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Field Report: Hazara-Kashmir Syntaxis
Submitted By: Ahmer Iqbal
Class: BS-Geology
Submitted To: Sir Aqeel
Acknowledgement
Special Thanks to Dr. Zafar, Sir Aqeel and Sir Saqib for arranging this
educational trip for us to be able to understanding the geology of the Hazara
Kashmir area with their expert opinions. Specially thanks to Mr. Shahab of
Azad Jammu Kashmir University for guiding us and helping us to understand
the Geology and stratigraphy and the Tectonic of the assigned area.
CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1
Physiography of Azad Kashmir 1
Physiography of Hazara 3
CHAPTER 2
General Geology of Hazara-Kashmir Syntaxis 5
Tectonics 6
Stratigraphic of Hazara-Kashmir Syntaxis 9
CHAPTER 3
Field Observation 11
DAY-1 13
DAY-2 17
DAY-3 24
DAY-4 26
REFERENCES 34
GLOSSARY 35
Introduction:
The Purpose for this field trip was to study and to cover the Lithology,
sedimentary structures, rock types, contacts and structural feature of these areas.
Another Main objective of our field trip was to enhance our General knowledge
about Geology and Stratigraphy especially to concentrate on Hazara Kashmir
Syntaxis and to study the structures, Lithology, depositional environments and
rock types.
The areas were easily accessible and we went there through university
bus. The journey was pleasant and smooth. The field which we visited was
Accessible and was mostly along the road side.
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CHAPTER 1
1.1 Physiography of Azad Kashmir
1.1.1 Geography & Climate
Azad Jammu and Kashmir lies between longitude of 730 - 750 and latitude of 33o - 36o and
comprises an area of 5134 Square Miles (13297 Square Kilometers).It is the southernmost
political entity within the Pakistani-administered part of the former princely state of Jammu
and Kashmir. With its capital at Muzaffarabad, Azad Kashmir covers an area of 13,297
square kilometers (5,134 sq mi). Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan both constitute an area
known as Pakistan-administered Kashmir which is referred to in India as Pakistan-occupied
Kashmir.The northern part of Azad Jammu and Kashmir encompasses the lower area of
the Himalayas, including Jamgarh Peak (15,531 feet [4,734 meters]). However, Hari
Parbat peak in Neelum Valley is the highest peak in the state. Fertile, green, mountainous
valleys are characteristic of Azad Kashmir's geography, making it one of the most beautiful
regions of the subcontinent. The elevation from sea level ranges from 360 meters in the
south to 6325 meters in the north. The snow line in winter is around 1200 meters above sea
level while in summer, it rises to 3300 meters.
The climate is sub-tropical highland type with and humid region in the access of
monsoon .Due to difference of variations in altitude there is small scale difference of
humidity and rainfall. In summer the temperature may rise to 45 C but in winter the
maximum temperature drops to 3 C. The region receives rainfall in both the winter and the
summer. Muzaffarabad and Pattan are among the wettest areas of Pakistan. Throughout most
of the region, the average rainfall exceeds 1400 mm, with the highest average rainfall
occurring near Muzaffarabad (around 1800 mm). During the summer season, monsoon floods
of the rivers Jhelum and Leepa are common due to extreme rains and snow melting.
1.1.2 Population
According to the 1998 population census the state of Azad Jammu & Kashmir had a
population of 2.973 million, which is estimated to be grown to 3.5 million in 2006. Almost
100% population is comprised of Muslims. The Rural: urban population ratio is 88:12. The
population density is 270 persons per Sq. Km. The literacy rate which was 55% in 1998
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census has now risen above 60%. Approximately the infant mortality rate is 56 per 1000 live
births, whereas the immunization rate for the children under 5 years of age is more than 95%.
1.1.3 Language and people
The area is mostly populated by the Híndko people, who speak the Hindko language as their
mother tongue, and by those who speak Pashto. Pashto is spoken in Batagram and
Toorghar district, 70% of the population of Mansehra speaks Hindko while most of the
remaining speak Pashto. Kohistaniare spoken in Kohistan. In all the hilly areas of
Abbottabad and Haripur districts most people speak Hinkdo, but Gujjar tribes
speaks Gojri and Abbasi tribe speaks Pothohari. In all, according to the 2001 Census of
Pakistan, Hazara has an ethno-linguistic majority of Hindko-speakers of around 87%
whereas about 13% speak Pashto and other languages.
