facilitating learning

Competency: Apply Principles,Theories and

Laws of learning in resolving

classroom problems.

Formal education is based on the belief that the learning process can be directed and facilitated, however to direct and facilitate learning is not a simple task if the teacher has no clear understanding of the learning process.

THREE DISTINCT TYPE OF LEARNING:1.Psycho motor learning

-learning that involves the use of the senses and muscles.2.Cognitive learning

-involves the intellectual activities, using the brain or mental areas in processing learning.3.Affective learning

-involves the heart in the acquisition of attitudes, judgment and knowledge concerning values.

Children learned after they use all of their senses, to learn about the sights, sounds, tastes, and smells in their environment.

They learned further as they interact with their parents and other family members, friends, and other people important to their world.

When they enter the school, they continue to learn further the basic academic subjects like reading, writing, and mathematics.

Learners continue to learn a great deal outside the classroom, where they learned social skills as they interact, learning which behaviors are to be rewarded and which are likely to be punished.

We must learn to adapt to the many major changes that affect our lives, such as getting married, raising children, and finding and keeping a job.

As teachers we need to understand the best ways to educate our learners, making use of the principles of learning to understand how certain experiences change people’s behaviors and lives.

LEARNING IS…-the core of the teaching-learning process.-involves a particular kind of change in behavior.-the development of new associations as a result as a result of experience.-modification of an organismic behavior, a result of maturation and environmental experience.

-process inferred from relatively stable changes in behavior, through practice or interaction with the environment.

Task:construct a simple meaning of learning

from the sample definitions given.

Learning- is a process of change in behavior resulting from experience.

…Analyzing the sample definitions given, all will show that learning involves process of change in the earner’s behavior emphasizing the important role of experience, as a provider of conditions that will enhance the learning process for effective learner’s learning.

1.Children learn by doing.2.Motivation should be intrinsic and

natural, not artificial.3. Learning should be gradual and

continuous, not discrete.4. Instruction should be adapted to

individual needs.5. Natural social setting should constitute

learning situations.

6. Learning depends upon the child’s ability.7. Learning comes through sense impressions.8. The child can be best educated as a whole,

as a unit organism.9. Teacher-pupil relationships should be

cooperative.10. Education means improving the quality of

living.

3.Psychoanalytic theory -PSYCHOSEXUAL (Freud), focuses on the effect of early childhood experiences to adult’s behavior.

PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY (ERICKSON)-believed that people pass through 8

psychosocial stages in their lifetimes ,and as they grow, they face series of psychosocial crises that shape their personality:

-Each crises focuses on a particular aspect of personality and involves the persons’ relationship with others.

4.Interactionism / Cognitive theory

-Knowledge is created as children interact in their social and physical environment.

VYGOTSKY’S view of cognitive development

-believed that cognitive development is strongly linked to input from others.

PIAGET’S stages of cognitive development-believed that development precedes

learning, assuming that the child is an active organism & that development depends in large part of the child’s manipulation of and active interaction with the environment.

GARNER’S theory of multiple intelligences -believed that individuals are capable of developing at seven domains.

5.Moral Development theory (kohlberg) -When people consider moral dilemmas, it is their reasoning that is important, not their final decision. -people progress through three levels as they develop abilities of moral reasoning.

1.Behaviorism / Association theory -a theory that rooted in the philosophy of John Locke, Tabula Rasa,viewing that the mind of the child is blank at the time they were born.

BEHAVIORIST-believed that learning comes about

because person receives a reward or reinforcement for the correct response to a particular stimulus.

ASSOCIATIONIST (Thorndike)-believed that learning is the result of

association of events.

2.Nativistic theory -believed that the child will learn, if given proper time to develop. -child’s outward behavior indicate readiness.

THORNDIKE’S CONNECTIONISM THEORY-Also known as stimulus-response theory,

using the following activities;a. Situation which influences or affects the

individuals.b. The response made by the individual to

a a particular situation.

c. Connection between the situation and the

response produce by the individual in response to a particular given stimulus.

Principles of Connectionism -is the basis of Thorndike in expressing his Laws of learning.1.Law of Readiness

-states that when a person is prepared to respond or act, giving the respond is satisfying, and being prevented from doing so is annoying.

-this law is related to the law of effect and accounts for the motivational aspects of learning.

-reminds that a learner must not be forced beyond the present level of readiness to avoid acquiring some undesirable attitudes that might affect their learning capabilities.

