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F Ronga RICAP 2014 Noto
F Ronga
Quark nuggets and dark matter
1
Outline
domenica 28 settembre 14
F Ronga RICAP 2014 Noto
F Ronga
Quark nuggets and dark matter
1
• quark and antiquark nuggets (nuclearites as particular example)
Outline
domenica 28 settembre 14
F Ronga RICAP 2014 Noto
F Ronga
Quark nuggets and dark matter
1
• quark and antiquark nuggets (nuclearites as particular example)
• meteors, the Tunguska event (Siberia 1908)
Outline
domenica 28 settembre 14
F Ronga RICAP 2014 Noto
F Ronga
Quark nuggets and dark matter
1
• quark and antiquark nuggets (nuclearites as particular example)
• meteors, the Tunguska event (Siberia 1908)
• meteors from space (JEM-EUSO)
Outline
domenica 28 settembre 14
F Ronga RICAP 2014 Noto
F Ronga
Quark nuggets and dark matter
1
• quark and antiquark nuggets (nuclearites as particular example)
• meteors, the Tunguska event (Siberia 1908)
• meteors from space (JEM-EUSO)
• upper limits of a nuclearite search in resonant gravitational wave bar detectors (Nautilus Explorer ~ 11 years useful live-time)
Outline
domenica 28 settembre 14
F Ronga RICAP 2014 Noto
D.M. and Quark nuggets
2
domenica 28 settembre 14
F Ronga RICAP 2014 Noto
D.M. and Quark nuggets
2
• No clear evidence of Dark Matter from particle experiments up to now (hints from DAMA, Pamela, AMS....)
domenica 28 settembre 14
F Ronga RICAP 2014 Noto
D.M. and Quark nuggets
2
• No clear evidence of Dark Matter from particle experiments up to now (hints from DAMA, Pamela, AMS....) • No evidence for new physics from LHC ==>> classical WIMP/neutralino scenario in trouble?
domenica 28 settembre 14
F Ronga RICAP 2014 Noto
D.M. and Quark nuggets
2
• No clear evidence of Dark Matter from particle experiments up to now (hints from DAMA, Pamela, AMS....) • No evidence for new physics from LHC ==>> classical WIMP/neutralino scenario in trouble?
domenica 28 settembre 14
F Ronga RICAP 2014 Noto
D.M. and Quark nuggets
2
• No clear evidence of Dark Matter from particle experiments up to now (hints from DAMA, Pamela, AMS....) • No evidence for new physics from LHC ==>> classical WIMP/neutralino scenario in trouble?
• Objects with gravitation only interactions?. Very big objects (MACHO’s) excluded by astronomical observations (for example microlensing experiments sensitive to Mass > 10-7 Msun < 10-3 Msun)
domenica 28 settembre 14
F Ronga RICAP 2014 Noto
D.M. and Quark nuggets
2
• No clear evidence of Dark Matter from particle experiments up to now (hints from DAMA, Pamela, AMS....) • No evidence for new physics from LHC ==>> classical WIMP/neutralino scenario in trouble?
• Objects with gravitation only interactions?. Very big objects (MACHO’s) excluded by astronomical observations (for example microlensing experiments sensitive to Mass > 10-7 Msun < 10-3 Msun)
•Another possibility is that DM is due to very heavy particles
domenica 28 settembre 14
F Ronga RICAP 2014 Noto
D.M. and Quark nuggets
2
• No clear evidence of Dark Matter from particle experiments up to now (hints from DAMA, Pamela, AMS....) • No evidence for new physics from LHC ==>> classical WIMP/neutralino scenario in trouble?
• Objects with gravitation only interactions?. Very big objects (MACHO’s) excluded by astronomical observations (for example microlensing experiments sensitive to Mass > 10-7 Msun < 10-3 Msun)
•Another possibility is that DM is due to very heavy particles Φ =ρDM vDM/Μ
domenica 28 settembre 14
F Ronga RICAP 2014 Noto
D.M. and Quark nuggets
2
• No clear evidence of Dark Matter from particle experiments up to now (hints from DAMA, Pamela, AMS....) • No evidence for new physics from LHC ==>> classical WIMP/neutralino scenario in trouble?