1.1.4 Soil Condition
The soil Condition varies along the area like Kohala is about 35km from muzaffrabad. The
soils are mainly composed of red clays, silts, sand, gravel, pebble, cobble and boulder, of
murre formation. The maximum value of limit was found to be 26.6% whereas the minimum
value is 22.6% and the average value is 24.8%. The increase of water content is more at
landslide area 2km from kohala and decreased toward murre due to decrease in clayey
material. The moisture content in the soil is more than 40% as the slope angle increases from
10 degree to 75 degree. The plastic limit of soil decrease with decrease in clayey content. The
soil shrinks and swells as well causing landslide because the soil absorb moisture due to poor
drainage.
1.1.5 Road Condition
The road network which connect Islamabad with Azad Kashmir are
i. Muzaffarabad-Kohala (34 km), Murree-Islamabad highway (53 km) and
ii. Muzaffarabad-Grahi Habibullah-Mansehra (57 km), Abbottabad-
IslamabadHighway (112 km).
The Road condition from Islamabad to Muzaffrabad along Murree Highway was fair but
from Kohala- Muzaffarabad the road condition was poor. The road was not completely
developed.
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1.1.6 Accessibility to Area
The accessibility to area were ease mostly the field study were done along the road side.
1.2 Physiography of Hazara
1.2.1 Geography & Climate
Hazara is bounded on the north and east by the Northern Areas and Azad Kashmir. To the
south are the Islamabad Capital Territory and the province of Punjab, whilst to the west lies
the rest of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The river Indus runs through the division in a north-south
line, forming much of the western border of the division. The total area of Hazara is
18,013 km². Hazara lies close to the crossroads formed by the river Indus and the Grand Trunk
Road. The Karakoram Highway begins at the town of Havelian and goes north through the
division towards China via the Northern Areas. Hazara lies at elevation of 4100 from mean
seal level.
Hazara lies along south of the main Himalaya Range, and is exposed to moist winds from
the Arabian Sea, Hazara is the wettest part of Pakistan. At Abbottabad, annual rainfall
averages around 1,200 millimeters (47 in) but has been as high as 1,800 millimeters (71 in) ,
whilst in parts of Mansehra District such as Balakot the mean annual rainfall is as high as
1,750 millimeters (69 in) . Due to its location on the boundary between the monsoonal
summer rainfall regime of East Asia and the winter-dominant Mediterranean climate of West
Asia, Hazara has an unusual bimodal rainfall regime, with one peak in February or March
associated with frontal southwest cloud bands and another monsoonal peak in July and
August. The driest months are October to December, though in the wettest parts even these
months average around 40 millimeters (1.6 in) .Due to the high altitude, temperatures in
Hazara are cooler than on the plains, though Abbottabad at 1,200 meters (3,900 ft) still has
maxima around 32°C (90°F) with high humidity in June and July. Further up, temperatures
are cooler, often cooler than the Northern Areas valleys due to the cloudiness. In winter,
temperatures are cold, with minima in January around 0°C (32°F) and much lower in the high
mountains. Snowfalls are not uncommon even at lower levels.
1.2.2 Populations
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The population of the Hazara region was estimated to be over 4.5 million in 2005. The total
area of Hazara is 18013 km². With population of Abbottabad nearly million and Manshera
1.4 million.
1.2.3 Soil Condition
The soil mostly absorbs the moisture which causes landslide which indicates the presence of
high quantity of clayey contents. The soil get swell and shrinks as well
1.2.4 Road Condition
The road Condition from AJK to Hazara were fine, the road were developed. The condition
were quite ease for travelling.
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CHAPTER 2
2.1 General Geology of Hazara-Kashmir Syntaxis
2.1.1 Types of rocks
Most of the rocks expose are Sedimentary rocks with some minor Metamorphic and igneous
rocks and dikes. The formation exposed in the area mostly comprised of sedimentary rocks
which ranges from Cambrian to Miocene. The division of rocks is as follow.
2.1.1.1 Sedimentary rocks
The sedimentary rocks are present in the following formations
Abbottabad Formation: is of Cambrian age and consists rocks of fine grained
dolomite & cherty dolomite.
Margalla Hill Limestone : is of Eocene age and consist Fine to coarse, dark grey,
thin to thick bedded Limestone with subordinate shale
Murree Formation: is of Miocene and consist of Purple red greenish grey sandstone.
