for a separate High Court in their state. After a long
battle, Government of India agreed to create a new High Court, and for that purpose the
Government of India issued the Orissa High Court Order, 1948, under the Section 229(1) of the
Government of India Act, 1935, on April 30, 1948. This order clearly stated that "from the
5th day of July, 1948, there shall be a Court for the Province of Odisha, which shall be a Court of
Record". Finally, on July 26, 1948, Odisha High Court was formally inaugurated with its seat at
Cuttack. Justic Bira Kishore Ray was made its 1st Chief Justice.
13
12 http://www.highcourtchd.gov.in/index.php?trs=history 13 http://www.orissahighcourt.nic.in/history.asp
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GAUHATI HIGH COURT
The Gauhati High Court was established after Indian independence, the Assam
Legislative Assembly adopted a resolution on 9th September, 1947 that a High Court be
established for the Province of Assam. In exercise of power conferred by sub – section (1) of
section 229 of the Government of India Act, 1935 as adopted by the Indian Provincial
Constitution (Amendment) Order, 1948, the Governor General of India was pleased to
promulgate on 1st March 1948 the Assam High Court Order, 1948 establishing the High Court of
Assam. It was inaugurated on 5 April 1948 by Harilal Kania, the Chief Justice of India. Sir R.F.
Lodge was sworn in as the first Chief Justice of the Assam High Court on the same day. The
Assam High Court initially had its sittings at Shillong but shifted to Guwahati on 14 August
1948.
Later, when Nagaland state was created on 1 December 1963, the Assam High Court
was renamed as the High Court of Assam and Nagaland. On re-organization of the northeastern
region of India by the North Eastern Area (Re-organization) Act, 1971, a common High Court
was established for the five northeastern states: Assam, Nagaland, Manipur, Meghalaya and
Tripura and the two Union Territories: Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh. It was again renamed as
the Gauhati High Court. The Gauhati High Court till this year had jurisdiction over the states of
Assam, Nagaland, Manipur, Meghalaya, Tripura, Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh till Manipur
Meghalaya and Tripura got there separate High Courts. Now Gauhati High Court has been left
with three benches at Kohima bench for Nagaland state (established on 1 December 1972),
Aizawl bench for Mizoram state (established on 5 July 1990) and, Itanagar bench for Arunachal
Pradesh state (established on 12 August 2000).14
HIGH COURT OF RAJASTHAN
The state of Rajasthan was established after the Independence of India by bringing the
small princely Rajput states under one umbrella. The Rajasthan High Court is the High Court of
the state of Rajasthan. It was established on 21 June 1949 under the Rajasthan High Court
Ordinance, 1949. The seat of the court was established at Jodhpur.
14 http://ghconline.gov.in/Gauhati
Page | 18
The High Court of Rajasthan was founded in 1949 at Jodhpur, and was inaugurated by
the Rajpramukh, Maharaja Sawai Man Singh on 29 August 1949. The first Chief Justice was
Kamala Kant Verma. A bench was formed at Jaipur which was dissolved in 1958 and was again
formed on 31 January 1977.Hon’ble Justice Kamala Kant Verma was made its 1st Chief Justice.
The Constitution of India came into force on 26.1.1950 and the State of Rajasthan
therein was given the status of ‘B’ Class State. The strength of the High Court Judges was also
reduced and it was also essential that the Judges must confirm to the eligibility provided under
the Constitution of India. In 1956 State Re-organisation Act was passed. Consequent upon the
recommendation of State Re-organisation Commission, the Union Territory of Ajmer Merwara
which had the Status of Part ‘C’ States, Abu, Sunel and Tappa areas merged into the State of
Rajasthan and the Reorganised Unit is the Rajasthan of today which was given the status of ‘A’
Class State, on 1st November, 1956. The coming of Constitution also made that to see whether
the sitting judges of the High Court of Rajasthan were capable enough or not. Six Judges of the
High Court were found fit to be appointed, therefore, President of India, issued fresh warrants of
appointment and once again the Oath taking ceremony those judges took place on 1st Nov,
1956.15
HIGH COURT OF ANDHRA PRADESH
The State of Andhra Pradesh was formed in 1956 by the merger of the Andhra State
which was formed in year 1953(By Dividing Madras State) and the Telangana area of the
Hyderabad State which was acceded by Govt. of India on 17 Sep 1948 from Nizam. The Andhra
Pradesh High Court is the High Court of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It was set up on 5
November, 1956 under the state reorganisation act 1956. The High Court of Andhra Pradesh was
established at Hyderabad and Justice Jeevan Yar Jung was made its 1st Chief Justice.
