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Diabetes
Family Medicine Board Review
Sarah Kim, MD Assistant Clinical Professor of Clinical Medicine, UCSF
Division of Endocrinology, SFGH
March 10, 2016
No disclosures
Diabetes Test Topics
• Majority Type 2 Diabetes (vs. Type 1)
• Medications – mechanism of action, contraindications
• Standards of care (CVD risk reduction, etc)
• Treatment of complications
• Newest medications & recommendations unlikely to be on the test
3
Case #1
4
64 yom with HTN, CAD, CHF and hyper-TG with a prior episode of pancreatitis is found to have a random plasma glucose of 205 mg/dl on labs obtained for another reason. An A1C was obtained and was 6.4%. The patient has no symptoms such as polyuria, polydipsia or polyphagia.
Does he meet the criteria for the diagnosis of diabetes?
Diagnosis of Diabetes & Pre-diabetes
Pre-Diabetes Criteria Diabetes Criteria*
Fasting Glucose 100-125 mg/dL ≥ 126 mg/dL
2 hour post 75g OGTT
140-199 mg/dL ≥ 200 mg/dL
Random glucose N/A ≥ 200 with symptoms of hyperglycemia
HbA1c 5.7-6.4%** ≥ 6.5%**
*unless unequivocally hyperglycemic, results should be confirmed with another or repeat test **in absence of anemia or hemoglobinopathy
Diabetes Care, Vol 35, Supp 1, 2012
Case #1 continued
6
You obtain a fasting BG which is 154 mg/dl confirming the
diagnosis of diabetes mellitus for which he has a strong family
history. You obtain further labs and plan to start treatment.
LABS: A1C = 6.4%, 140 111 28
4.5 28 2.5
MEDS:
• furosemide 40 mg BID
• KCl 20 meq
• ASA 81 mg
• lisinopril 40 mg
• metoprolol 100 mg BID
EXAM: 100 kg; BMI 32; BP 145/95
sitting, 120/84 standing
• Lungs: CTA
• CV: S3 gallop
• Ext: 1+ edema, feet with no
ulcerations, normal monofilament
exam
Lipids: TC 350;LDL NC;HDL 22;TG 505
eGFR 44
Case #1
7
Which of the following medications would be the most
appropriate initial therapy for this patient’s DM2?
A. metformin
B. bromocriptine
C. colesevalem
D. pioglitazone
E. glipizide
F. exenatide
Case #1
8
Which of the following medications would be the most
appropriate initial therapy for this patient’s DM2?
A. metformin
B. bromocriptine
C. colesevalem
D. pioglitazone
E. glipizide
F. exenatide
Non Diabetic
T2DM
T1DM
Beta Cell Loss in Diabetes
Sulfonylureas • Mechanism: binds ATP-dependent K+ channels on
surface of beta cells opening voltage gated Ca++ channels release of insulin.
• Lower A1C 1-2% • Advantages
– Long history of use & cheap
• Disadvantages – Weight gain ( 2 kg) – Hypoglycemia – Must be dose reduced in renal and liver – Ongoing, unsettled debate on whether SU’s increase CV
mortality
10
Sulfonylureas
2nd generation Duration Daily Dose
Glipizide
6-12hr (XL version= 24 hr)
2.5-20mg once daily or 2 divided doses
Glyburide 20-24hr 2.5-10mg once daily
Glimepiride 24hr 2-4 mg once daily
1st generation Duration Daily Dose
Chlorpropamide 24-72hr 250-500mg once daily
Tolbutamide 6-12hr 500-2000 mg in 2-3 divided doses
Tolazamide 10-24hr 100-500mg daily
U. Masharani and M. German, Ch 18 Pancreatic Hormones and Diabetes Mellitus. In: D Shoback and D Gardner (editors): Greenspan’s Basic and Clinical Endocrinology, 8th edi. McGraw Hill 2007.
Meglitinides
• Enhances insulin release like sulfonylureas
• Repaglinide lowers A1C 1-1.5%; Nateglinide 0.2-0.6%
• Advantages:
– Short acting (take 15 minutes prior to meals)
– Repaglinide undergoes little renal clearance
• Disadvantages
– qAC dosing
– Hypoglycemia (less than sulfonylureas)
– More expensive than SU
12
Meglitinides
Drug Duration of Action Daily Dose
Nateglinide 1.5 hr 60-120mg qAC
Repaglinide 3 hr 0.5-2mg qAC
U. Masharani and M. German, Ch 18 Pancreatic Hormones and Diabetes Mellitus. In: D Shoback and D Gardner (editors): Greenspan’s Basic and Clinical Endocrinology, 8th edi. McGraw Hill 2007.