Siltstone, Mudstone and some conglomerate.
Lockhart Formation: is light grey, pale grey to khaki grey, bluish grey and blackish
grey on weathered surface and dark grey on fresh surface.
Patala Formation: The formation is composed of shale and occasional limestone of
upper Paleocene to lower Eocene age.
The Chorgali Formation: It is mainly composed of medium grey shale and silty
shale, light grey to dark grey foraminifer’s mudstone to pack stone, dolomitic
limestone and dolomite.
The Kuldana Formation: is of Middle Eocene and composed of greenish to
maroonish colored shale’s with occasional limestone.
Alluvium Deposits: River deposit, gravel sand, silts and clayey material.
2.1.1.2 Metamorphic rocks
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Hazara Formation: Fine Grain, dark grey, thin to thick bedded, highly fractured and
sheared slates.
Tanol Formation: is of upper Cambrian age consist Metapelitic Schist’s, Phyllite
2.1.1.3 Igneous rocks
Salakhala Formation: Manshera granite (light color acidic) with xenoliths of
Cambrian Age.
Panjal Volcanics : Volcanic rock basaltic knows as Green stones and Marble of
upper carboniferous.
Tanol Fornation : A dike intrusion know as quartzite.
2.1.2 Structure
The overall structure of the area forms anticline and syncline. The main structure in
Muzaffarabad area is asymmetrical anticline in the east of Muzaffarabad proper, the trend of
the anticline is NW-SE. The asymmetrical anticline is thrusted over the older slate series to
the west and south west. The thrusted junction is seen in the nelum valley.Folding in the
Hazara slate and faulting has also affected the rocks in the area.
2.2 Tectonics
2.2.1 Formation of Hazara-Kashmir Syntaxis
The Himalayan mountain belts have developed as a result of collisions between various
continental and micro continental plates of Gondwana and Euresia. Early separated plates of
Gondwana (Cimmeria) separated during the Permo-Triassic times and collided with Euresia
in the Mid-Mesozoic in association with the closing of the Paleotethys Sea. Between the Late
Cretaceous and Mid-Eocene, the IndoPakistani Plate collided with Cimmeride Blocks and the
Neotethys ocean was closed initiating the formation of current system of Himalayan folded
Belts. The complete closer of the Neotethys Ocean occurred in the Middle Eocene, followed
by initiation of the main phase of thrusting and folding in the northwest Himalayas. The
Kashmir Himalayas including the Panjal Block, Karakuram Range, Harmosh Range as well
as the Nangaparbat Dome are all essentially closely related units.
During the lower Cretaceous period the Tethys was well in place with India on one shore and
Asia on the other. At least part of the Pir Panjal Range was not submerged. It formed part of
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the Indian mass. Transgression of the sea took place in Paleocene and during Paleocene to
Middle Eocene sea conditions persisted. However, sedimentation took place under unstable
shelf basin conditions. The collision resulted in cyclic up and down movements resulting in
the deposition of a sequence of limestones and shales. During part of Paleocene fairly
shallow water restricted sea conditions developed where by coal and ironstones were formed
followed again by the local deepening and deposition of limestones, shales and sandstones of
Lockhart Limestone, Patala Formation, Margala Hill Limestone, Chor Gali Formation,
Kuldana Formation and Murrree Formation. The Indian plate started under thrusting the
Asian plate in Early Miocene. Structurally the area is characterized by severe tectonic
effects. It is highly folded, faulted and jointed. This is because the area lies close to one of the
major syntaxial bend of the Himalayas know as Hazara Kashmir Syntaxis.
The Hazara Kashmir Syntaxis is one of the most important structural features of the region
and displays prominent scar on the geological map (Fig. 2). The southern range of the
Himalaya extend northward in a gentle unbroken curve of northern India, continue into
Kashmir and Hazara District of Pakistan, where they from the eastern limb of the Syntaxis.
The two main boundary faults wrap around the Syntaxis are considered equivalent to Punjal
and Murree Faults. Stratigraphically the syntaxis contain the youngest rocks in the core and
successively older rocks wrap around the periphery.
Hazara Kashmir Syntax has three parts
1. Hazara Segment :It is present in Ghari Habibbulah, Abbottabad, Kohala, Nathiagali area.
In this area Basement rock is Hazara Formation which is composed of Slates.