• Objects with gravitation only interactions?. Very big objects (MACHO’s) excluded by astronomical observations (for example microlensing experiments sensitive to Mass > 10-7 Msun < 10-3 Msun)
•Another possibility is that DM is due to very heavy particles Φ =ρDM vDM/Μ usual WIMPS detectors of a few square meter are not sensitive to
domenica 28 settembre 14
F Ronga RICAP 2014 Noto
D.M. and Quark nuggets
2
• No clear evidence of Dark Matter from particle experiments up to now (hints from DAMA, Pamela, AMS....) • No evidence for new physics from LHC ==>> classical WIMP/neutralino scenario in trouble?
• Objects with gravitation only interactions?. Very big objects (MACHO’s) excluded by astronomical observations (for example microlensing experiments sensitive to Mass > 10-7 Msun < 10-3 Msun)
•Another possibility is that DM is due to very heavy particles Φ =ρDM vDM/Μ usual WIMPS detectors of a few square meter are not sensitive to high mass particles..M~4 10-3 gr. ==> Φ~1 ev/year/m2
domenica 28 settembre 14
F Ronga RICAP 2014 Noto
D.M. and Quark nuggets examples
3
domenica 28 settembre 14
F Ronga RICAP 2014 Noto
D.M. and Quark nuggets examples
3
• for recent updates: Kyle Lawson ISVHECRI 2014 CERN, Labun,L.,Birrell,J.,Rafelski,J Compact Ultradense Matter Impactors. Phys.Rev.Lett.110,111102 (2013)
domenica 28 settembre 14
F Ronga RICAP 2014 Noto
D.M. and Quark nuggets examples
3
• for recent updates: Kyle Lawson ISVHECRI 2014 CERN, Labun,L.,Birrell,J.,Rafelski,J Compact Ultradense Matter Impactors. Phys.Rev.Lett.110,111102 (2013)
• If hadronic matter can be squeezed to sufficient density it can form stable nuggets of Color Super Conductivity, in which quarks form cooper pairs. Mass should be in the range 10-3 gr. 109 gr., 10-6< R < 103 cm
domenica 28 settembre 14
F Ronga RICAP 2014 Noto
D.M. and Quark nuggets examples
3
• for recent updates: Kyle Lawson ISVHECRI 2014 CERN, Labun,L.,Birrell,J.,Rafelski,J Compact Ultradense Matter Impactors. Phys.Rev.Lett.110,111102 (2013)
• If hadronic matter can be squeezed to sufficient density it can form stable nuggets of Color Super Conductivity, in which quarks form cooper pairs. Mass should be in the range 10-3 gr. 109 gr., 10-6< R < 103 cm• In order to solve the matter - anti matter asymmetry Lawson suggest that quark nuggets are formed together with anti-quark nuggets ( not observed up to now due the small flux)
domenica 28 settembre 14
F Ronga RICAP 2014 Noto
D.M. and Quark nuggets examples
3
• for recent updates: Kyle Lawson ISVHECRI 2014 CERN, Labun,L.,Birrell,J.,Rafelski,J Compact Ultradense Matter Impactors. Phys.Rev.Lett.110,111102 (2013)
• If hadronic matter can be squeezed to sufficient density it can form stable nuggets of Color Super Conductivity, in which quarks form cooper pairs. Mass should be in the range 10-3 gr. 109 gr., 10-6< R < 103 cm• In order to solve the matter - anti matter asymmetry Lawson suggest that quark nuggets are formed together with anti-quark nuggets ( not observed up to now due the small flux)
•current limits on anti-quark nuggets~40 gr. (Anita Ice-cube ecc.)
domenica 28 settembre 14
F Ronga RICAP 2014 Noto
Nuclearite : a neutral quark nugget with strange quarks
4
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F Ronga RICAP 2014 Noto
Nuclearite : energy loss
5
• Nuclearite :energy loss by elastic collision
• Other quark nuggets (charged or with anti-quark) will have energy loss >> than nuclearite (additional energy loss by ionization or annihilation)
domenica 28 settembre 14
F Ronga RICAP 2014 Noto
Search for quark or anti-quark nuggets with earthquakes (moon or earth)
6
• The moon is more quiet than the Earth : limit by the total seismic energy• Moon search with the Apollo seismic network. 28 shallow moonquakes events. But 23/28 are when the moon faces RA 12hFrohlich, C., Y. Nakamura. Possible extra-Solar-System cause for certain lunar seismic events, Icarus 185, 21-28, 2006.
from Banerdt et al Nucl. Phys B 166 (2007)
domenica 28 settembre 14
F Ronga RICAP 2014 Noto
Search for quark or anti-quark nuggets with earthquakes (moon or earth)
6
• The moon is more quiet than the Earth : limit by the total seismic energy• Moon search with the Apollo seismic network. 28 shallow moonquakes events. But 23/28 are when the moon faces RA 12hFrohlich, C., Y. Nakamura. Possible extra-Solar-System cause for certain lunar seismic events, Icarus 185, 21-28, 2006.