-implies that teacher must either wait or accept the present level of readiness of the learner, but should apply motivational learning activities.

2.Law of exercise-states that constant repetition of the

response strengthened its connection to the stimulus, and disuse of the response weakened the connection with the stimulus.

-this law satisfies many educational practices such as drill, practice activity, review, examination and removal exams.

-effective use will lead to mastery of the discipline.

3.Law of Effect-states that learning is strengthened if

it results in satisfaction, but learning is weakened if it leads to annoyance.

-implies that, a person tends to repeat life experiences that has been satisfying, and tends to avoid what has been dissatisfying.

-basis in setting a classroom conducive for effective teaching-learning process.

-reminds teachers to make learners learning experience pleasant and gratifying to encourage them to love learning.

-Views learning as a result of conditioning that form the sequential relation of stimulus-response bond that brings the behavior change.-there are two prominent names in conditioning theory as they differ in their basis of response change. a. Ivan Pavlov classical conditioning

-using the adhesive principle as basis

of response change.

Adhesive principles-shows that response is attached

to the stimulus, so the recurrence of the of the stimulus will evoke or cause the response, even without reinforcement.

Theory:An individual learns when a

previously neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus until the neutral stimulus evokes a conditioned response.

tasks: 1.identify the key word and give the one common word meaning

2.What is the most commonly used word meaning of the conditioning. 3.fill up the missing expected response.

Learning paradigm

Before Neutral stimulus expected response

conditioning teacher’s command

“hands forward” ___?_____

_______________________________________________________________During Neutral Stimulus + unconditioned stimulusConditioning

teacher’s command “ hands forward + demonstration”

____?___________________________________________________________________After Conditioned StimulusConditioning

teacher’s command “hands forward

_____?____

Theory:“An individual learns the desired the desired responses because s/he is rewarded for doing so, and learns to avoid undesired responses because s/he is punished for doing so.

Response/behavior leads to repeating operant

occuring consequence avoiding behavior

Situation #1

operant behavior positive increases response

reinforcement occurrence of

Jose studied hard Increases

And got 95 in the Father gave the desire

Last test in math him P50 to study

harder

Response/behavior leads to repeating operant

occuring consequence avoiding behavior

Situation #2

operant behavior Negative Increases the

reinforcement chances of

getting high

grades,

Pete studied hard escaped home Keeps on

chores studying harder

Response/behavior leads to repeating operant

occuring consequence avoiding behavior

Situation #3

operant behavior punishment response

Ronald Shouted Received Scolding will probably

in class and detained after avoid shouting

class again

Bandura’s social learning theorytasks:

1.Incircle the key words used in the theory. 2.Fill up the expected response from the learner.

Theory: “An individual learns through observation and imitation of others.”

Learning paradigm________________________________________________

model learner(attractive, popular, competent, successful and interesting)1. Models the behavior

___________________2. Demontrates the behavior

___________________3. Continues modelling

___________________4. Praises/ grades students

___________________

Atkinson and Shiriffin’s information processing theory

task: Internalized the information given and construct a learning paradigm.

Theory: “ The individual learns when the human mind takes in information (encoding), performs operation on it, stores the information (storage/save), and retrieves it when needed (retrieval).”

1.Sensory registers - receive the large amounts of information with the use of the senses (observation), then, holds it for a very short time for initial processing for the short term memory ,and if not use, it is lost and forgotten.

2.Short term or working memory - holds the limited amount of information

and paid attention to, then organizes it for storage or for discarding and connecting to other information.

-rehearsal or repetition facilitate the holding of the information in the short term memory for transfer to the long-term memory.

3.Long term memory or active memory-keep information for long period of time &integrates it through rehearsal, elaboration, and organization with information that is already known.- executive control monitors and guides the whole process.

Sensory

register

Encoding temporary storage permanent storage

EXCESS CONTROL PROCESSES

Short-termMemory

Workingmemory

Long-termMemory

ActiveMemories

Learn(save)

retrieve

perception

Theory: “Learning occurs as the individual

develops higher level skills that build successively on lower

skills (Klausmeier)

Gagne learning paradigm

problem solving

concept learning

multiple discrimination

motor chain verbal chain

stimulus response

signal learning

Signal learning- ex. Hand command “sit down”

Stimulus-response learning - ex. Verbal command “sit down”

Motor chains/verbal chains - ex. Writing the letters of the alphabets

Discrimination learning - ex. Recognizing sound of a fire track discriminated

from other sounds..

