eu – to understand that the presidency is a fairly weak office, vaguely constitutionally...
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EU – to understand that the Presidency is a fairly weak EU – to understand that the Presidency is a fairly weak office, vaguely constitutionally described, but with a office, vaguely constitutionally described, but with a huge organization under it to assist and advise the huge organization under it to assist and advise the President and to administer and enforce the lawsPresident and to administer and enforce the laws
• Finish and review page 8 page 8 about powers and roles of president.
• Create a chart:
• Questions from homework?• Continue model congress. Committee work, complete
committee report, floor action
APS Day 17 AgendaAPS Day 17 Agenda
Power Definition Example Congressional check
Make treaties
Make executive agreements
Recognition
Commander-in-Chief
Powers of President – Part 1
Powers Constitutional Source of power
Example Congressional or Judicial Check
Administrator “Executive Authority”A2S1C1“Power to elicit advice” A2S2C1
Directed NSA to spy without warrants, created Office of Faith-based initiatives and hired a Chief of Staff to run the White House.
Laws creating departments and agencies that also define the limits of these powersImpeachment Judicial Review
Commander-in-Chief
A2S2C1 Ordered the invasion of Iraq and Afghanistan and created the Gitmo detention facility. Ordered no habeas corpus for “illegal enemy combatants”
Judicial review ended detentions without habeas corpusCongress changed law for Gitmo detentions
Convene Congress
A2S3C1 Truman called special session to address domestic issues in ‘48
No check
Powers of President – Part 1Powers Constitutional
Source of power
Example Congressional or Judicial Check
Veto A1S7C2 Bush’s first veto was a lifting of the stem-cell research ban, and last vetoed a bill banning waterboarding by the CIA
Congress can override a veto by a 2/3 vote of both houses
Appointment A2S2C2 Barack Obama has nominated his cabinet for appointment and Sonia Sotomayor to Supreme Court
Senate will need to confirm all appointments and has already approved Robert Gates as the current Sec Of Defense
Treaties A2S2C2 Bush 43 signed nuclear aid treaty with India
Senate by 2/3 must approve treaty – did not do so yet.
Pardons A2S2C1 President Bush pardoned rapper John Forte and commuted Scooter Libby’s sentence
No check
Power Definition Example Congressional check
Make treaties A2S2C2 – power to make official agreements between the US and other countries
Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty (2003)Convention on Cybercrime (2006)
Senate needs to “Advise and Consent” by a 2/3 vote
Make executive agreements
Like treaties, but not as formal. This power is implied from the international relations powers in the Const.
2010 – series of agreements with Brazil, Kazakhstan and Estonia to share science info
Congress can pass a law to nullify an agreement
Recognition As part of diplomatic powers to “send and receive ambassadors” A2S3
US recognized the former Yugoslav countries of Montenegro and Serbia in 2006
Congress could pass a law
Commander-in-Chief
Vaguely described in Constitution – but President in the top general
Current wars in Afghanistan and Iraq
War Powers Resolution.
Part 2 Expansion of Presidential Power
1. The Constitution provides the formal powers in Article 2.
a. Appointment
b. Executive
c. Commander-in-Chief
d. Make treaties
e. Send and receive ambassadors
f. Veto
The formal powers have been expanded by precedents set by previous presidents who have used these powers in new and novel ways like using the State of the Union message to set the legislative agenda for Congress or using the formal Commander-in-Chief power to commence wars like Korea and the Persian Gulf, or direct the federal bureaucracy as he executes the laws
g. Suggest legislation
h. Call Congress to special session
i. State of the union message
j. Pardons and reprieves
k. Require reports from Department heads
l. Execute the laws
Part 2 Expansion of Presidential Power
2. Inherent powers are connected to the formal powers, but are essentially “implied” like putting troops into combat as C-in-C
use of executive orders as “Chief Executive.”