16
15 http://hcraj.nic.in/history.htm 16 http://hc.ap.nic.in/aphc/history.html.
Page | 19
HIGH COURT OF KERALA
High Court of Kerala came into being from 1st November 1956, with its seat at
Ernakulam. Its roots go back to the Rulers of Travancore-Cochin, to Colonel Munro - the British
Resident and Diwan in the Travancore State and the political agent in Cochin State- the architect
of the well regulated judicial system in both these native states, to the High Court of Madras with
its tradition of a hundred years and over, to the Travancore High Court, to the Cochin High Court
and to the Travancore Cochin High Court.Till the time of Colonel Munro who was the British
Resident and Diwan of Travancore there was no provision for the administration of justice in the
form of independent Tribunals. In order to reform the Judicial System he submitted a regulation
to reorganise the courts. Her Highness the Rani who insisted upon the preservation of the trial by
ordeal passed the Regulation in 1811.
In 1811, Zilla courts were established and in 1814, a Huzur Court (Court of Appeal) was
also established. The Huzur Court was the final court of appeal. The Sadar Court replaced this
court of appeal (Huzur Court) in 1861. The Sadar Court practically possessed all the powers now
exercised by the High Court; it functioned from 1861 to 1881. The High Court of Travancore
was established in 1887.
It was during the Diwanship of Col. Munro in 1812 A.D. that graded law courts came
to be established for the first time in Cochin State, prior to that Desavazhis and Naduvazhis
settled disputes according to custom. More serious disputes were sometimes taken to the king
himself. Col.Munro established two Sub Courts one at Trichur and other at Tripunithura. A
Huzur court of final appeal with three judges was also established in Ernakulam. This system
continued till 1835. The Huzur Court was reconstituted as the Raja's Court of Appeal and the
Sub Courts were reconstituted as the Zilla Court. The Zilla Courts were given unlimited
jurisdiction, but subject to confirmation by the Raja's court of appeal. It was in 1900 that the
Raja's Court of appeal was reconstituted as the Chief Court of Cochin with three permanent
Judges. Thereafter, during the Diwanship of Sri. Shanmukham Chettiyar, the Chief Court
became the High Court. On the integration of Travancore - Cochin State after independence on
1st July 1949, it was on the 7th of July 1949 that the High Court of Travancore-Cochin was
inaugurated with its seat at Ernakulam. Under the state re-organisation Act, 1956 Travancore
Page | 20
Cochin State and Malabar were integrated to form the State of Kerala; on 1st November
1956.High Court of Kerala was thus established on that day.Its territorial jurisdiction extends to
the entire State of Kerala and the Union Territory of Lakshadweep. The Kerala High Court seat
was then established at Ernakulum and Justice K. T. Koshi was appointed as the first Chief
Justice of High Court of Kerala17
. The High Court of Kerala has also had a proposed bench at
Thiruvananthapuram, for which Kerala government has already passed a resolution.
HIGH COURT OF GUJRAT
The State of Bombay which came to be formed in the year 1956 under the Act of 1956
was further reorganised under the Bombay Reorganisation Act, 1960 (Act of 1960). The
appointed day of the said Act is 1st of May 1960. Under section 3 of the Act of 1960, State of
Gujarat was formed comprising some of the territories of Bombay. The separate High Court for
the State of Gujarat was established under section 28 of the Act of 1960.The High Court of
Gujarat, under section 30 of the said Act was conferred jurisdiction in respect of the territories
included in the State of Gujarat having the same powers and the jurisdiction which the High
Court of Bombay had in respect of the said territories immediately before the appointed date. 18
The seat of the court was established at Ahmedabad and Mr. Justice Sunderlal Trikamlal
Desai was made its first Chief Justice.
