examination and preventiondentistry.sbmu.ac.ir/uploads/dental_terminology-chapter__7.pdf · initial...

Chapter 7

•Examination and prevention

Wednesday, May 25, 2016 Golbarg Kolahi 1

Initial examination

• Taking a general health history

• Checking vital signs

• Making a visual assessment

• Palpating head structures and mouth condition

• Examining oral cavity

Diagnostic test

• Radiographs

• Alginate impression

• Photography by extra and intra oral cameras

Health history

• Chief complaint

• medications taken

• General medical condition

• Allergies

• Past history of surgeries and illnesses

• Medical doctor’s name

• Emergency contact numbers

Vital signs

• Blood pressure

• Respiration

• Temperature

• Pulse

• pain

Visual assessment

• Symmetric face

• Asymmetric face

Facial imbalance conditions

Trismus

• Tension or contraction of mastication muscles

Dysphagia

• Difficulty in swallowing

Bell’s palsy

• A sudden, temporary unilateral facial paralysis with unknown cause

• Swelling of the facial nerve from immune or viral infection

Temporomandibular joint

• Union of the joints of temporal and mandibular bones

Assessment of external lip

structure

Philtrum

• Median groove on the external edge of the upper lip to the base

of the nose.

Commisure

• Corners of the mouth where the lips meet.

Vermillion border

• Border where the pink-red lip tissue meets the facial skin.

Wednesday, May 25, 2016 Golbarg Kolahi 15l

Palpation

• method of determining the condition of a tissue using finger pressure

is palpating an area.

Palpation test

• Lymph nodes

• Neck muscles

• Lips, cheek, tongue and mouth tissue for swellings and irregularities

• TMJ area for movement and tenderness

Stethoscope

• A device for ausculating the joint area and blood flow in the carotid

arteries in the neck.

Examination of the oral tissue

• Done by regular halogen lighting .

Examination of the oral tissue

• Tongue is grasped by a gauze pad and extended to full length

• Gingiva and cheek areas are palpated

Diseases of oral cavity

Oral lesion

• Altered inflammatory tissue or infected by caused:

• Infection, hemorrhage, ulceration, melanoma, fat deposits, amalgam

tattoos, dilated veins.

Pericoronitis

• Inflammation around the crown of a tooth

• Happening normally with erupting third molar tooth.

(Acute necrotic ulcerative gingivitis)

• Highly inflamed and dying gingival tissue

Cellulitis

• Inflammation or infection extending to nearby connective tissues

Fistula

• Tissue opening for pus drainage

Aphtous ulcer

• Small, painful ulcer within the mouth.

Thrush

• Fungus infection of mouth or throat as white patches on the tissue.

Candida albicans

• Sore, white plaque areas resulting from long term antibiotic therapy

permitting fungus buildup

Herpes simplex virus

• Virus caused vesicles or watery pimples that burst and crust .

Herpes simplex virus

(Fever blisters)

• When vesicles appear on the lips.

Gingivostomatitis

• When vesicles appear on the oral mucosa.

Cheilosis

• Inflammation of the corners of the lips.

Causes of Cheilosis

• Vit.B deficiency

• Candidiasis

• Ill fitting denture

Geographic tongue

• Flat, irregular red lesions on the backside of the tongue

Hairy tongue

• Small black or dark brown projections resembling hairs arising from

backside of the tongue.

• Caused by medication or drug treatment

Fissured tongue

• Deep crack in the center of the tongue dorsum.

Circumvallate papillae

• Large mushroom-shaped papillae on the posterior dorsum of the tongue.

Oral Cancer

• If suspicious lesions are detected in the mouth they could be

examined by excision and biopsy to determine their malignancy.

Detection of Carious Lesions

• using an explorer

• Using a laser caries detector hand piece unit to measure the fluorescence

level of undetected caries

Dental caries

• Decay

• Carious lesions

Streptococcus Mutans Bacteria

• Producing acid that causes tooth tissue to be destroyed through

decalcification and demineralization of the enamel and its matrix

spreading into other tissue structures.

Types of dental decay

• Incipient

• Rampant

• Recurrent

• Arrested

Incipient Caries

• Beginning decay

Rampant Caries

• Widespread and growing decay

Recurrent Caries

• Decay occurring under or near repaired margins of tooth restorations.

Arrested Caries

• Decay showing no progressive tendencies

Decays according to the destruction

of tooth surface

• Simple cavity

• Compound cavity

• Complex cavity

Simple Cavity

• Involving one surface

Compound Cavity

• Involving two surfaces of a tooth, charted as mesioocclusal(MO) or

distoocclusal(DO)

Complex Cavity

• Involving more than two surface charted as mesioocclusodistal(MOD)

Operative classification

• Class I through class VI based on the carious surfaces .