Congress approves by law changes presidents have made by action such as authorizing wiretaps by President Bush that the NSA conducted prior to PATRIOT ACT
3. Congress has given the president more power through law by creating regulatory commissions that have the power to make “laws” because it is more efficient and makes more sense to have experts make rules rather than much more easily influenced legislators who have to compromise
The President
The Executive Office of the President
White House Office
Office of Management and Budget
National Security Council
Office of Policy Development
Office of National Drug Control Policy
Office of the US Trade Rep
Council on Environmental Quality
Office of Science and Technology Policy
Office of Administration
Executive
The Congress
Senate House
Committees Committees
Congressional Budget Office
Library of Congress
General Accountability Office
Gov’t Printing Office
The Supreme Court
12 Circuit Court of Appeals
1Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit
94 District Courts
Federal Claims Court
Court of Int’l Trade
Territorial Courts
Court of Appeals for the Armed Services
Court of Veterans Appeals
Administrative Courts
Legislative JudicialThe Executive Office of the President
Provides advice and assistance to the Man In the Oval Office
White House Office – “The West Wing” - Headed by Chief of Staff
•Answers phones, writes letters, schedules travel
•Plans political strategy, writes speeches, meets with the press
National Security Council – provides information and advice about the threats to the US, militarily, economically, criminally, environmentally
Office of Management and Budget – develops the spending and taxing plan – determining how much money is being spent and where, and how much money will be needed in the near and distant future – the budget is as much a financial document as it is a statement of policy “put your money where your mouth is”
Council on Economic Advisors, Office of Policy Development, Office of National Drug Control Policy, Office of the US Trade Rep, Council on Environmental Quality, Office of Science and Technology Policy, Office of Administration, National Critical Materials Council, National Space Council
The CongressSenate House
Committees Committees
Congressional Budget Office
Library of Congress
General Accountability Office
Gov’t Printing Office
The PresidentThe Executive Office of the President
White House Office
Office of Management and Budget
National Security Council
Office of Policy Development
Office of National Drug Control Policy
Office of the US Trade Rep
Council on Environmental Quality
Office of Science and Technology Policy
Office of Administration
The Supreme Court12 Circuit Court of Appeals
1Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit
94 District Courts
Federal Claims Court
Court of Int’l Trade
Territorial Courts
Court of Appeals for the Armed Services
Court of Veterans Appeals
Administrative Courts
Legislative Executive Judicial
Department of State
Department of Defense
Department of Treasury
Department of Justice
Department of the
interior
Department of
Agriculture
Department of
Commerce
Department of Labor
Department of Health
and Human Services
Department of Housing and Urban
Development
Department of Transportation
Department of Energy
Department of Education
Department of Veterans
Affairs
Department of
Homeland Security
Major Independent Agencies (Note there are many more on next slide)Advisory Council on Historic Preservation (ACHP)www.achp.gov
African Development Foundationwww.adf.gov
Agency for International Development (USAID)www.info.usaid.gov
American Battle Monuments Commissionwww.abmc.gov
AMTRAKwww.amtrak.com
Appalachian Regional Commissionwww.arc.gov
Architectural and Transportation Barriers Compliance Board
www.access-board.gov
B
Ballistic Missile Defense Organizationwww.mda.mil
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, & Firearmswww.atf.treas.gov
Bureau of Arms Controlwww.state.gov/www/global/arms/bureauac.html
Bureau of Engraving & Printingwww.bep.treas.gov
Bureau of Labor Statisticswww.bls.gov