HIGH COURT OF DELHI
The High Court of Delhi was established on 31st October, 1966. Initially, the High Court
of Judicature at Lahore, exercised jurisdiction over the then provinces of the Punjab and Delhi.
This position continued till the Indian Independence.
The High Courts (Punjab) Order, 1947 established a new High Court for the territory of
what was then called the East Punjab with effect from 15th August, 1947.The High Court of East
Punjab started functioning from Shimla. The High Court of Punjab, as it is later came to be
called, exercised jurisdiction over Delhi through a Circuit Bench which dealt with the cases
pertaining to the Union Territory of Delhi and the Delhi Administration. In view of the
17 http://highcourtofkerala.nic.in/# 18 http://gujarathighcourt.nic.in/
Page | 21
importance of Delhi, its population and other considerations, Parliament thought it necessary to
establish a new High Court of Delhi. This was achieved by enacting the Delhi High Court Act,
1966. By virtue of Section 3(1) of the Delhi High Court Act, the Central Government was
empowered to appoint a date by a notification in the official gazette, establishing a High Court
for the Union Territory of Delhi.
The High Court of Delhi initially exercised jurisdiction not only over the Union Territory
of Delhi, but also Himachal Pradesh. The High Court of Delhi had a Himachal Pradesh Bench at
Shimla. The High Court of Delhi continued to exercise jurisdiction over Himachal Pradesh until
the State of Himachal Pradesh Act, 1970 was enforced on 25th January, 1971.
HIGH COURT OF HIMACHAL PRADESH
The Himachal Pradesh High Court is the High Court of the state of Himachal Pradesh.
The Himachal Pradesh was born as a result of integration of tweenty six Shimla and four Punjab
hill States into a Centrally Administered Area on April 15, 1948. The Central Government
promulgated the Himachal Pradesh (Courts) Order, 1948 on 15 August 1948. Under this Order,
the Court of Judicial Commissioner was established for Himachal Pradesh. It was vested with the
powers of a High Court under the Judicial Commissioner's Court Act, 1950. The Court of
Judicial commissioner started functioning on August 15, 1948.
In the year 1966, the Delhi High Court Act was enacted and the Central Government of
India extended jurisdiction of the Delhi High Court to the Union Territory of Himachal Pradesh,
replacing the Court of Judicial Commissioner by the Himachal Bench of Delhi High Court, at
Shimla.
On 18 December 1970, the State of Himachal Pradesh Act was passed by Parliament and
the new state came into being on 25 January 1971 and established its own High Court. The High
Court of Himachal Pradesh became the 17th High Court in India. The seat of the court is Shimla,
the administrative capital of the state.19
19 http://hphighcourt.nic.in/index.htm
Page | 22
HIGH COURT OF SIKKIM.
Sikkim has a past history of its own. Prior to its merger with the Union of India in the
year 1975 by the Constitution (Thirty Sixth Amendment) Act, 1975, the erstwhile Sikkim was
under a monarchy. The King who was popularly known as “the Chogyal” was the fountainhead
of justice. Kings words were the laws. Under the then administrative set up there was no place
for an independent judiciary. The judicial procedure being followed then was very simple and
free from legal technicalities. The Courts were dispensing substantive justice based on the
principle of justice, equity and good conscience. Lawyers were not allowed to appear in Court.
In 1916, an Appellate Courts by the designation of Chief Court was created with
jurisdiction to try important original suits and also to hear appeals against the decisions of the
Adda Courts. This Court also exercised supervisory and appellate jurisdiction over the Adda
Courts. The Chief Court was not the final Court. The appeal against the decision of the Chief
Court would lie to the Supreme Court of His Highness, the Maharaja. The Court of the Maharaja
was the final Court of appeal in the State. It has no original jurisdiction. A Board on the lines of
the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in England, would hear the parties and scrutinize the
evidence regarding merit of the case and then tender its opinion to the Maharaja.20
From the available records it appears that in 1953, a Judge of the High Court of Sikkim
was appointed but in 1955, High Court of Judicature (Jurisdiction and Powers) Proclamation,
1955 was issued establishing a High Court in Sikkim. The High Court thus established was made
the final Court in all judicial matters, civil or criminal, subject to the exercise of prerogative by
the Maharaja to grant mercy, pardon, remission, commutation and reduction of sentence in case
of conviction. The Maharaja had also retained his prerogative to set up a Special Tribunal for the
review of any case, civil or criminal.