Sulfonylureas Meglitinides
Biguanides
Biguanides (Metformin) • Inhibits hepatic gluconeogenesis & increases peripheral insulin
sensitivity • Lowers A1C 1.5-2% • Advantages:
– Weight loss (0-2 kg) – Lowers TG, LDLc; Increases HDLc – No hypoglycemia when used alone – Long history of use and cheap – CVD and cancer benefit?
• Disadvantages – Majority of patients with GI side effects (titrate slowly) – Impaired B12 absorption (5% or more of patients) – Reputation for risk of lactic acidosis (risk=small/non-existent?)
15
Metformin
16
Biguanide Duration Daily Dosing
Metformin 7-12 hr • 1000-2250mg in 2-3 divided doses
XR version 24 hrs • 500-2000mg nightly
U. Masharani and M. German, Ch 18 Pancreatic Hormones and Diabetes Mellitus. In: D Shoback and D Gardner (editors): Greenspan’s Basic and Clinical Endocrinology, 8th edi. McGraw Hill 2007.
Metformin Contraindications:
• Renal insufficiency – PA still says creatinine ≥1.5 men, ≥ 1.4 in women or abnormal Cr Cl
– Will hopefully be updated
• End stage liver disease (ok in mild-mod cirrhosis)
• Iodinated contrast
– Discontinue within 48 hrs of exposure
• Excessive alcohol use-
• Elderly (≥80 yo unless normal renal function)
• Severe or acute CVD- particularly unstable CHF or AMI
Sulfonylureas Meglitinides
TZDs
Biguanides
Thiazolidinediones (TZD) • Activate PPAR-, improve insulin sensitivity by altering gene
transcription (takes 8-12 weeks for max effect) • Lower A1C 0.5-1.4% • CVD risk possibly increased with rosiglitazone & decreased with
pioglitazone • Advantages:
– Improves decreases TG, increases in HDL (pioglitazone) – No hypoglycemia when used alone
19
TZDs
Drug Duration Dosing
Pioglitazone 24 hr 15-45 mg qDay
Rosiglitazone 24 hr 4-8 mg qDay or BID
U. Masharani and M. German, Ch 18 Pancreatic Hormones and Diabetes Mellitus. In: D Shoback and D Gardner (editors): Greenspan’s Basic and Clinical Endocrinology, 8th edi. McGraw Hill 2007.
TZDs Adverse Event Frequency Increased Risk vs Placebo
Edema 5% 2 fold
Congestive Heart Failure 5% 2-7 fold
Weight Gain 60% +0.5-4 kg
Fractures 2-5% 2 fold
Bladder Cancer 0.3% 20%
Sulfonylureas Meglitinides
TZDs
Biguanides
SGLT2 inhibitors
Sodium Glucose Co-Transporter 2 Inhibitors
• Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) plays a major role in renal glucose reabsorption in proximal tubule
• Renal glucose reabsorption is increased in type 2 diabetes
• Selective inhibition of SGLT2 increases urinary glucose excretion, reducing blood glucose
J Intern Med. 2007;261:32-43.
SGLT1
(180 L/day) (900 mg/L)=162 g/day
10%
Glucose
No Glucose
S1
S3
Renal Handling of Glucose
SGLT2
90%
J Intern Med. 2007;261:32-43.
Endocr Pract. 2008;14:782-790
Glucosuria ↑ 52-85 g/day
FPG ↓ 16-30 mg/dL
PPG ↓ 23-29 mg/dL
Body weight ↓ 2.2-3.2 kg (↓ 2.5%-3.4%)
Urine volume ↑ 107-470 mL/day
List JF, et al. Diabetes Care. 2009;32:650-657.