Bureau of the Censuswww.census.gov
Bureau of Transportation Statisticswww.bts.gov
C
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Servicescms.hhs.gov
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)www.cia.gov
Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigations Board (USCSB)www.chemsafety.gov
Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC)www.cftc.gov
Commission on Civil Rightswww.usccr.gov
Commodity Futures Trading Commissionwww.cftc.gov
Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC)www.cpsc.gov
Corporation For National Service (CNS)www.cns.gov
D
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agencywww.darpa.mil
Defense Information Systems Agencywww.disa.mil
Defense Intelligence Agencywww.dia.mil
Defense Logistics Agencywww.supply.dla.mil
Defense Nuclear Facilities Safety Boardwww.dnfsb.gov
Defense Security Service
www.dss.mil
Defense Threat Reduction Agencywww.dtra.mil
Drug Enforcement Administrationwww.usdoj.gov/dea
E
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)www.epa.gov
Equal Employment Opportunity Commissionwww.eeoc.gov
Export-Import Bank of the U.S.www.exim.gov
F
Farm Credit Administration (FCA)www.fca.gov
Federal Accounting Standards Advisory Boardwww.fasab.gov
Federal Aviation Administrationwww.faa.gov
Federal Bureau of Investigationwww.fbi.gov
Federal Communications Commission (FCC)www.fcc.gov
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)www.fdic.gov
Federal Election Commission (FEC)www.fec.gov
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)www.fema.gov
Federal Energy Regulatory Commissionwww.ferc.fed.us
Federal Highway Administrationwww.fhwa.dot.gov
Federal Housing Finance Board (FHFB)www.fhfb.gov
Federal Labor Relations Authoritywww.flra.gov
Federal Maritime Commissionwww.fmc.gov
Federal Mediation & Conciliation Servicewww.fmcs.gov
Federal Mine Safety & Health Review Commissionwww.fmshrc.gov
Federal Railroad Administrationwww.fra.dot.gov
Federal Reserve Systemwww.federalreserve.gov
Federal Retirement Thrift Investment Boardwww.frtib.gov
Federal Trade Commission (FTC)www.ftc.gov
Food & Drug Administrationwww.fda.gov
G
General Accounting Officewww.gao.gov
General Services Administration (GSA)www.gsa.gov
Ginnie Maewww.ginniemae.gov
I
Institute of Museum and Library Serviceswww.imls.gov
Inter-American Development Bankwww.iadb.org
Inter-American Foundationwww.iaf.gov
Internal Revenue Serviceswww.irs.ustreas.gov
International Bank for Reconstruction & Developmentwww.worldbank.org
International Labor Organizationwww.us.ilo.org
International Monetary Fundwww.imf.org
International Trade Commission (USITC)www.usitc.gov
L
Legal Services Corporationwww.lsc.gov
M
Medicare Payment Advisory Commissionwww.medpac.gov
Merit Systems Protection Boardwww.mspb.gov
N
National Aeronautics and Space Administration(NASA)www.nasa.gov
National Archives and Records Administration (NARA)www.nara.gov
National Bioethics Advisory Commissionwww.bioethics.gov
National Capital Planning Commissionwww.ncpc.gov
National Commission on Libraries and Information Science (NCLIS)www.nclis.gov
National Council on Disability (NCD)www.ncd.gov
National Credit Union Administrationwww.ncua.gov
National Endowment for the Artshttp://arts.endow.gov
National Endowment for the Humanitieswww.neh.gov
National Highway Traffic Safety Administrationwww.nhtsa.dot.gov
National Geospatial-Intelligence Agencywww.nga.mil
National Institute of Justicewww.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij
National Institute of Mental Healthwww.nimh.nih.gov
National Institute of Standards & Technologywww.nist.gov
National Institutes of Healthwww.nih.gov
National Labor Relations Boardwww.nlrb.gov
National Mediation Boardwww.nmb.gov
National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administrationwww.noaa.gov
National Park Servicewww.nps.gov
National Science Foundation (NSF)www.nsf.gov
National Security Agency (NSA)www.nsa.gov
National Skill Standards Boardwww.nssb.org
National Technology Transfer Center (NTTC)www.nttc.edu
National Telecommunications Information Administrationwww.ntia.doc.gov