Upon merger, Sikkim became the 22nd State of India. The High Court her was
established under 38th
amendment to the Constitution of India Under Clause (i) of Article 371F,
the High Court functioning immediately prior to the date of merger became the High Court for
the State of Sikkim under the Constitution like any other High Court in the country.. Under
Clause (i) of the same Article all Courts of Civil, Criminal and Revenue Jurisdiction, all
20 Historical Perspective of Sikkim Judiciary, by Hon’ble Shri Justice A.P. Subba,Former Judge, High Court of
Sikkim, Gangtok.
Page | 23
Authorities and all Officers, Judicial, Executive and Ministerial throughout Sikkim were to
continue to exercise their respective powers subject to the provisions of the Constitution and
under Clause (k) all laws in force immediately before the appointed day in Sikkim were to
continue to be in force until amended or repealed by a competent legislature or other competent
authority.21
The Government of Sikkim Act, 1974, which came to be passed in the Sikkim Assembly
(which received the assent of the Chogyal on 4th July, 1974) in pursuance of the historical
agreement of 8th May, 1973, between the Chogyal, the leaders of the political parties
representing the people of Sikkim and Government of India, provided that all Judges in Sikkim
shall be independent in exercise of their judicial function. In keeping with the ideal and the set
goal, the process of separation of judiciary from the executive started soon after the merger.
CREATION OF THREE NEW HIGH COURTS UNDER UTTAR PRADESH, MADHYA
PRADESH, BIHAR REORGANISATION ACT, 2000 IN THE STATES OF
CHHATTISGARH UTTRAKHAND AND BIHAR.
In November, 2000 Parliament enacted the Reorganisation Acts of Uttar Pradesh,
Madhya Pradesh and Bihar which led to the creation of three new states of Uttarakhand,
Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand, one from each state respectively. The creation of these states also
led to the creation three new High Courts one in each state. The High courts that were created
were already enacted and passed by the parliament in the Uttar Pradesh Reorganisation Act,
2000, Madhya Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2000 and Bihar Reorganisation Act, 2000.
High Court of Chhattisgarh
The Government of India issued a Presidential notification under Section 21 (2) of the
Madhya Pradesh Reorganisation Act for the formation of High Court of Chhattisgarh State, to
be formed on November 1 which would be situated at Bilaspur.22
The High Court of Chhattisgarh at Bilaspur became the 19th High Court of India with its
jurisdiction over the state of Chhattisgarh. Justice R. S. Garg was the first acting Chief Justice of
21 http://highcourtofsikkim.nic.in/#. 22 http://www.hindu.com/2000/10/28/stories/01280002.htm.
Page | 24
the Chhattisgarh High Court. Justice W.A. Shishak, became the first Chief Justice of
Chhattisgarh High Court on 4 December, 2000.
High Court of Uttrakhand
The Uttarakhand State was carved out from erstwhile State of Uttar Pradesh on
09/11/2000 under the Uttar Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2000. At the time of the creation of the
State, the High Court of Uttarakhand was also established on the same day at Nainital.23
The
High Court was created under Section 21 (2) of the Uttar Pradesh Reorganisation Act. The High
Court the jurisdiction over the new state of Uttrakhand and became the 20th
High Court in India.
Hon'ble Mr. Justice Ashok A. Desai was the founder Chief Justice of the High Court.
Jharkhand High Court
A circuit bench of the Patna High Court was established in 1972 at Ranchi under clause
36 of the Letter Patent of that High Court. The bench was established to meet the needs of the
Adivasi Population of the Chota Nagpur area in erthswhile State of Bihar. The Circuit bench was
made Permanent Bench of Patna High Court, by Act no. 57 of 1976, by High Court at Patna
(Establishment of Permanent Bench at Ranchi) Act 1976.24
The Jharkhand High Court came into existence after reorganisation of state of Bihar in
existing state of Bihar and Jharkhand on 15th November 2000.The High Court was formed under
Section 21 (2) of the Bihar Reorganisation Act Justice Vinod Kumar Gupta became the first
Chief Justice of the Jharkhand High Court on 5th
December, 2000 ealier he was the acting Chief
Justice of The Jharkhand High Court.