2. Kaghan Segment: It is present in Ghari Habibullah, Sharda, Babusar Top. In this area
Basement rock in NE is Salkhalah formation or Shardah group and in NW Tanawal
Formation.
3. Kashmir Segment: It extends from east of Ghari Habibullah to Kotli area. In this area
basement rock is Abbottabad Formation.
2.2.3Major Faults
2.2.2.1 Main Boundary Thrust (MBT)
A hairpin shaped system of fault truncate the murree formation on the east north and west. It
abuts the Mesozoic and earlier rocks against the murree formation. West and north of this
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fault zone, within the short distance of few 5 km, there is a parallel thrust fault along which
Precambrian sequence has been pushed over the Paleozoic and Mesozoic rocks. These two
faults were name as Murree and panjal thrust. Some worker called murree fault on both limbs
of syntaxis as the Main Boundary Thrust. Vertical stratigraphic displacement is 3300 km.
2.2.2.2 Balakot-Bagh Fault (BBT)
The Balakot-Bagh thrust running from Balakot through Muzaffarabad to Bagh Azad Kashmir
along the eastern limb of Hazara Kashmir Syntaxis. Stratigraphically this fault occurred
between the late Cambrian Abbottabad Formation and the Miocene Murree Formation from
Balakot to Muzaffarabad city which is a major unconformity, while from Muzaffarabad city
to Bagh through Chikar it runs within the Murree Formation.The BBT is a shallow thrust
which enters upto the depth of Middle Eocene Kuldana Formation. Along the BBT, the
Murree Formation thrusting over Siwalik Group due to under lying shales of the Kuldana
Formation which act as a de collement. The two unconformities have been observed during
this study. First major unconformity is marked between the late Cambrian Abbottabad
Formation and the Paleocene Hangu Formation and the second minor one occur between the
middle Eocene Kuldana Formation and the Miocene Murree Formation.
2.2.2.3 Jehlum Fault (JF)
The fault alonge the western margin of the axial zone of the syntaxis is Jehlum Fault. It is a
Left lateral strike-slip fault and reported that alonge this fault Murree, Abbottabad and Hazara
Formation are highly deformed between that alonge this fault Murree, Abbottabad and
Hazara Formations are highly deformed between balakot and muzaffarad. The Jhelum fault
apparently dislocates the MBT and terminates the westward continues of some of the
structure of NW Himalayan fold-and-thrust belt which shows that it is the youngest major
tectonic feature in the syntaxial zone.
2.2.2.3 Panjal Thrust
The panjal thrust runs alonge the MBT on the eastern limb of the syntaxis. The two faults
curved around the apex of the syntaxis then bend southward. The two faults join about 5km
north of balakot. A separate left lateral strike-slip fault truncates the panjal thrust and MBT
north of Balakot.
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2.2.2 Tectonic Sub-division
The Hazara Kashmir syntaxis area is divided into three main elements: the Sub Himalaya, the
Lesser Himalaya and the Higher Himalaya.
MAIN DIVISION HAZARA-KASHMIR SYNTAXIS &
UPPER KAGHAN VALLEY
HIGHER HIMALAYA
Crystalline unit : Cover of Permian and Mesozoic with panjal affinities Pre Cambrian basement of detritic lower to middle Paleozoic, Lower Paleozoic granite.(Manshera type)
LESSER HIMALAYA
Panjal Unit : Panjal Imbricate zone of Triassic/Jurassic – Limestone and dolomite of Permian – Panjal Volcanic of Upper Carboniferous - tilloids
SUB HIMALAYA
Murre Unit: Late Paleocene to Middle Eocene Murre Fm.- Upper Precambrian to lower Cambrian Abbottabad Group.
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2.3 Stratigraphic of Hazara-Kashmir Syntaxis
Formation Age
Alluvium
Siwalik Group
Murree Formation
Kuldana Formation
Chor Gali Formation
Margala Hill Limeston
Patala Formation
Lockhart Limestone
Hangu Formation
Abbottabad Formation
Hazara Formation
Recent to sub-Recent
Pliocene to Pleistocene
Oligocene to lower Miocene
Middle Eocene
Lower Eocene
Lower Eocene
Upper Paleocene
Lower Paleocene
Lower Paleocene
Cambrian
Precambrian
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CHAPTER 3
Field Observation
Station Name Formation/Structure Lithology
DAY - 1
Murre Highway Murree Formation Argillaceous Sandstone, Claystone, Shales
Kohala Murree Formation/Landslide Argillaceous Sandstone Material
Upper Chattar Kashmir Hazara Syntax Dolomite, sandstone shale etc.