6.
• Earth search : in 2002 there was a claim of a nuclearite candidates.Later, problems in the timing discovered==> No candidates in 4 years• Seismic search for strange quark nuggets Eugene T. Herrin, Doris C. Rosenbaum (Southern Methodist U.), Vigdor L. Teplitz (NASA, Goddard). Phys.Rev. D73 (2006) 043511
from Banerdt et al Nucl. Phys B 166 (2007)
domenica 28 settembre 14
F Ronga RICAP 2014 Noto
Tunguska event: antiquark nugget?
7
Tunguska Dark Matter BallC.D. Froggatt (Glasgow U.) , H.B. Nielsen (Bohr Inst.)
Mar 27, 2014 - 61 pages
1 e-Print: arXiv:1403.7177 [hep-ph] | PDFAbstract (arXiv)It is suggested that the Tunguska event in June 1908 cm-large was due to a cm-large ball of a condensate of bound states of 6 top and 6 anti-top quarks containing highly compressed ordinary matter. Such balls are supposed to make up the dark matter as we earlier proposed. The expected rate of impact of this kind of dark matter ball with the earth seems to crudely match a time scale of 200 years between the impacts. The main explosion of the Tunguska event is explained in our picture as material coming out from deep within the earth, where it has been heated and compressed by the ball penetrating to a depth of several thousand km. Thus the effect has some similarity with volcanic activity as suggested by Kundt. We discuss the possible identification of kimberlite pipes with earlier Tunguska-like events. A discussion of how the dark matter balls may have formed in the early universe is also given.
• Meteors produces an explosion and a crater at the surface • Dense antiquark balls should penetrate in the Earth and produces several small craters from materials coming out from the deep
Meteor craters on the Moon
domenica 28 settembre 14
F Ronga RICAP 2014 Noto8
Outline• quark and antiquark nuggets (nuclearites as particular example)
• meteors, the Tunguska event (Siberia 1908)
• meteors from space (JEM-EUSO)
• upper limits of a nuclearite search in resonant gravitational wave bar detectors (Nautilus Explorer ~ 11 years useful livetime)
domenica 28 settembre 14
F Ronga RICAP 2014 Noto9
Meteors and Nuclearites in JEM-EUSO(Japan) =>> K EUSO (Russia)
M. Bertaina A..Cellino,F.Ronga JEM-EUSO Meteor and nuclearite observations Exp Astronomy DOI 10.1007/s10686-014-9375-4
domenica 28 settembre 14
F Ronga RICAP 2014 Noto
Meteors and Nuclearites in JEM-EUSO
107
Meteor of the Perseids observed from ISS (Aug. 2011)
JEM-EUSO on ISS
• Beginning point: ~ 75 ¹ 120 km• End point: ~ 30 ¹ 70 km• Duration: ~ 0.5 ¹ 3 s• Length: ~ 10 ¹ 20 km• Type: sporadic, showers (~ 25% obs.
