fight for your life: antipredator mechanisms in amphibians egon heiss university of vienna
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Fight for your life: antipredator mechanisms in amphibians
Egon Heiss
University ofVienna
„arms“ against enemys
Eisner and Aneshansley, 1999
Arnold, 1982
© Steinmann
Ambystoma gracile
Ambystoma cingulatum
Bolitoglossa franklini
Taricha rivularis
Euricea lucifuga
Ambystoma laterale
Echinotriton andersoni Tylototriton shanjing
Brodie, 1977
• response to predator-like stimulations
„tail elevated posturing“
„body-arched posturing“
secretion
• Histological studies revealed 3 types of skin glands
GG I
GG II
MG
Glands
Glands
MG
GGI
GGII
PAS AB CB
Glands
MG GG I GG II
5 µm 5 µm5 µm
active secretion
Myoepithelium
G Ct G MyE Ct
100µm
active secretion
Gland density
• Parotoid Glands: Densely packed GGI
RT: 0.00 - 50.00 SM: 15G
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50Time (min)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
Rel
ativ
e Ab
unda
nce
33.06642.30548
6.51128.08188
32.78470.27585
6.75266.99698
44.02387.17944
13.21133.07532
31.71420.27423
12.82146.06001
44.83335.22156
22.53501.3259312.48
136.03973 30.45511.24652
22.96259.15524
34.50852.70459
4.45178.07231
37.40432.27444
2.29118.08635 18.83
70.0807027.68
532.26672 49.70494.25357
35.07395.07458
11.09371.10123
8.89371.10123
40.28402.26367
14.50245.18593 23.46
427.1768546.29
371.0997921.35
371.10123
NL:1.12E8Base Peak MS Pleuro1zu10_HSST3
nano-LC-ESI/MS basepeak chromatogram
Hurt yourself to hurt your enemy!
Heiss et al., 2010
„relaxed“ „threatened“
Mobility of the ribs
„relaxed“ „threatened“
Mobility of the ribs
„threatened“„relaxed“
Mobility of the ribs
di
pa tu
ca
skin penetration
Echinotriton sp.Tylototriton sp.
Pleurodeles
Echinotriton
Tylototriton
© Salamanderland
Brodie, 1983
Tylototriton verrucosus
Rib movements as useful strategy to appear larger
© utaherps
Blackburn et al., 2008
Blackburn et al., 2008
Arnold, 1982
Von Byern et al., in press
Conclusions
> Skin gland distribution correlates with behaviour
> Specialized behaviour potentiates effect of skin gland secretions
> Skin glands in amphibians are highly specialized and actively used in defence
Thank you for your kind attention!
Brodie et al., 1993
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