Ambore Tunnel Tunnel Boulder and Cobble
DAY - 2
AJK university new campus Murree Formation Siltstone, SandstoneIntraformational Conglomerate
Argillaceous Shale’sChalla Bandi Murree Formation
Abbottabad Formation /Balakot Bagh Fault (BBT),
Jhelum Fault/ Degraded Scarp
Sandstones, ShalesDolomites
Yadgaar Hangu FormationPatala Formation
Lockhart LimestoneKuldana FormationMurree Formation
Abbottabad FormationChorgali Formation
Laterite DepositsShales with Limestone Bands
Nodular LimestoneGypsiferous ClaysSandstones, Shales
Dolomites, Cherty DolomitesBlack stone
Noseri Punjal VolcanicsMurree Formation
MarbleSandstones, Shales
Green Stone
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DAY - 3
Ambore Murree andHazara Formation/Jhelum
Fault
Sandstone, ShaleDolomite, Claystone,slates
Rara Murree FormationHazara Formation/Local fault
Sandstone, ShaleDolomite
Subhri Boulder /Lake Stones
DAY - 4
Lohar Gali Hazara Formation / Meandering River,
Alluvial Fan
Slates
Barar kot Abbottabad Formation :Sanghar Gali Member
Mohammada Gali MemberMirpur Member /Garhi Habib Ullah
SandstoneCherty Dolomite
Sandstones, ShalesChitta Batta Mansehra Granet /
Chitta Batta DikeGranet :
Quartz, Feldspar, Muscovite, Biotite, Black Tormaline,
PyriteDike : Quartzite
Ashoka Park Tanol Formation Stauralite Garnet Mica SchistBiotite, Muscovite
Salhad Samana Suk FormationHazira Formation /
Fault between Hazira Formation & Samana Suk
Formation
Oolitic LimestoneSandstone, Siltstone
Khota Kabar Hazara Formation(Tanakki Boulder Beds) /
Angular Relationship between Boulder Beds & Slates
Boulder Beds, Slates
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DAY-1
Stop-1: Murre Highway
Formation & Lithology: Murre Formation having Sandstone which are of two types
Argillaceous : In Red Colour, Clay Content More
Arrinaceous : In grey Colour, Clay Content Less
Age: Miocene, Oligoncene
Observed: Mostly sandstone and shale which is Argillaceous (RED) in color. Seen of
Lamina and beds in formation.
Photo 1: Argillaceous sandstone of Murre Formation near Barakoh
Also observation of prevention of landslides by using Gabbens, weep holes, Pinching Stones, Benching or Terracing.
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Photo 2: Draining along murre highway
Stop-2: Kohala
Formation & Lithology: Murre Formation with Argillaceous Sandstone abundant Clay
Content, Expansive Soils.
Age: Miocene, Oligocene
Observed: The presence of Argillaceous Sandstone in Kohala is the reason for Active
Landslide Area. Another reason is the presence of Steep Slopes due to Kashmir Hazara
Uplifting which causes steep slopes. Landslides Start from Kohala Bridge to Barnala Area.
Weep holes
Gabbens
15
`
Photo 3: Khola land sliding
Stop-3: Chattar Kalas
Formation & Lithology: Formation of Hazara-Kashmir Syntaxis with Dominant
lithology of Sandstone, Dolomite, shale, Schist, Phyllites, Slates, gneisses.
Description: The NW-trending Hazara-Kashmir syntaxis (HKS) lies in the hinterland of
the Himalayan collision zone. The NW-trending Indus-Kohistan Seismic Zone (IKSZ) is
associated with an active blind wedge of thick-skin reverse faults which extends obliquely
across the HKS. Have three segments and formations.
Hazara Segment: It is present in Ghari Habibbulah, Abbottabad, Kohala, Nathiagali area. In this area Basement rock is Hazara Formation which is composed of Slates.
Kaghan Segment: It is present in Ghari Habibullah, Sharda, Babusar Top. In this area Basement rock in NE is Salkhalah formation or Shardah group and in NW Tanawal Formation.
Kashmir Segment: It extends from east of Ghari Habibullah to Kotli area. In this area basement rock is Abbottabad Formation.