23 http://highcourtofuttarakhand.gov.in/pages/display/154-about-us. 24 http://jharkhandhighcourt.nic.in/History.html.
Page | 25
ESTABLISHMENT OF THREE NEW HIGH COURTS IN MEGHALAYA MANIPUR
AND TRIPURA.
The North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) and Other Related Laws (Amendment) Bill,
2012 was put in the Lok Sabha as Bill No. 47 of 2012.25
The Bill was passed by the Lok Sabha
on 12th
May, 2012 and allowed the states of Manipur Meghalaya and Tripura to have there own
separate High Courts, by amending the North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act, 1971 and
Other Related Laws. Earlier all these states along with Mizoram, Nagaland and Arunachal
Pradesh had benches of Guwahati High Court which is in Assam.
High Court of Meghalaya.
In 1947, the Gauhati High Court was established on the 9th of September on a resolution
adopted by the Assam Legislative Assembly that a High Court be established for the Province of
Assam.. The Assam High Court initially had its sittings at Shillong but later on shifted to
Gauhati. On re- organization of the North – Eastern region by the North Eastern Area
(reorganization) Act, 1971 a Common High Court was established for the five North Eastern
States of Assam, Nagaland, Manipur, Meghalaya and Tripura and the two Union Territories
(Union Territory of Mizoram and the Union Territory of Arunachal Pradesh) and has come to be
called as the Gauhati High Court.
The High Court of Assam in its inception was established in Shillong as it was the
Capital of the then erstwhile Assam province. It was housed for some time in a portion of the
then Assam Legislative Building. But not until a few decades back that a permanent Bench was
established in the Capital on the 4th February, 1995.The Shillong Bench of the Gauhati High
Court as a Circuit Bench was not sitting regularly till the establishment of the Permanent
Bench.26
As much as the Constitutional mandate to provide a High Court for every State is
embodied in our Constitution yet the Impediment to constitution of a separate High Court was a
25http://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media/North-Eastern%20Areas%20(Reorganisation)/North-
Eastern%20Areas%20(Reorganisation)%20and%20other%20Related%20Laws%20(Amendment)%20Bill,%202012
.pdf. 26 http://meghalayahighcourt.nic.in/History.html.
Page | 26
provision in the North – Eastern Areas Re- Organization Act 1971, which had provided for a
single High Court in Guahati for the entire region. The separate Benches in all States could not
be substituted for separate High Courts without amending the said Law. Therefore, last year the
North Eastern Areas (Re-organisation) Act, 1971 that was amended to paved the way for the
creation of the separate High Court, by pass North-Eastern Areas (Reorganization) and Other
Related Laws (Amendment) Bill, 2012.
The Meghalaya High Court is the High Court for the state of Meghalaya. The seat of the
High Court was established at Shillong, the capital of Meghalaya. Justice T Meena Kumari
became the first Chief Justice of the High Court of Meghalaya. It was inaugurated on the 25th
March, 2013 by then Chief Justice of India Hon’ble Shri Justice Altamas Kabir. It was the first
of the three new High Courts in North-East to be inaugurated.
High Court of Tripura.
There was common High Court for the five North-Eastern States on re-organization of
the North-Eastern regions by the North Eastern Area (Re-organization) Act, 1971. The High
Court was situate d at Gauhati and has jurisdiction over Assam, Nagaland, Manipur, Meghalaya
and Tripura and the two Union Territories of Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh. The High Court
of Gauhati had a bench at Imphal for hearing up the matters of the state.
The Tripura High Court is the High Court of the state of Tripura. It was established in
March 2013, after making suitable amendments in the Constitution of India and North-Eastern
Areas (Re-organisation) Act, 1971. The seat of the High Court is situated at Agartala, the capital
of Tripura. Justice Deepak Gupta was made the first Chief Justice of Tripura High Court and
took oath on 23rd
March 2013.
High Court of Manipur.
A common High Court was established for the five North-Eastern States on re-
organization of the North-Eastern region by the North Eastern Area (Re-organization) Act, 1971,
for the states of Assam, Nagaland, Manipur, Meghalaya and Tripura and the two Union
Territories namely Union Territory of Mizoram and the Union Territory of Arunachal Pradesh
and called as the Gauhati High Court.
