final eye gaze doc
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A TECHNICAL PAPER ON Artificial Intelligence
EYE-GAZE COMMUNICATION- Eye gaze human computer interface
Submitted by:
RAMIREDDY SUBBARAMI REDDY ENGG.
COLLEGE
Kadanuthala, Nellore D.T.,
A.Saisaran V.Rajeswari
093R1A0533
093R1A0531
IV C.S.E IV C.S.E
Mail: saisaran2012@gmail.com
Ph.no:9030132324
1. ABSTRACT
The Eye gaze System is a
communication and control system for
people with complex physical disabilities.
You run the system with your eyes. By
looking at control keys displayed on a
screen, a person can synthesize speech,
control his environment (lights,
appliances, etc.), type, operate a telephone,
run computer software, operate a computer
mouse, and access the Internet and e-mail.
Eye gaze Systems are being used to write
books, attend school and enhance the
quality of life of people with disabilities all
over the world.
Imagine yourself being a
intelligent, motivated, and working person
in the fiercely competitive market of
information technology, but just one
problem You can't use your hands. Or you
can't speak. How do you do your job?
How do you stay employed? You can,
because of a very good gift from computer
Industry: The Eye gaze, a communication
& control system you run with your eyes.
The Eye gaze System is a
direct-select vision-controlled
communication and control system. It was
developed in Fairfax, Virginia, by LC
Technologies, Inc.,
2. THE SKILLS NEEDED BY
THE USER
This system is mainly
developed for those who lack the use of
their hands or voice. Only requirements to
operate the Eye gaze are control of at least
one eye with good vision & ability to keep
head fairly still. Eye gaze Systems are in
use around the world. Its users are adults
and children with cerebral palsy, spinal
cord injuries, brain injuries, ALS, multiple
sclerosis, brainstem strokes, muscular
dystrophy, and Werdnig-Hoffman
syndrome. Eye gaze Systems are being
used in homes, offices, schools, hospitals,
and long-term care facilities. By looking at
control keys displayed on a screen, a
person can synthesize speech, control his
environment (lights, appliances, etc.), type,
operate a telephone, run computer
software, operate a computer mouse, and
access the Internet and e-mail. Eye gaze
Systems are being used to write books,
attend school and enhance the quality of
life of people with disabilities all over the
world.
Figure: An example of fixations and
saccades over text. This is the typical
pattern of eye movement during reading.
The eyes never move smoothly over still
text.
3. HOW DOES THE EYEGAZE
SYSTEM WORKS
For using the Eye gaze
Systems the users sits in front of the
system’s screen and for tracking the eye
movement of the user the systems follows
the below mentioned steps. As the system
starts tracking the movement of the eyes,
all the features of the system can be used
depending on the requirements. As a user
sits in front of the Eye gaze monitor, a
specialized video camera mounted below
the monitor observes one of the user's eyes.
Sophisticated image- processing software
in the Eye gaze System's computer
continually analyzes the video image of the
eye and determines where the user is
looking on the screen. Nothing is attached
to the user's head or body.
Fig: Eye gaze System Application
As a user sits in front of the Eye
gaze monitor, a specialized video
camera mounted below the monitor
observes one of the user's eyes.
Sophisticated image processing
software in the Eye gaze System's
computer continually analyzes the
video image of the eye and
determines where the user is
looking on the screen. Nothing
actually is attached to the user's
head or body.
The Eye gaze System uses the
pupil-center/corneal-reflection
method to determine where the
user is looking on the screen. An
infrared-sensitive video camera,
mounted beneath the System's
monitor, takes 60 pictures per
second of the user's eye.
A low power, infrared light
emitting diode (LED), mounted in
the center of the camera's lens
illuminates the eye. The LED
reflects a small bit of light off the
surface of the eye's cornea. The
light also shines through the pupil
and reflects off of the retina, the
back surface of the eye, and causes
the pupil to appear white. The
bright-pupil effect enhances the
camera's image of the pupil and
makes it easier for the image
processing functions to locate the
center of the pupil.
The computer calculates the
person's gaze point, i.e., the
coordinates of where he is looking
on the screen, based on the relative
positions of the pupil center and
corneal reflection within the video
image of the eye.
Typically the Eye gaze System
predicts the gaze point with an
average accuracy of a quarter inch
or better.
Prior to operating the eye tracking
applications, the Eye gaze System
must learn several physiological
properties of a user's eye in order
to be able to project his gaze point
accurately. The system learns these
properties by performing a
calibration procedure.
The user calibrates the system by
fixing his gaze on a small yellow
circle displayed on the screen, and
following it as it moves around the
screen. The calibration procedure
usually takes about 15 seconds, and
the user does not need to
recalibrate if he moves away from
the Eye gaze System and returns
later.
A user operates the Eye gaze
System by looking at rectangular
keys that are displayed on the
control screen. To "press" an Eye
gaze key, the user looks at the key
for a specified period of time.