meteors)• Frequency: ~ 5 ¹ 100 per hour
• (up to thousands during meteor storms)
domenica 28 settembre 14
F Ronga RICAP 2014 Noto
Nuclearites in JEM-EUSO
11
domenica 28 settembre 14
F Ronga RICAP 2014 Noto
Nuclearites in JEM-EUSO
11
• special acquisition for slow events, limitations from the data rate
• Nuclearites produce light in the atmosphere by thermal radiation.No mass ablation==>>The light emission is constant
• Light emission starts at h : 24 -60 km
domenica 28 settembre 14
F Ronga RICAP 2014 Noto
Nuclearites in JEM-EUSO
11
• special acquisition for slow events, limitations from the data rate
• Nuclearites produce light in the atmosphere by thermal radiation.No mass ablation==>>The light emission is constant
• Light emission starts at h : 24 -60 km
Criteria to identify nuclearites:• speed : meteors up to 70 km/sec nuclearites ~300 km/sec• light profile and light starting point, most of the meteors doesn’t reach earth (due to the mass ablation)• nuclearites of mass > 0.1 gr. could cross the Earth , upward-going events
domenica 28 settembre 14
F Ronga RICAP 2014 Noto12
14
Nuclearites and JEMNuclearites and JEM--EUSO SensitivityEUSO Sensitivity
12
3
1) up-ward going nuclearitem = 20 g , v = 250 km/s, θθθθ = 45°
2) down-ward going nuclearitem = 20 g , v = 250 km/s, θθθθ = 45°
3) MeteorM = -1 v = 70 km/s , θθθθ = 45°
Light profile
Apparent motion
1
2
3
time(s)
phot
ons
time(s)
θ (
θ (
θ (
θ (a
rcse
c)
Nuclearites are much faster than meteors !!!
Nuclearite and meteor simulations in JEM-EUSO
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F Ronga RICAP 2014 Noto
Nuclearites Upper Limits in in JEM-EUSO(24h live-time)
13
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F Ronga RICAP 2014 Noto14
Outline• quark and antiquark nuggets (nuclearites as particular example)
• meteors, the Tunguska event (Siberia 1908)
• meteors from space (JEM-EUSO)
• upper limits of a nuclearite search in resonant gravitational wave bar detectors (Nautilus Explorer ~ 11 years useful live-time)
domenica 28 settembre 14
F Ronga RICAP 2014 Noto
Cylindrical resonant Gravitational Waves detector: Nautilus (in continuos run from 2003)
15
Liquid Helium
domenica 28 settembre 14
F Ronga RICAP 2014 Noto
Cylindrical resonant Gravitational Waves detector: Nautilus (in continuos run from 2003)
15
Liquid Helium
Al 2036 bar 2300 Kg L=3 m r=0.3m
domenica 28 settembre 14
F Ronga RICAP 2014 Noto
Cylindrical resonant Gravitational Waves detector: Nautilus (in continuos run from 2003)
15
Liquid Helium
Al 2036 bar 2300 Kg L=3 m r=0.3m
Cross section : 2 aluminum shields,
container for helium 2000 liters
domenica 28 settembre 14
F Ronga RICAP 2014 Noto
Cylindrical resonant Gravitational Waves detector: Nautilus (in continuos run from 2003)
15
Liquid Helium
Al 2036 bar 2300 Kg L=3 m r=0.3m
Cross section : 2 aluminum shields,
container for helium 2000 liters
Mechanical suspension: shields are suspended in a chains and copper wire around the bar
260 db @ 1 kHz
domenica 28 settembre 14
F Ronga RICAP 2014 Noto
Cylindrical resonant Gravitational Waves detector: Nautilus (in continuos run from 2003)
15
Liquid Helium
Al 2036 bar 2300 Kg L=3 m r=0.3m
Cross section : 2 aluminum shields,
container for helium 2000 liters
Mechanical suspension: shields are suspended in a chains and copper wire around the bar
260 db @ 1 kHzReadout : capacitive
transducer with SQUID and 5kHz ADC
domenica 28 settembre 14
F Ronga RICAP 2014 Noto
Nuclearite detection by thermo-acoustic effect in the bar
16
€
δT =δEρCV0
€
δp = γδEV0
γ =3α
ρ kCv
k = 3* (1− 2* pois) /Y
Interaction of a nuclearite with a bar: energy lost is converted in thermal heating and therefore pressure wave
γ Grunesein parameter Y = Young module, C= specific heat, α linear thermal expansion coefficient, pois=Poisson module
Verified with a dedicated experiment on a particle beam (RAP)
domenica 28 settembre 14
F Ronga RICAP 2014 Noto
Nuclearite detection by thermo-acoustic effect in the bar
16
€
δT =δEρCV0
€
δp = γδEV0
γ =3α
ρ kCv
k = 3* (1− 2* pois) /Y
Interaction of a nuclearite with a bar: energy lost is converted in thermal heating and therefore pressure wave
γ Grunesein parameter Y = Young module, C= specific heat, α linear thermal expansion coefficient, pois=Poisson module
Verified with a dedicated experiment on a particle beam (RAP)Bar is like a 2.3 Ton bolometer; detection