National Transportation Safety Board
www.ntsb.gov
Neighborhood Reinvestment Corporationwww.nw.org
Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC)www.nrc.gov
O
Occupational Safety and Health Review Commissionwww.oshrc.gov
Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversightwww.ofheo.gov
Office of Government Ethicswww.usoge.gov
Office of Personnel Management (OPM)www.opm.gov
Office of Special Counselwww.osc.gov
Office of Thrift Supervisionwww.ots.treas.gov
Organization for Economic Cooperation & Developmentwww.oecdwash.org
Organization of American Stateswww.oas.org
Overseas Private Investment Corp.www.opic.gov
P
Pan American Health Organizationwww.paho.org
Patent & Trademark Officewww.uspto.gov
Peace Corpswww.peacecorps.gov
Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation (PBGC)www.pbgc.gov
Postal Rate Commissionwww.prc.gov
R
Railroad Retirement Board (RRB)www.rrb.gov
S
Securities Exchange Commission (SEC)www.sec.gov
Securities Investor Protection Corp.www.sipc.org
Selective Service System (SSS)www.sss.gov
Small Business Administration (SBA)www.sba.gov
Smithsonian Institutionwww.si.edu
Social Security Administration (SSA)www.ssa.gov
Substance Abuse & Mental Health Services Administrationwww.samhsa.gov
Surface Transportation Boardwww.stb.dot.gov
T
Tennessee Valley Authoritywww.tva.gov
Trade and Development Agencywww.tda.gov
U
U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Serviceshttp://www.uscis.gov/portal/site/uscis
U.S. Customs Servicewww.customs.gov
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Servicewww.fws.gov
U.S. Forest Servicewww.fs.fed.us
U.S. Government Printing Officewww.gpo.gov
U.S. Institute of Peacewww.usip.org
U.S. Marshals Servicewww.usdoj.gov/marshals/
U.S. Office of Government Ethics (USOGE)www.usoge.gov
U.S. Treasury www.treas.gov
United States Holocaust Memorial Councilwww.ushmm.org
United States Postal Service (USPS)www.usps.gov
United Nations Information Centerwww.unicwash.org
V
Voice of America (VOA)www.voa.gov
W
Walter Reed Army Medical Centerwww.wramc.amedd.army.mil
White House Fellowswww.whitehousefellows.gov
White House Commission on Remembrancewww.remember.gov
Women's History Commissionwww.gsa.gov/staff/pa/whc.htm
Part 4 Leadership
1. Trustworthy
2. Strong
3. Self-esteem/confident
4. Competent
5. Integrity
6. Empathetic
7. Moral
8. Intelligence
9. Perseverance
10. Persuasive
11. Communicative
12. Telegenic
And:
Part 5 Divided Government
Divided government is when one branch of government is controlled by a different party than another branch – usually the Executive and the Legislative being different parties, like 2007.
Divided government occurs because we have two dominant parties, and elections to Congress occur every two years. Thus, members of the president’s party may lose in mid-term elections as the electorate votes their displeasure in the president’s policies (2006)
Divided government makes legislating difficult as in the mid-70s when A very left Democratic congress passed laws and over 50 times Republican Gerry Ford vetoed them.
But Divided government is the most efficient check on abuse of power or overreaching by the executive and legislative branches like when Clinton vetoed the 1996 budget of Newt Gingrich or the current Congress has voted against changing Bush’s changes to Social Security
• Model congress – Parties continue work– committee work on bills
• Hold hearings (discuss the findings and facts of the issue)
• mark up (make changes to the bill)
• committee vote and • referral to floor• Floor action
• Complete blue 31-32
Political pressure
•Lobbyists
•Constituents
•Executive branch
•Party
•Mass media
•Public opinion polls
What were the difficulties in legislating?
How did conflict between chambers affect the process?
How did the structure and process make legislating difficult?
How difficult was compromising on your personal values during the legislative process?
Did you have difficulty balancing party, personal, peer, constituent, and lobbying pressures?
Model Congress Review
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