extension strategies for rural upliftment
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Changing Concepts And
Emerging Issues In
Extension- Rationale And
Realities; Recent
Extension Strategies For
Rural Upliftment; Future
Scenario Of Extension
Submitted to:- Submitted by:-
Dr. Dhriti Solanki Ms. Nishu Kanwar Bhati
Prof. and Head HECM Ph.D
Introduction
Agriculture accounts for about one-fourth of the Gross Domestic
product and is the source of livelihood or nearly two-thirds of the
population.Though Green Revolution has been the cornerstone of India’s
agricultural achievement, but remained restricted to the well-endowed
irrigated areas of the country showing gap between research and
extension.
Changing economic scenario calls for appropriate agricultural
technologies and agro-management practices to respond to food and
nutritional security, poverty alleviation, diversifying market demands,
export opportunities, and environmental concerns which pose new
challenges to the technology dissemination systems.
Community development approach to extension
Transfer of Technology approach
Farming system approach
Broad based approach
EMERGING ISSUES
•PUBLIC SECTOR
•PRIVATE SECTOR
•THIRD SECTOR
PUBLIC SECTOR
Confusion in multiplicity of service providers
Credibility of information sources
Conflict of interests
The private sector can only provide services related to proprietary goods, while the public sector can provide extension services related to public goods, which tend not to be addressed by private-sector firms.
Private extension only focus & deliver its services on areas with sufficient resources and is limited to a few crops and areas where profits can be assured
The private sector serves a corporate interest, working with individual farmers, so social capital is not built.
Private extension can only work well if farmers are willing and able to pay.
The private sector could serve the needs of medium-size and commercial farmers, while the public sector could work in remote areas which are currently not serviced well.
PRIVATE SECTOR
Public capacity to build FBOs and SHGs is limited
NGOs rely on donor funds and would need public support to develop the technical skills to facilitate the groups.
Within FBOs or SHGs, problems related to social identity, including gender and caste and are subject to elite capture problems.
When farmer groups interact with other institutions, social identities and other social status perceptions mean that they may be too weak to articulate their concerns
Limited financial strength
Lack professionalism because the members are less qualified
THIRD SECTOR
Continued focus on technology dissemination
Inadequate technical support for extension
Limited human and financial resources
Poor capacity to respond to changes and manage
partnerships
Technologies Irrelevant to Local Conditions
Lack of Forward and Backward Linkages
Lack of Infrastructure for Delivery of Technology
Other generic issues…………….
The best approach for a concrete situation depends on:
The wider context in which extension is taking place and the value concepts and principles which are common; - the objectives of the extension activity;
The extension institution with its own value concepts and principles and its form of organization - the target population with their value concepts and principles and their forms of organization;
The functions and procedures of extension based on the objectives and principles of the extension institution and the target group.
Extension approach
Objectives:
1. The main objective is topersuade and helpfarmers in increasingagricultural productionby adopting improvedagricultural practices.
2. It also aimed atimproving the ruralfamily life be educatedthe women and youth inthe rural family life byeducating the villagepeople.
Training approach in extension
It emphasizes only on systematic and
deeper learning of specific skills.
This approach involves assembling
learners in a training centre for a
sustained period of instruction.
The trained extension workers are
supposed to transmit the useful skills to
the rural people.
Cooperative self help approach
The chief motive power for rural development
must come from the people so that outside
help of various kinds can be provided in
response to the expressed needs of the
people.
There is heavy emphasis in this approach on
the building of local institutions for cooperative
self-help and governance.
Integrated development
approach
The IADP used the integrated development approach in tackling the problem of rural
development.
Objectives:
In this Programme there was more emphasis on the package approach. In ten points
included in the programme were :
1. Adequate farm credit through strengthened cooperatives.
2. Adequate supplies of fertilizers pesticides, improved seeds, implements and other
essential production needs through strengthened service cooperatives.
3. Price incentives to participating farmers through assured price agreements for rice,
wheat and millet.
4. Marketing arrangements and services to enable farmers to obtain a full market price
for their marketed surplus.
5. Intensive educational, technical and farm management assistance made available in
every village.
6. Participation of all interested farmers in farm planning for increased production.
7. Village planning for increased production and village improvement programme by
strengthening village organizations and leaderships.
Commodity specific approach
The key characteristic of thisapproach groups all thefunctions for increasedproduction - extension,research, input supply,marketing and prices - underone administration.
The objective of thisapproach is to produce andmarket relatively high valuecommodities effectively andefficiently.
The commodities aregenerally produced forexports such as cotton,cocoa, tea and coffee
Project approach
This approach concentrates
efforts on a particular location, for
a specific time period, often with
outside resources.
Part of its purpose is often to
demonstrate techniques and
methods that could be extended
and sustained after the project
period. Change in the short term
is often a measure of success.
In this approach, the assumption
is that better results can be
achieved in a parrticular location
during specified timeframe, with
large infusion of outside
resources.
Farming system approach (FSA)
The primary objective of FSD is to improve the well-being of individual farming families by increasing theoverall productivity of the farming system in the context ofboth the private and societal goals, given the constraintsand potentials imposed by the factors that determine theexisting farming system.
Thrusts of FSD
Farming Systems Analysis. This involves
studying, together with the farmers the natural
(i.e., technical) and socio-economic (i.e.,
human) environments in which farm
households operate.
Farming Systems Planning, Monitoring,
and Evaluation. These involve testing,
monitoring, and evaluating improvements on-
farm, with the direct involvement of farmers.
Cost sharing approach
Helping farm people learn
those thing s they need to
know for self improvement
and increased productivity. It
is for this purpose that the
local people are willing to pay
part of the cost.