Periapical Abcess

(Gum Abcess)

• The cause of necrosis(death)of pulp tissue.

Stages of pulp irritation

• Hyperemia

• Pulpalgia

• Pulpitis

Hyperemia

• Increase in blood and lymph vessels as a result of pulp irritation

Pulpalgia

• Tooth ache as a result of pulp irritation and infection

pulpitis

• Inflammation and swelling of pulp tissue which leads to pulp necrosis.

Miscellaneous Maladies

Abrasion

• Wearing away of tooth structure from abnormal causes such as malocclusion

or bad habits

Erosion

• Destruction of tooth structure as a result of disease or chemicals such as

stomach acid.

Attrition

• Wearing away a tooth structure from normal causes like chewing or

mastication.

Ankylosis

• Tooth fixation, retention of deciduous tooth past exfoliation time, or

retention of permanent teeth that are fixed in the tooth sucket because of

absence of periodontal ligaments.

Avulsion

• Forcible removal of tooth

Bruxism

• Grinding of teeth esp. during sleep or as a bad habit

Abfraction

• Loss of tooth surface in the cervical area caused by grinding or compression forces

results in hypersensitivity of the area

Acid etching

• Loss of enamel surfaces on the lingual side of anterior teeth caused by

stomach acid fluids.

Alginate Impression

Negative Reproduction

• Each cusp or protrusion in the tooth becomes as a dent in the impression.

Positive Cast

• A gypsum reproduction of the patient’s mouth. Also called a STUDY

MODEL. Has two parts:

• Anatomical Portion

• Art Portion

Anatomical Portion

• Part of the cast reproducing the teeth and gingiva.

Art Portion

• Part of cast added to make an esthetic base support

Bite registration

• Piece of a wax material or pad placed into the patient’s mouth to register

the occlusion pattern when biting down on it.

Articulation

• Placement of positive cast into patient’s bite or articulating position.

Home Preventive Techniques

• Proper tooth brushing

• Proper flossing

• Diet correction

Home Preventive Techniques

done in a Dental Facility

Fluorosis

• Condition causing molting and discoloration of enamel tissue.

Systemic Fluoride

• Fluoride taken orally as water, drops, vitamins

Topical fluoride

• Fluoride being placed upon the tooth surface as gels, liquids, pastes.

Prevention Aids

• Anti-plaque mouth rinses containing therapeutic chemicals that reduce

plaque.

Mouthwash

• Breath freshening rinse that may reduce pellicle.

Disclosing dyes

• Red/blue food coloring or sodium fluorescein solution being placed

upon tooth surface to stain or disclose the plaque.

Dentifrice

• Tooth powder or toothpaste for cleaning teeth and preventing halitosis

Floss holder and threads

• Devices used to hold or insert floss under bridgework and between teeth

Interdental brushes and picks

• Handles holding small brush tips to be inserted between the teeth and

into sulcus areas.

Wooden picks or flat balsam

wedges

• Stimulates interproximal gingival tissue circulation

Water irrigation machines

• Electrically powered water spray devices having pulsating tips for rinsing

interproximal areas.

Diet Plans

• Fewer cariogenic or caries forming meals and snacks

• Maintaining a balanced diet

• Keeping with a food pyramid of values

Dental facility preventive

practices

• Some decay-preventive procedures practiced in a dental facility

Fluoride application

Sealant application

• Placement of gel or liquid acrylic material on cleaned and acid-etched

occlusal surfaces for tooth covering and protection

Selective adjustment

(enamoplasty)

• Deep occlusal pits or fissures eliminated by selective abrasive or grinding

of some enamel surfaces results in lower chance of deep carious lesions.

examination and preventiondentistry.sbmu.ac.ir/uploads/dental_terminology-chapter__7.pdf · initial...

Documents

vital signs. objective: students will be able to assess the...

bss examination checking procedures for privately owned and

model checking contest 2018 - mcc.lip6.fr · the model...

cranial nerves: signs of disorder, examination. doc. mudr....

vital signs, lung and heart examination matthew l. picone...

checking account understanding checking accounts

neurological examination - neurology...

2) projects undertaken…2explained the basic policy of the...

bss procedures - boat safety scheme · bss examination...

chapter 4: beginning the physical examination: general...

disclosures approach to the poisoned · 9/21/15 3 physical...

patient history physical examination - … a diagnosis 1....

examination and intake protocol...examination and intake...

physical examination signs

bss examination checking procedures – part 2 · web...

bss examination checking procedures for privately owned...

1 patient assessment beginning the physical examination:...

zita makra sziu fvs large animal clinic … 2. clinical...

chapter 1 the network+ certification...

checking in on charter schools - an examination of charter...