mechanism simpler than the one based on the light emission or on track etch
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F Ronga RICAP 2014 Noto
Data analysis
17
• data from : EXPLORER (CERN) 2003 - 2010, NAUTILUS (2003-2013), similar acquisitions and data analysis.• two different analysis (from different peoples)
Analysis presented here :• selection of data with Enoise < 2.0 mKelvin, good SQUID calibration, run length>10 h• focus on the Nautilus 2011 2012 2013 data, due to the higher quality of the data. Results for E< 4 Kelvin are for Nautilus 2011 2012 2013 only. At higher energies all data are used• for Nautilus 2011 -2012 -2013 further event cleaning removing
a) burst of eventsb) event shapes based on the ADC signal and theoutput of the optimal filter (possible only for high energy eventsc) events with big seismic activity
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F Ronga RICAP 2014 Noto
Nuclearite efficiencies and simulation
18
Note that there is no intrinsic detector limitation in beta
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F Ronga RICAP 2014 Noto
Results
19
Vibrational Energy(Kelvin)
Nautilus 2011-2013: 391 events E>0.1 (Kelvin) in 878.5 days
10TeV
Simulation m=1.5 ngr.β=10-3
Data
domenica 28 settembre 14
F Ronga RICAP 2014 Noto
Results
19
Vibrational Energy(Kelvin)
Nautilus 2011-2013: 391 events E>0.1 (Kelvin) in 878.5 days
10TeV
Flux limits (90%)(optimum interval method)
Simulation m=1.5 ngr.β=10-3
Data
domenica 28 settembre 14
F Ronga RICAP 2014 Noto
Nautilus and Explorer Nuclearite upper limits
20
• Other experiments above sea level using track etch detectors have obtained lower limits. • The interest in this search is the “more robust” calorimetric technique (calibrated on a beam)
domenica 28 settembre 14
F Ronga RICAP 2014 Noto
Summary
21
• very heavy quark and antiquark nuggets could be DM constituents
• the study of meteor is interesting for this search.
In the Space : is an interesting by-product of detectors developed for high energy cosmic raysOn the Earth : the development of cheap and fast video-camera open interesting opportunity.On the Moon : with future missions and with the current observations of flashes due to meteor impacts (NASA program)
• Resonant GW bar detectors at sea level excludes nuclearites as main component of the Galactic Dark matter for mass between 10-13 and 10-4 gr. Calibrated calorimetric technique.
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Backup
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F Ronga RICAP 2014 Noto
Event shape example (NAUTILUS)
2319
-2000
-1500
-1000
-500
0
500
1000
1500
2000
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
AD
C u
nits
t - t_ev (s)
’eiu_i2.hn1303002.c01’
ADC Optimum filter
Good (cosmic r
ay shower)
Bad (probably elect
rical noise)
A good event should be a mechanical excitation of the bar, with a decay time of a ~300 sec on the ADC
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The largest event (June 2013)
ADC samplings
Volt
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F Ronga RICAP 2014 Noto
Anti-quark nuggets search using optical flashes on the Moon
25
http://www.nasa.gov/centers/marshall/news/lunar/publications.html#.VBrFN-dD-kK
• Nasa program to observe Lunar flashes due to meteors impact with terrestrial optical telescope
• Public data are in http://www.nasa.gov/centers/marshall/pdf/155422main_ALAMO_lunar_impact_observations301.pdf
• An anti-quark nugget of mass ~> 10kg should cross the Moon andshould give ~ coincident flashes • Looked to the data (60 sec window)) found 6 double flashes all belongingto known meteor showers (5 to the Gemini)
Current limit will improve with time
domenica 28 settembre 14
domenica 28 settembre 14
REL=fraction of energy deposited near track. When the incoming particle has a velocity ßc < 10 -2 c the REL coincides with the total energy loss in the medium. For particles with ßc > 10-2c, the REL is a fraction of the electronic energy loss, leading to δ rays with energies lower than Emax, with Emax= 200 eV for CR39® and 350 eV for Lexan, respectively.
domenica 28 settembre 14
domenica 28 settembre 14
A fundamental book on strange quark matter!!
A strange particle produced in LHC could “eat” the Earth !!!
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domenica 28 settembre 14
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