Another purpose is to make
funding of agricultural
extension affordable and
sustainable, both at central
and local levels.
Training and visit approach
Objectives
1. This System will work as unified extension service with single professional
service for Agriculture development.
2. It will emphasis extension activities exclusively in coordination of the
research training and development.
3. It will deliver systematic concentrated efforts through training and visit
programme for the farmers.
4. It will ensure immediate results and success by working with farmers and
scientists.
5. It will schedule imitable contacts and feedback mechanism from the
farmer’s field.
6. The majority of the farmers are trained to use their resources in efficient
ways and improve their management practices of agricultural production.
7. The Agril Technology is transmitted to farmers in consideration with the
constraints risk socio-economic factors and supply of input and credit.
8. This system has continuous improvement in agricultural and allied of the
farmers.
Technology assessment and
refinement through IVLP
It is different from the earlier first line extensionefforts of ICAR, in sense that it lays emphasis onthe research aspect through the participation offarmers to be carried out by the multidisciplinaryteam of scientists,
Moreover, IVLP is a production system orientedproject with agro-ecosystem analysis of theadopted villages as the basis of identify problems,priorities them and final out technologicalintervention point which are further developed intoaction plants to overcome the problems throughassessment and refinement of technologies.
Contract farming approach
It involves agricultural production being carried out onthe basis of an agreement between the buyer andfarm producers
Key benefits of contract farming: The key benefits ofcontract farming for farmers can be summarized as:
* Improved access to local markets.
* Assured markets and prices (lower risks) especiallyfor non-traditional crops.
* Assured and often higher returns.
* Enhanced farmer access to production inputs,mechanization and transport services, and extensionadvice.
Strategic extension
campaigning
The importance of strategic extension campaign can besummarized as :
· Enhances the agricultural extension planning process
· Builds cadres of extension programme planners and trainers
· Helps in improving extension linkage with research
· Is needed most by small, resource-poor farmers
· Helps in improving extension linkage with training
· Reduces extension system's workload and increases itscoverage
· Encourages partnership with, and participation of, community-based organizations
· Helps revitalize extension workers' professionalism
· Shows that extension programmes can be strategicallyplanned, efficiently managed, and systematically monitored andevaluated
· Can contribute to improving and strengthening agricultural
Participatory extension
approach
In this approach the role of the
extension agent is to facilitate an in-
depth situation analysis by the farmers
themselves at the onset of their working
relation.
Once farmers have become aware of
the causes of their problems and have
identified the most pressing ones, the
extension agent provides technical
knowledge and technologies, which
may be useful to address the problems
identified.
Animation rurale
. In order to initiate and perpetuate this
process, AR relied on a large number of
voluntary collaborators, so-called animateurs.
Their task was to initiate discussions within the
community on local needs and objectives, thus
empowering rural people for a dialogue with
the state. At the same time they were to
"interpret" government plans to the villagers
and acquaint them with services available.
Participatory action models
PAM is a management where all relevant agencies, groups and individuals with common intreast and development come together, form a platform to facilitate joint problem solving and action for mutual benefits.
This is working together (convergence) model where stakeholders interests are focused on a specific issues that creates energy and the group plans and guides how this new energy is distributed and diverted (divergence).
DO OUR OWN RESEARCH (DOOR) APPROACH
DOOR approach promotes a major move
from the old way of providing research
information, to a new way of self reliance
with industry generating its own research
information. This empowers farmers to
conduct relevant and self generated
research. Relationship between farmers and
consultants is that of equal partners.
National Demonstration
approach
The NDS was launched by ICAR in 1966 with
the objective that the scientists who generate
the technologies should demonstrate the
production potential of their technologies on
farmer fields and to develop the farmers into
local leaders to serve as change agents.
These NDS centres generated field based
data on production performance.
Operational research project
approach
Objectives :
1. to test, adopt and demonstratenew agricultural technology onfarmers fields in the whole villageor cluster of contiguous villages.
2. to determine profitability of thenew technologies and their placeof spread among farmers.
3. to identify and constraints bothtechnological and socio economicwhich are barrier to rapid change.
4. to demonstrate group action asa method of popularizing themodern technologies at a fasterrate.
The mandates of KVKs are as follows-
Conducting “On-Farm Testing” for identifying technologies in terms of location specific sustainable land use systems.
Organising training to update the extension personnel with emerging advances in agricultural research on regular basis.
Organising short and long term training courses in agriculture and allied vocations for the farmers and rural youths with emphasis on “Learning by doing” for higher production on farms and generating self-employment.
Organising Front Line Demonstrations (FLDs) on various crops to generate production data and feed back information.
KVK approach
Lab to Land Programme (LLP)
The overall objective to improve the economic
condition of the small and marginal farmers
and landless agricultural labourers, particularly
scheduled castes and scheduled tribes by the
transfer of improved technologies developed
by the agricultural universities, research
institutes etc.
National Mission on Agricultural
Extension (Proposed)
1. Technology Solutions and Innovations
2. Extension Policy and Systems
3. Convergence, Programme Delivery, Governance and Innovations
4. Manpower Planning, HRD and Accreditation
5 Leveraging ICT, Mass Media and e-Governance
6. Partnerships for Agri-preneurship and Business Development
7. National and International Linkages and Partnerships
8. Mobilization for Farmers Empowerment
9. Women Empowerment, Household Food and Nutritional Security
10. Leveraging Youth for Agriculture
11. Extension strategies for Difficult Area, Disadvantaged Farmers and Farm Workers
12. Agrarian distress, conflicts and farm studies
Programme Promotion
Priority for Selection of Technologies
Flexibility
Integration and Convergence
Efficient Delivery Mechanism
Public Policy Support for
Ensuring Sustainability
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