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Hazara Kashmir Syntax is divided into Three Parts: Lower Part: Downward to MBT,
Middle Part: Westward to Panjal Fault and MBT, Upper Part: Northward to Panjal Fault and
MBT.
Photo 4: Formation of Hazara-Kashmir Syntaxis
Stop-4: Ambore Tunnel
Formation & Lithology: Lithology was mostly boulder and cobble.
Description: The selection for tunnel construction must Compacted, Durable and
hard. In tunnels average Joints are counted by examining joints in 1m/m area. Then joints are packed by grouting to prevent strata collapse.
The Tunnel consists of four parts
1. Top most Crown 2.Spring line (Curvature),
3. Wall 4.Inward (Bed).
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Photo 5: Tunnel view in Ambore
DAY-2
Stop-1: AJK University Campus
Latitude (33` 96” 44’) Longitude (72` 54” 53’)
Formation & Lithology: The Formation present is Siltstone band Sandstone,
Intraformational Conglomerates and Argillaceous Shale.
Age: Miocene
Observation: Murre Formation Having Alternate Bed of sand and shale with Subordinate
intra-Formational Conlomerate. Sandstone color is grey. Cross bedded having Calcite vein in
Abundance. Mapping was done also for this area.
Crown
InwardWall
Spring line
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Photo 6: Red shale of Murre formation AJK uni
Photo 7: Sandstone of Murre formation AJK uni
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Stop-2: Chahla Bandi
Formation and Lithology: Abbotabad Formation, Murree Formation, Kuldana
Formation. Having Sandstones, Shale and Dolomites lithology.
Observation: Balakot-Bagh fault is present. Degraded scarp is observed of fault between
Abbottabad Formation and Murree Formation. It is a curved thrust fault plane. On the right,
Photo 8: Fault scarp and BBT
There is contact between Kuldana Formation in Black colour and Murree Formation with
Alluvium cover. This fault is an active fault and the folds formed are anticline. This fault
extends up to Chillikot-Sirinagar area. The faults have been formed in Abbottabad formation
due to extensive fracturing. Mapping were done also for this area
Travelling a distance of about 10minute we were able to see Folds.
BBT
Abbotabad
Kuldana
Murre
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Photo 9: Folds near Chela bandi
Stop-3: Yaadgar
Formation and Lithology: Abbottabad Formation: Cherty Dolomites, Chert Bands
Hangu Formation: Sandstone, Laterite etc. Lockhart Formation: Nodular Limestone. Patala
Formation: Shales with Limestone Bands Margalla Hill Formation: Nodular Limestone
Chorgali Formation: Marls and Shale. Kuldana Formation: Gypsiferous Shales Murree
Formation : Sandstone, Shales.
Age: Paleocene / Eocene
Observation: Abbottabad formation ends at this location afterward Hangu, Lockhart and
Patala formations starts. We also observed transitional contact of Paleocene rocks with
Chorgali formation and the features we observed exist on the eastern limbs of anticline. After
Chorgali formation, Kuldana Formation starts. Coal Seam is also present in this area.
Photo 10: Bedded stone of Muzzafrabad Formation at Yaadgar
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Photo 11: Presence of Coal seams in Formation
Coal Seam
Abbottabad
Hangu
Lochkart
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Photo 12: Abbottabad, Hangu, Lochrat Formation at Yaadgar
Photo 13: Chorgali and Kuldana Formation at Yaadgar
Stop-4: Noseri
Formation & Lithology: Panjal Volcanic: Marble and Green Stone. Murree Formation:
Sandstones, Shale’s.
Age: Panjal Volcanic of Permian and Murree Formation of Miocene.
Chorgali
Kuldana
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Observation: At the top of terrace there were yellow colored marble and distinguishing green colored Panjal volcanoes of Permian age. Here we found primary volcanic structures
Photo 14: Marble and Freen stone of Panjal volcanic in Nosheri
like amygdule, vesicle and pillow lava like structure. Vesicles are the air bubbles trapped in magma and if these vesicles are filled with secondary minerals, they are known as Amygdule e.g. Pillow like lava.
DAY-3
Stop-1: Ambore
Formation & Lithology: Murree Formation Sandstone and Hazara Formation Dolomite.
Age: Murree Formation Miocene and Hazara Formation Precambrian.