Concept learning- ex. Identifying a triangle from other shapes and deduce commonality among different shapes.

Rule learning- ex. Making a correct response to information found in this statement “ equilateral triangles are similar in shapes.”

Problem solving- ex. Solving mathematical problems using a recalled or given formula

Theory: “An individual learns by relating newly acquired information to

what s/he already knows.”

Dimension 1 Dimension 2 Forms of Meaningful

The way by which the way the learner

Knowledge is made incorporates new

Available to the information into

Learner existing information

Receptional learning Relates To existing Meaningful

-in final form Knowledge = reception

learning

Discovery learning

-learning identifies Relates to existing meaningful

And arrives at the knowledge = discovery

Information himself learning

task:1.identify the key word/s used in the theory.2.give the one word common meaning

1.Constructivist theories of learning theory:

“ Learners must individually discover and transform complex information, checking against old rules and revising rules when they no longer work,” (Slavin)

2.Metacognitive view of learningtheories:

-“ awareness of an ability to capitalize on one’s own knowledge and thought process as applied to some specific task”

-“ Knowledge, awareness, and ability to monitor one’s own cognition”.

-“Thoughts of what we know and what we don’t know”

1.Meaningful reception learning theory (Ausubel)

a. Use advance organizers b. Use a number of examples c. Focus on both similarities and

differences

2. Meaningful Discovery learning theory (Bruner)

a. Present both examples and non-examples of the concepts

b. Help students see connections among concepts

c. Pose a question and let students try to find answer

d. Encourage students to make intuitive guesses

-A theory which maintains that the individual exists in an environmental field which is constantly changing.

-believed that learning is a process of understanding relationship by discovering and organizing concepts.

-further believed that individual’s behavior cannot be predicted by merely analyzing his habits and response tendencies.

-emphasizes cognition and insights in the giving of new meanings of a situation.

1. Achieving cognitive learning-Teaching facts, factual information, and knowledge.-Teaching concepts and principles-Developing problem solving abilities-Developing creativity

2. Achieving Psychomotor Learning-Application of principles in developing psychomotor

skills in classroom teaching3. Achieving Affective learning

-Developing attitudes and values-Application of principles in developing attitudes and

values in classroom teaching.

task:1.identify the key word/s used.2.Give the one common word meaning

of the key word/s.

1.MOTIVATION -something that energizes,

directs, and sustain behavior -something that awaken and

arouse the interest to do an action.

THEORIES OF MOTIVATIONa. Instinct theory/ Genetic pattern

-Motivation is built into every through heredity.

-It is the result of inherited and innate characteristics.b. Association theory (Thorndike)

-Deprivation of need will cause the individual to act to

satisfy the need.

c .Psycho-Analytic or drive theory (Freud)-Individuals behave as they do because

their early experiences drive them instinctively to do so. d. Humanistic or Need gratification theory

-An individual does something to satisfy deficiency needs

e. Cognitive theory ( Hunt)-Man is rational and consciously decides

what he will and he will not do. -Motives, curiosity, intentions, motive to

achieve success and goals activate and direct the individual to do action.

f. Attribution theory (Heidereck)People seek to understand why they

succeed or fail

g. Self-efficacy theory (Bandura)-The key to individual achievements lies

with the learner’s own belief in his ability to organize and execute actions

required for a successful performance (Borich).

h. Self-determination theory (deci)-An attitude of determination is the

foundation for motivated behaviorKinds of Motivation:Task:-Differentiate intrinsic motivation from extrinsic?

2.RETENTIONRetention- occurs when learning have been incorporated into the learner’s behavior pattern, retained, and rememberedForgetting- occurs when the brain trace which is the physical record of memory fades away.

Task: “ what causes forgetting?”

3.TRANSFERTransfer of learning- application of knowledge learned in one situation to a new or different situation.

Task: 1.Identify the key word used in the concept.2.Give the one word common meaning of the key word used.

1.Formal discipline theory-Faculties of the mind such as memory, reason, will, and imagination could be strengthened through practice.

2.Identical elements theory-Elements such as facts, skills, and methods present in the original learning situation must be present in the new learning

3.Generalization theory-Use of principles in new situations.

4.Transposition/ transfiguration theory-Understanding of the relationships among facts, processes, and principles become the bases of transfer.