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Shale Gas:Sviluppo di specifiche tecnologieinnovative nel campo della esplorazionee produzione
Fabio BrambillaSr. Geoscientist
Baker Hughes, Continental Europe
Fabio.brambilla@bakerhughes.com
TOPICS
•Reserves vs Resources
•The shale gas unconventional reservoir and itsexploitation
•Understand shale gas reservoir
– Collect data
– Analyze data
•Put shale gas reservoir in production
– Well design
– Drill the well
– Completion
2
3
Reserves vs Resources
I D E N T I F I E D
U N D I S C O V E R E D
Economic
Subeconomic
Petrophy.Well Eng.
Gas market
GeologicalGeophysicalKnowledge
4
Innovation increases Reserves
Economic
Subeconomic
I D E N T I F I E D
Petrophy.Well Eng.
Gas market
U N D I S C O V E R E D
The Shale Gas Reservoir• Unconventional natural gas reservoir composed of fine-grained
sedimentary rocks, dominated by shale containing clay and otherminerals like quartz, calcite
• No trap - gas sourced and remains in same rock
• Total Organic Carbon (TOC) , Thermal Maturity, Mineralogy,and Natural Fractures are Key- Micro-Porosity & micro/nanoDarcy-Permeability, secondary permeability
• Gas stored in three ways:1. Free Gas
a. In rock matrix microporosity
b. In natural fractures
2. Sorbed Gasa. Adsorbed on organic and mineral surfaces w/in nat Fracturesb. Absorbed on organic and mineral surfaces w/in matrix
3. Dissolved - In HC liquids present (bitumen)
Total Gas (GIP) = Free + Sorbed + Dissolved
5
Developing Shale Gas
•Two Key Elements of economic shale gas development:1. Horizontal Wells2. Multi-Stage Fracturing Shales must be fracture stimulated to produce commercially
(These two keys maximize reservoir volume connected to the well)
• All Shale Gas Reservoirs are not the same
• Vertical wells to define play, collect reservoir data
• Analyze data and design and plan development
• Horizontal wells to develop
– Laterals 3,000 - 6,000 ft (900 - 1800 m)
– Well spacing avg. 80 acres (0.323 Km2)
• Effectiveness of hydraulic fracturing determines:- Production rates- Drainage area- Recovery
6
•Collect reservoir data
– Logging while drilling(LWD)
– Wireline logging (WL)
– Coring
• necessary for
– Identify formations todrill horizontal
– Identify optimal fractureintervals
– Identify potentialbarriers for fracturecontainment
7
Baker HughesShale Gas Reservoir Evaluation Suite
BHI Shale Gas Evaluation Suite – An IntegratedPetrophysical approach to characterize highlycomplex shale gas reservoirs
GeochemistryMineralogy
Total Organic ContentLithofacies classification
Total PorositySiliceous Brittleness Index
FLeX / RockViewSpectralogMineralogy
StructuralSedimentary analyses
Stress regime
STAR / EI /CBIL/StarTrak/
Image logs
PorosityPermeabilityFluid typing
Total Organic Content
Resistivity / Density / Neutron
Fracturecharacterization
Illustration: Marcellus shale outcrop - Pennsylvania
Core analyses
PowerCORMaxCOR
Rotary core
XMAC-F1Acoustic
FracExplorerMicroseismic
MReXNMR
Dynamic & StaticGeomechanical
PropertiesPressure Gradient
Seismic studies
Basic data
Monitor fracturing
Integrated Approach to Optimizing Shale Gas Recovery
• Model Simulation Data– Image logs
– Acoustic and Geochemical logs
– Seismic data
– Advanced Microseismic data
– Production Data
•Stimulation design andproduction prediction
– 3D Geomechanics
– Geochemistry
– Seismology
– Natural Fractures
3D Geomechanics
StimulatingNatural Fractures
Microseismic
Stimulation Program
Image Data
RockView
Resistivity Cr:n7Voi lty
M2R1
0.2 2000 Neutron Porosity
(OHMM) 30
M2R2 CP.)
0.2 2000 pensity Porosity
(OHMM) 30
M2R3 Cpu) CF21 0.2 2000 Grain Dan Sity
7
0 2 2000 (OHMM)
M2RX 0.2 2000
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Natural zructure Count
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TOG
The mineralogy varies in shale gas reservoirs
BarnettHaynesvilleMontney MarcellusEagle Ford
Well designWell Profile Woodford Shale-Anadarko Basin
450 m
3130 m
3765 m
Drill faster and better
Smoother, more efficient
a century of innovation
Drilling Optimization: Barnett Shale ExampleReducing costs & Reducing footprint
Before 6 wells drilled @ 32 ft/hr
After 8 wells drilled @ 57 ft/hr
80% increase in averageROP, spud to TD
14
OPTIMIZATION• Modified PDC Bits• Model Re-design BHA - torque, drag,hydraulics
• Optimized Parameters -WOB, Rotation• Critical Speed Analysis to Reduce Vibration• Result: increase ROP
5+ days saved
1 week
Other Production Drivers:Geomechanics and Hydraulic Fracture Complexity
FracPoint™ Completion System
16
• One-trip system – 24 stages
• Rotational capabilities
• Increase reservoir productivity fracturecontrol
• Versatile system
– Primary and re-fracturing applications
– Open or cased hole and vertical orhorizontal
– Modular components – customizablesystem
• Increased reservoir contact
• Reduced CAPEX
• Minimizes surface constraints
• Minimizes footprint
FracHOOK™ Multilateral System
Planning, observation and monitoring offracturing job
Fracture Migration & Microseismic Integration
sh,maxsh,max
sh,maxsh,maxsh,minsh,min
sh,minsh,min
Horizontal Wellbores: Fracture GeometriesHorizontal Wellbores: Fracture Geometries
sh,max
sh,maxsh,min
sh,min
Horizontal Wellbores: Fracture Geometries
Fracturing esecution, monitoring and evaluation
Proppants
• Proper placement creates aconductive pathway from thereservoir to the wellbore
• Proppant is the only materialintended to remain in thereservoir after a hydraulicfracturing treatment completionand cleanup
Innovative solutions to minimize or not usewater in fracturing jobs
•FOAMED AQUASTAR® SYSTEM (US6410489)
– Two surfactant system
•VAPORFRAC® SYSTEM
•POLY CO2 FRAC SYSTEM
– 25 % gelled fluid 40% Methanol
•Aqueous Methanol Based Systems
•Hydrocarbon Based Systems
– SUPER RHEOGEL® FRAC SYSTEM - Gelled Oil
•Non-Aqueous Methanol Based Systems
– METHOFRAC® SYSTEMS
•CO2 Based Systems, Liquid CO2 / N2 Super CO2 Foam
Thank you
Grazie
22
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