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Observation: There is a fault between Murree Formation and Hazara Formation, known as
Jhelum Fault which is a Left Lateral Strike Slip Fault with Reverse Component that runs
through the Jhelum River and terminates along EW salt ranges. It extended from Mangla to
Balakot. Fault Gouge is present at the fault zone which is the crushed dolomite. Mostly the
local scientists treat the dolomite as upper portion of Hazara formation but according to the
research Greek scientist named this portion as Rara.
Photo 15: Jhelum fault between Murre and Hazara Formation in Ambore
Some Micro folds were also indentified. These folds are developed in association with faults
and their development depends upon the properties of material being involved during
formation which can either be plastic, elastic or ductile.Some local fault were also located.
Murre
Hazara
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Photo 16: Micro Folds in Dolomite of Hazara Formation in Ambore
Photo 17: Local Fault in Dolomite in Ambore
Stop-2: Subrhi
Structure: Lake and River
Observation: About 25 years ago heavy rain fall occurred and stream carried depleted
material with it and deposited on the path of Neelam River and a Lake was formed. Due to
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this lake Basin became wider. Later on the depleted material was blasted and the path of the River was cleared. This area is the region between two faults.
Then we studied a method to measure the attitude of the bed, i.e.-e strike and dip of the bed which is either inaccessible or is located very far by Shooting method and plotting strike and dip in stereo net and find the type of Fold.
Photo 18: Neelam River view at Subheri
DAY 4
Stop-1: Lohar Gali
Formation & Lithology: Hazara Formation is of regional metamorphism and Lithology Slates
Age: Precambrian
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Geomorphology: Meandering River. In this river, deposition is on the Inner side of the river and outer side is cutting the area. River change its course due to fault uplift.
Photo 19: Meander River From Lohar gali
Photo 20: Hazara slates in Lohar Gali
Stop-2: Barar Kot
Formation & Lithology: Abbottabad Formation It is divided into three groups:
Sandstone (Sanghar Gali Member)
Cherty Dolomite (Mohammada Gali Member)
Sandstone, Shales, Cross Bedded Sandstone (Mirpur Member)
Alluvial Fan
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Age: Cambrian
Observation: Chopboard weathering is present in the sandstone of Abbottabad Formation.
Photo 21: Chopboard weathering in the sandstone of Abbottabad Formation.
Stop-3: Batrasi
Formation & Lithology: Tanawal Formation mainly consist Schist and Pyrite. Pyrite is
called fool’s gold because of rusty appearance it look like iron.
Age: Precambrian
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Photo 22: Pyrite rusty appearance in Batarsi.
Stop-4: Chitta Batta
Formation & Lithology: Mansehra Granet Formation having Lithology Granet.
Age: Cambrian (Mansehra Granet)
Observation: White Colour grains that are shiny are Muscovite grains. Black shiny grains
are biotite. Tormaline and Schroal. Pyrite is also present. It is an Intrusive Igneous rock with
higher silica content. It is an intrusion in the country rock . The country rock at this place is
Tanol Formation of Precambrian Age.
Dike: A dike has intruded a Granet body, the dike composition is Quartzite. There is a cross
cutting relationship between granet and quartzite which is a Metamorphic Rock.
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Photo 23: Granite in Manshera Formation in Chitta Batta
Photo 24: Dike Intrusion Quartzite in Chitta Batta
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Stop-5: Manshera Ashoka Park
Formation & Lithology: Tanol Formation having Lithologies Stauralite Garnet Mica Schist Schist, Brown Garnet, Needle Like Structures are Stauralite, Biotite (More), Muscovite.
Age: Precambrian
Observation: Granite Rock with xenoliths, Phyllite Shiny appearance in the rock is due to the presence of cerasite.
Photo 25: Xenolith in Granite at Asoka Park, Manshera
Photo 26: Phyllite Shiny appearance due to the presence of cerasite.
Xenoliths
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Stop-5: Selhad
Formation & Lithology: Oolitic Limestone of Samana Suk Formation.
Observation: Oolictic Limestone present at this place is of Yellow Colour due to weathering.
Age: Jurassic
Photo 27: Yellow Colour Oolitic Limstone
Stop-5: Khota Kabar
Formation & Lithology: Tanaki Boulder Beds with Lithologies Boulder Beds in Red
Colour, Slate in Black colour.
Age: Precambrian
Observation: Tanaki boulder Bed is above Hazara slates. There is Angular Relationship between Tanaki Boulder Beds and Hazara Formation. At this place there is an unconformity between Hazara and Abbottabad Formation.