Dapagliflozin: Glucosuric and
Metabolic Effects
SGLT2 Inhibitors
• Lowers A1C about 0.6-1% at max dose • No hypoglycemia when used alone or with MF • Advantages
– Weight loss 2.5-4 kg – Decrease in SBP 5 mmHg – CV mortality benefit – Reduces albuminuria
• Disadvantages – Increased mycotic genital infections in men (4%) and women (10%) – UTIs (5%) – Bladder cancer concern – Polyuria, presyncope/sycope, fractures – Increases Cr, decreases eGFR (contraindicated in lower GFR),
hyperkalemia – $$$
SGLT2 Inhibitors
Duration Dose
Canagliflozin* 24 hrs 100-300mg daily
Dapagliflozin* 24 hrs 5-10mg daily
Empagliflozin* 24 hrs 10-25 mg daily
* Renal dosing/contraindicated in renal failure
Case #1 continued
28
64 yom with HTN, CAD, CHF and hyperTG with a prior episode of
pancreatitis is found to have a random plasma glucose of 205
mg/dl on labs obtained for another reason. The patient has no
symptoms such as polyuria, polydipsia or polyphagia.
LABS: A1C = 8.8%, 140 111 28
4.5 28 2.5
MEDS:
• furosemide 40 mg BID
• KCl 20 meq
• ASA 81 mg
• lisinopril 40 mg
• metoprolol 100 mg BID
EXAM: 100 kg; BMI 32; BP145/94
• Lungs: CTA
• CV: S3 gallop
• Ext: 1+ edema, feet with no
ulcerations, normal monofilament
exam
Lipids: TC 350;LDL NC;HDL 22;TG 505
eGFR 44
Case #1
29
Which choice below would be the most appropriate
initial therapy for this patient’s DM2?
A. metformin
B. glyburide
C. canagliflozin
D. pioglitazone
E. glipizide
F. exenatide
Case #2
30
54 yow with DM2 diagnosed 7 years ago presents to you for f/u complaining of increasing hypoglycemia and several URIs. At your last visit you added sitigliptin (Januvia) to her medications for an A1C of 7.6% and persistent SMBG values in the 200s.
Which of the following statements is true? The addition of sitigliptin:
A. Did not contribute to hypoglycemia B. Should have been dose adjusted for renal insufficiency C. Was not related to the increased number of URIs D. Typically results in a 1-2 kg weight loss
DM MEDS: metformin 1 gm BID glyburide 10 mg daily sitagliptin 100 mg daily
LABS: A1C = 7.0%, 140 111 28 4.5 28 1.5 eGFR is 45 ml/min
Case #2
31
54 yow with DM2 diagnosed 7 years ago presents to you for f/u
complaining of increasing hypoglycemia and several URIs. At
your last visit you added sitigliptin (Januvia) to her medications
for an A1C of 7.6% and persistent SMBG values in the 200s.
Which of the following statements is true? The addition of sitigliptin:
A. Did not contribute to hypoglycemia
B. Should have been dose adjusted for renal insufficiency
C. Was not related to the increased number of URIs
D. Typically results in a 2-3 kg weight loss
DM MEDS:
metformin 1 gm BID
glyburide 10 mg daily
sitagliptin 100 mg daily
LABS: A1C = 7.0%, 140 111 28
4.5 28 1.5
eGFR is 45 ml/min
Sulfonylureas Meglitinides
GLP-1 Agonists DPP-4 Inhibitors α-glucosidase Inhibitors Bile Acid Sequestrants
TZDs
Biguanides
SGLT2 inhibitors
The Incretin Effect
33
What Incretins Do
Incretins: -Enhance insulin secretion -Suppress glucagon secetion -Slow gastric emptying -Promote satiety
J Fam Med. October 2009 Vol. 58, No. 10
GLP-1 Analogs
• Resistant to degradation by DPP4 and have a long half-life
• Lower HbA1C 0.5-1.5%
• Advantages:
– Weight loss (2-3 kg); less hypoglycemia
• Disadvantages:
– Injectable
– GI Side Effects (nausea, vomiting)
– Pancreatitis, medullary thyroid cancer?
35
DPP-4 Inhibitors • Increases GLP-1 and GIP levels
• Lowers A1C 0.5-0.8%
• Use in conjunction with other oral hypoglycemic agents in DM2 or as monotherapy
• Advantages:
– Oral, weight neutral
• Disadvantages:
– $$
– Increased incidence of URI, nasophyrngitis (mechanism?)