Page | 27
When Manipur attained Statehood, Imphal Bench of the Gauhati High Court came into
existence on 21st January 1972. In exercise of the power conferred by Sub-section (2) of Section
31 of the North Eastern Areas (Re-organisation) Act, 1971, the President of India established a
permanent Bench of the Gauhati High Court at Imphal, through Gauhati High Court
(Establishment of Permanent Bench at Imphal) order dated 21st January, 1992.27
On 16th May, 2012, Parliament passed a bill amending the North Eastern Areas Re-
organisation Act, 2012 which received the accent of the President of India on Monday, the 4th
June, 2013. The Central Government, exercised the powers conferred to it by sub-section (2) of
Section 1 of the North-Eastern Areas (Reorganization) and Other Related Laws (Amendment)
Act, 2012, said that on 23rd
March, 2013 North Eastern Areas Re-organisation Act, 2012 will
come into force. Therefore, High Court of Manipur came into existence on 23rd
March, 2013.
The President of India, exercising his power conferred by the sub-section (2) of Section 28A of
the North Eastern Areas (Reorganization) Act, 1971 has appointed that the Principal Seat of the
High Court of Manipur will be at Imphal.28
Justice Abhay Manohar Sapre took oath of office as the first Chief Justice of the High
Court of Manipur on 23rd
March, 2013, from the Governor of Manipur.29
The High Court of
Manipur at Imphal was formally inaugurated by Hon’ble Shri Justice Altamas Kabir, the Chief
Justice of India on 25th March, 2013.
27 http://hcmimphal.nic.in/history.html 28 Order No.K-11018/9/2012-US.I dated 20th March, 2013, the Govt. of India, Ministry of Law & Justice,
Department of Justice, as published in the Extraordinary Gazette of India dated 20th March, 2013. 29 http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=mar2413/oth06.
Page | 28
CONCLUSION
The High Court are established in each state with a view for speedy discharge of justice. The
total strength of the Judges in High Court is 906 which tell that there is only 1 judge per 1.34
million people. The situation in the country is even worse as one-third on the posts is lying
vacant. The basic purpose of the establishment of High Courts can only be filled if the number of
posts are increased anf the vacant are filled. Moreover, the time taken for disposal of cases
should also decrease so that early justice is provided.
Page | 29
BIBLOGRAPHY
Authorities
http://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media/North-
Eastern%20Areas%20(Reorganisation)/North-
Eastern%20Areas%20(Reorganisation)%20and%20other%20Related%20Laws%20(Ame
ndment)%20Bill,%202012.pdf.
Order No.K-11018/9/2012-US.I dated 20th March, 2013, the Govt. of India, Ministry of
Law & Justice, Department of Justice, as published in the Extraordinary Gazette of India
dated 20th March, 2013.
Books and Articles
Historical Perspective of Sikkim Judiciary, by Hon’ble Shri Justice A.P. Subba,Former
Judge, High Court of Sikkim, Gangtok.
http://admiraltypractice.com/chapters/1.htm
http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=mar2413/oth06
http://www.hindu.com/2000/10/28/stories/01280002.htm.
Websites
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http://gujarathighcourt.nic.in
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http://hcmimphal.nic.in/history.html
http://hcraj.nic.in/history.htm
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http://highcourtofsikkim.nic.in/#.
http://highcourtofuttarakhand.gov.in/pages/display/154-about-us.
http://hphighcourt.nic.in/index.htm
http://indiancourts.nic.in
Page | 30
http://jharkhandhighcourt.nic.in/History.html.
http://jkhighcourt.nic.in/history.html
http://karnatakajudiciary.kar.nic.in/history.html
http://meghalayahighcourt.nic.in/History.html
http://mphighcourt.nic.in/history_mp.htm
http://patnahighcourt.bih.nic.in/about.htm
http://realityviews.blogspot.in/2010/07/part-24-indian-legal-history-indian.html
http://www.allahabadhighcourt.in/history.htm
http://www.hcmadras.tn.nic.in/hhist.htm
http://www.highcourtchd.gov.in/index.php?trs=history
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