Weathered
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Photo 28: Angular Relationship between Tanaki Boulder Beds and Hazara Formation at Khotha Kabar.
Slates
Tanaki Boulder Beds
34
REFERENCES
1. HTTP://EN.WIKIPEDIA.ORG/WIKI/HAZARA_PAKISTAN
2. HTTP://EN.WIKIPEDIA.ORG/WIKI/AZAD_KASHMIR
3. HTTP://WWW.WEATHER.COM/PK
4. STRATIGRAPHIC ASPECT OF RECENT EARTHQUAKE OCCURRED ALONG
THE BALAKOT-BAGH FAULT, NORTH-WEST HIMALAYAS, PAKISTAN BY
MUNIR-UL- HASSAN MUNIR
5. STRATIGRAPHY, METAMORPHIC AND TECTONIC OF THE HAZARA
KASHMIR SYNTAXIS AREA BY GRECO ANTONIO SWITERLAND
6. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SOIL OF MUZAFFARABAD KHOLA
AREA AJK BY M.ARSHAD KHAN AND M.SHOIAB QURESHI AJK
UNIVERSITY.
7. GEOLOGY AND TECTONIC OF PAKISTAN BY KAZMI AND JAN
8. GEOLOGY AND STRATIGRAPHY OF PAKISTAN BY KAZMI AND ABBASI
9. GEOLOGY OF THE HIMALAYA MOUNTAINS BY WADIA
10. GEOLOGY OF HETTANGIAN TO MIDDLE EOCENE ROCKS OF HAZARA
AND KASHMIR BASINS, NORTHWEST LESSER HIMALAYAS, PAKISTAN
BY NAVEED AHSAN
11. LITHOSPHERIC SCALE FOLDING MODELLING AND APPLICATION TO
HIMALAYAN SYNTAXS BY J.P BURG
35
GLOSSARY
Alluvium: Unconsolidated terrestrial sediment composed of sorted or unsorted sand, gravel,
and clay that has been deposited by water.
Angle of repose: The steepest slope angle in which particular sediment will lie without
cascading down.
Banded iron ore: A sediment consisting of layers of chert alternating with bands of ferric
iron oxides (hematite and limonite) in valuable concentrations.
Basalt: A fine-grained, dark, mafic igneous rock composed largely of plagioclase feldspar
and pyroxene.
Basement: The oldest rocks recognized in a given area, a complex of metamorphic and
igneous rocks that underlies all the sedimentary formations. Usually Precambrian or
Paleozoic in age.
Bedding: A characteristic of sedimentary rocks in which parallel planar surfaces separating
different grain sizes or compositions indicate successive depositional surfaces that existed at
the time of sedimentation.
Cataclastic rock: A breccia of powdered rock formed by crushing and shearing during
tectonic movements.
Chert: A sedimetary form of amorphous or extremely fine-grained silica, partially hydrous,
found in concretions and beds.
Coal: The metamorphic product of stratified plant remains. It contains more than 50 percent
carbon compounds and burns readily.
Dip: The angle by which a stratum or other planar feature deviates from the horizontal. The
angle is measured in a plane perpendicular to the strike.
Fault: A planar or gently curved fracture in the Earth's crust across which there has been
relative displacement.
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Fault-block Mountain: A mountain or range formed as a horst when it was elevated
between parallel normal faults.
Fold: A planar feature, such as a bedding plane, that has been strongly warped, presumably
by deformation.
Geomorphology: The science of surface landforms and their interpretation on the basis of
geology and climate.
Gravel: The coarsest of alluvial sediments, containing mostly particles larger than 2 mm in
size and including cobbles and boulders.
Meander: Broad, semicircular curves in a stream that develop as the stream erodes the outer
bank of a curve and deposits sediment against the inner bank.
Monocline: The S-shaped fold connecting two horizontal parts of the same stratum at
different elevations. Its central limb is usually not overturned.
Orogenic belt: A linear region, often a former geo-syncline, that has been subjected to
folding, and other deformation in a mountain-building episode.
Schistosity: The parallel arrangement of shaly or prismatic minerals like micas and
amphiboles resulting from nonhydrostatic stress in metamorphism.
Syntaxis: A sharp bend in orogeny mountain belt.
Xenoliths: A piece of country rock found engulfed in an intrusion.
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