36
Incretin-based therapies
GLP-1 Agonists Duration Daily Dose
Exenatide* 6hr (ER version 1 wk)
5-10mcg BID subcut. before meals (ER version 2 mg weekly)
Liraglutide 12-24 hr 0.6-1.8mg subcut. daily
Albiglutide 1 wk 30-50 mg subcut. weekly
Dulaglutide 1 wk 0.75-1.5mg weekly
DPP-4 Inhibitors
Duration Daily Dose
Sitagliptin* 24 hr 25-100mg Daily
Saxagliptin* 24 hr 2.5-5 mg Daily
Linagliptin 24 hr 5 mg Daily
Alogliptin* 24 hr 25 mg Daily
U. Masharani and M. German, Ch 18 Pancreatic Hormones and Diabetes Mellitus. In: D Shoback and D Gardner (editors): Greenspan’s Basic and Clinical Endocrinology, 8th edi. McGraw Hill 2007.
*renal dosing required
α-Glucosidase Inhibitors • Reversible competitive inhibition of a-glucosidase
difficulty breaking down disaccharides and complex carbs
• Lowers A1C 0.5-0.8% by improving postprandial glucose
• Advantages:
– No hypoglycemia when used alone; weight neutral
• Disadvantages:
– GI SE, flatulance; TID dosing
• Caution with hypoglycemia, sucrose is ineffective
38
α-Glucosidase Inhibitors
Duration Daily Dose
Acarbose 4 hr 75-300mg in 3 divided doses with meals
Miglitol 4 hr 75-300mg in 3 divided doses with meals
U. Masharani and M. German, Ch 18 Pancreatic Hormones and Diabetes Mellitus. In: D Shoback and D Gardner (editors): Greenspan’s Basic and Clinical Endocrinology, 8th edi. McGraw Hill 2007.
Bile Acid Sequestrant
• Colasevelam
• Approved for years for cholesterol lowering
• Lowers HbA1C 0.4% (mechanism largely unknown)
• Advantages:
– Lowers LDLc
• Disadvantages:
– GI side effects (bloating, cramping, constipation)
– Increases triglycerides (avoid if TG >500)
– Impairs absorption of fat soluble vitamins, digoxin, warfarin, thiazides, beta blockers, thyroxine, phenobarbital
40
HbA1c Lowering by Non-Insulin Medications
Drug AIC lowering when used as monotherapy
Metformin 1.5-2%
Sulfonylureas 1-2%
Thiazolidinediones 0.6-1.5%
GLP-1 Agonists 0.5-1.5%
Meglitinides 0.5-1.5%
SGLT2 inhibitors 0.6-1%
Lifestyle 0.5-0.8%
DPP4 inhibitors 0.5-0.8%
α-glucosidase inhibitors 0.5-0.8%
Bile acid sequestrant 0.4%
Bromocriptine < 0.2%
You are asked to see a 72 year old man with CHF (NYHA class III) with previously well controlled DM2, but now a HbA1c of 9.1%. He is on glyburide and metformin at max doses.
What is the most appropriate change to his regimen?
A. Add pioglitazone
B. Add basal insulin (NPH or glargine)
C. Add acarbose
D. Add saxagliptin
Case #3
You are asked to see a 72 year old man with CHF (NYHA class III) with previously well controlled DM2, but now a HbA1c of 9.1%. He is on glyburide and metformin at max doses.
What is the most appropriate change to his regimen?
A. Add pioglitazone
B. Add basal insulin (NPH or glargine)
C. Add acarbose
D. Add saxagliptin
Case #3
Nathan DM et al. Diab Care 2009;32:193-203
At Diagnosis:
Lifestyle and Metformin
Add
Basal Insulin Add
Sulfonylurea
Well-Validated Core Therapy for DM2
Basal Insulin
NPH Glargine Detemir
Pros 1. Variable dosing possible at different times of day
2. Can be mixed with other insulin types
1. Usually only one injection needed
2. Generally peakless
1. Variable dosing possible at different times of day
2. Mild peak
Cons 1. 2 injections/day 2. Peaks 6-8 hrs after
injection
1. Cannot be mixed with other insulin types
1. 2 injections/day 2. Cannot be mixed with
other insulin types
HbA1C ≤7% No difference between NPH, Glargine, and Detemir
Total Dose No difference between NPH, Glargine, and Detemir
Cost (www.drugstore.com)
$ $$ $$
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (2009) Issue 2. Art No CD006613
Hypoglycemia with basal insulin
Glargine or Detemir vs. NPH
Hypoglycemia ~17% less with glargine or detemir
Nocturnal Hypoglycemia ~35% less with glargine or detemir
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (2009) Issue 2. Art No CD006613
* Driven by studies with aggressive titration strategies
Nathan DM et al. Diab Care 2009;32:193-203
At Diagnosis:
Lifestyle and Metformin
Add
Basal Insulin Add
Sulfonylurea
Well-Validated Core Therapy for DM2
ADA Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes 2015
Less Well-Validated Buffet for DM2
Case #4
49
66 yom with DM2 for 5 years started on insulin 2 years ago but still
can’t get A1C below 8.0%. Patient reports no symptomatic lows.
DM Meds:
Metformin 1 gm BID
NPH 20 units am, 10 units at bedtime
Regular 5 units before each meal
What would be the best next step for improving A1C?
A. Change NPH to glargine 30 units
B. Increase morning NPH dose to 25 units
C. Increase mealtime R insulin dose to 8 units before each meal
D. Increase dinnertime R insulin to 8 units
E. Change R to aspart insulin
Time Glucose Range
Fasting 105-130
Pre-Lunch 85-155
Pre-Dinner 92-145
Bedtime 170-280
Case #4
50
66 yom with DM2 for 5 years started on insulin 2 years ago but still
can’t get A1C below 8.5%. Patient reports no symptomatic lows.
DM Meds:
Metformin 1 gm BID
NPH 20 units am, 10 units at bedtime
Regular 5 units before each meal
What would be the best next step for improving A1C?
A. Change NPH to glargine 30 units
B. Increase morning NPH dose to 25 units
C. Increase mealtime R insulin dose to 8 units before each meal
D. Increase dinnertime R insulin to 8 units
E. Change R to aspart insulin
Time Glucose Range
Fasting 105-130
Pre-Lunch 85-155
Pre-Dinner 92-145
Bedtime 170-280
Glycemic Goals in Diabetes
For Most Adults:
• Fasting Glucose 70-130 mg/dL
• Peak Post-Prandial Glucose <180 mg/dL
• HbA1c ≤7.0%
• Glycemic goals differ in: – pregnancy (lower goals)
– children, limited life expectancy, hypoglycemia unawareness, significant cardiovascular disease (higher goals)
Diabetes Care (2011) 34: s11-s61
Time Glucose Range
Fasting 105-130
Pre-Lunch 85-155
Pre-Dinner 92-145
Bedtime 170-280
Polonsky KS et al. N Engl J Med. 1988;318:1231-1239
0600 0600
Time of day
20
40
60
80
100 B L D
Normal Plasma Insulin Profile
B=breakfast; L=lunch; D=dinner
0800 1800 1200 2400
Insulin
U/mL
Basal insulin o Near-constant levels
o Important during night/between meals
o 50% or more of daily needs
Mealtime insulin o Limits hyperglycemia after meals
o Rise and peak post meal
o 10% to 20% of daily needs at
each meal
Types of Insulin
53
Basal Insulin Peak Duration
NPH 4-8 hrs 10-20hr
Glargine (U100, U300)
None 24 hr
Detemir Small 17-24 hr
Degludac U100, U200
None 42 hr
Bolus Insulin Peak Duration
Regular 2 hr 6 hr
Aspart 1 hr 3-4 hr
Lispro 1 hr 3-4 hr
Glulisine 1 hr 3-4 hr
Combination Insulin Composition
70%/30% 70% NPH 30% Regular or Aspart
75%/25%
75% NPH 25% Lispro
50%/50% 50%NPH 50% Lispro
0600 0800 1800 1200 2400 0600
Time of day
20
40
60
80
100 B L D
Basal-Bolus Insulin Treatment
Normal pattern
U/mL
NPH NPH at bedtime
0600 0800 1800 1200 2400 0600
Time of day
20
40
60
80
100 B L D
Basal-Bolus Insulin Treatment
Glargine
Normal pattern
U/mL
0600 0800 1800 1200 2400 0600
Time of day
20
40
60
80
100 B L D
Basal-Bolus Insulin Treatment
Glargine
Meal time insulin
Normal pattern
U/mL
A 64 year old woman with DM presents with worsening glycemic control. Fasting glucose values are constantly above 200. She doesnt check BS at other times of the day. Medicines include metformin 1 g BID and glipizide 10 mg BID. A1C 9.1%.
Of the options listed below, which is the most appropriate therapy for this patient?
A. Start morning NPH or glargine and discontinue all oral agents
B. Start morning NPH or glargine, maintain sulfonylurea and
discontinue metformin
C. Start bedtime NPH or insulin glargine, discontinue metformin
and continue sulfonylurea.
D. Start bedtime NPH or glargine, maintain oral agents
Case #5
A 64 year old woman with DM presents with worsening glycemic control. Fasting glucose values are constantly above 200. She doesn’t check BS at other times of the day. Medicines include metformin 1 g BID and glipizide 10 mg BID. A1C 9.1%.
Of the options listed below, which is the most appropriate therapy for this patient?
A. Start morning NPH or glargine and discontinue all oral agents
B. Start morning NPH or glargine, maintain sulfonylurea and
discontinue metformin
C. Start bedtime NPH or insulin glargine, discontinue metformin
and continue sulfonylurea.
D. Start bedtime NPH or glargine, maintain oral agents
Case #5
67 yom has had DM2 for 2 yrs treated with metformin and glipizide. He also has schizophrenia and started olanzapine 3 months ago. Since then, he gained 20 lbs and his HbA1c increased from 6.0 8.0%. What should you do to help improve his diabetic control?
a. Have a home health nurse assist him with medication compliance
b. Add pioglitazone 30mg daily to increase insulin sensitivity c. Contact the treating psychiatrist about possibly changing his
antipsychotic d. Add exenatide 10 mcg BID to assist with weight loss e. Switch from glipizide to glyburide
Case #6
67 yom has had DM2 for 2 yrs treated with metformin and glipizide. He also has schizophrenia and started olanzapine 3 months ago. Since then, he gained 20 lbs and his HbA1c increased from 6.0 8.0%. What should you do to help improve his diabetic control?
a. Have a home health nurse assist him with medication compliance
b. Add pioglitazone 30mg daily to increase insulin sensitivity c. Contact the treating psychiatrist about possibly changing his
antipsychotic medication d. Add exenatide 10 mcg BID to assist with weight loss e. Switch from glipizide to glyburide
Case #6
Metabolic side effects of second generation antipsychotics
Most weight gain Less weight gain No weight gain
Olanzapine Quetiapine Aripiprazole
Clozapine Risperidone Ziprasidone
Iloperidone Lurasidone
Paliperidone
49 yow with DM2 is seeing you for follow up. Her A1c is 7.3% on metformin, glyburide and significant lifestyle modifications that she has made over the years. She has HTN and albuminuria for which she takes lisinopril. Her recent lipid panel reveals a Tchol of 200, LDL of 90, HDL of 39, TG 190. How do you respond to her lipid panel?
A. Begin colasevelam 1875 mg BID B. Begin pioglitazone 30mg daily C. Begin atorvastatin 40 mg daily D. Assure her that she has reached the LDL goal for diabetes
without medications E. Ask her about a family history of early MI
Case #7
49 yow with DM2 is seeing you for follow up. Her A1c is 7.3% on metformin, glyburide and significant lifestyle modifications that she has made over the years. She has HTN and albuminuria for which she takes lisinopril. Her recent lipid panel reveals a Tchol of 200, LDL of 90, HDL of 39, TG 190 How do you respond to her lipid panel?
A. Begin colasevelam 1875 mg BID B. Begin pioglitazone 30mg daily C. Begin atorvastatin 40 mg daily D. Assure her that she has reached the LDL goal for diabetes
without medications E. Ask her about a family history of early MI
Case #7
Statin recommendations for DM
50 yom with DM2 x 8 yrs, HTN, and dyslipidemia has an A1c of 8.5%. He has a family history of early MI. Lowering HbA1c to ≤7% will NOT reduce his risk of developing:
A. Retinopathy B. Nephropahty C. Myocardial infarction D. Neuropathy
Case #8
50 yom with DM2 x 8 yrs, HTN, and dyslipidemia has an A1c of 8.5%. He has a family history of early MI. Lowering HbA1c to ≤7% will NOT reduce his risk of developing:
A. Retinopathy B. Nephropahty C. Myocardial infarction D. Neuropathy
Case #8
“Tight control” trials
• 1977 UKPDS (DM2) *
• 1983 DCCT (DM1) *
• 2000 VADT (DM2)
• 2001 ADVANCE (DM2) *
• 2001 ACCORD (DM2)
*showed that tight control lowers microvascular complications
My go-to diabetes resource • American Diabetes Association Clinical Practice
Recommendations
– Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes
http://care.diabetesjournals.org/site/misc/2016-Standards-of-Care.pdf
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