The gaze duration required to
visually activate a key, typically a
fraction of a second, is adjustable.
An array of menu keys and exit
keys allow the user to navigate
around the Eye gaze programs
independently.
4. HOW TO RUN THE
EYEGAZE SYSTEM
A user operates the Eye gaze
System by looking at rectangular keys that
are displayed on the control screen. To
"press" an Eye gaze key, the user looks at
the key for a specified period of time. The
gaze duration required to visually activate
a key, typically a fraction of a second, is
adjustable. An array of menu keys and
exit keys allow the user to navigate around
the Eye gaze programs independently.
The Edge Analysis System uses the
Pupil-Center/Corneal-Reflection
method to determine the eye's gaze
direction.
A video camera located below the
computer screen remotely and
unobtrusively observes the subject's
eye.
No attachments to the head are
required.
A small, low power, infrared light
emitting diode (LED) located at the
center of the camera lens illuminates
the eye. The LED generates the
corneal reflection and causes the
bright pupil effect, which enhances
the camera's image of the pupil.
Fig: Eye gaze communication
5. USES OF EYEGAZE
Every year more than 100 000
people are diagnosed with motor neurone
diseases. Typically, even when all other
ways of communicating are either severely
damaged or completely lost, the eyes still
function. Communication by Gaze
Interaction (COGAIN) is a Network of
Excellence designed specifically to help
people with these disabilities to
communicate more effectively with eye
gaze. At the COGAIN stand you can see
how this technology is used by a person
who relies on it.
Current eye tracking
equipment allows users to generate text on
a computer by using eye gaze. Users are
able to select letters and numbers by
looking at a keyboard on a screen with
their eyes, and can construct words and
sentences that can be spoken aloud by the
system. Using these systems both
empowers and enables people with
disabilities as they can now communicate
without the need for an assistant or helper,
giving the users greater freedom in their
lives.
Eye tracking systems that
allow text entry by eye gaze have been in
existence for about two decades, but the
technology is still only available to a small
portion of the potential user population.
Obstacles for more wide-spread use
currently include: the high cost of eye
tracking equipment, the limitation that
gaze communication applications may
only work with a particular dedicated eye
tracking device, and finally that eye
tracking devices are often hard to use and
require experts to operate them.
5.1 The Basic Eye gaze can:
ADJUST TO A NEW USER in about 15
seconds. (Calibration)
TYPE with one of four keyboards, then
print or speak. (Typewriter)
TURN pages on the computer screen by
looking at "up" or "down". (Read Text)
PLAY games, two "Paddle" games, plus
Solitaire and Slot Machine. (Games)
TEACH new users with simplified
screens. (Teach Screens)
5.2 With Options the Eye gaze can:
BE AT TWO SITES!! Portable computer
has a handle to hand-carry between two
sites. Two sets of other components and
cables for access to Eye gaze System at
school, work or home. Dimensions
9"x5'txl7'1, weight approximately 16 lbs.
(Transportable Computer)
BE A KEYBOARD to a second computer
to run any keyboard-controlled software,
by means of the T-TAM connector.
(Second Computer Mode)
SPEAK 100 "canned phrases" through a
speech synthesizer, with a single glance of
the eye. Phrases can be changed by
caregiver or user. (Phrases)
CONTROL appliances anywhere in the
home or office from one Eye gaze screen.
No special wiring. (Lights and Appliances)
DIAL and answer a speaker phone from
one screen. "Phone Book" stores 16
frequently used numbers. (Telephone)
Main Menu Options:
6.1 The Phrase Program:
The Phrases program, along
with the speech synthesizer, provides
quick communications for non-verbal
users. Looking at a key causes a
preprogrammed message to be spoken.
The Phrases program stores up to 126
messages, which can be composed and
easily changed to suit the user.
Figure: Phrases Screen
6.2 Typewriter Program:
Simple word processing can be
done using the Typewriter Program. The
user types by looking at keys on visual
keyboards. Four keyboard configurations,
simple to complex, are available. Typed
text appears on the screen above the
keyboard display. The user may "speak" or
print what he has typed. He may also store
typed text in a file to be retrieved at a later
time. The retrieved text may be verbalized,
edited or printed.
Figure: Alpha Keyboard
6.3 The Telephone Program:
The telephone program allows the user to
place and receive calls. Frequently used
numbers are stored in a telephone "book".
Non-verbal users may access the speech
synthesizer to talk on the phone.
fig: Telephone Control Screen
6.4 Run Second PC:
The Run Second PC program
permits the Eye gaze Communication
System to act as a peripheral keyboard and
Mouse interface to a Windows computer.
The user can run any off-the-shelf
software he chooses on the second
computer. He can access the Internet, and
send e-mail by looking at keyboard and
mouse control screens on the Eye gaze
monitor. The programs being run are
displayed on the second computer's
monitor. Typed text appears
simultaneously on the Eye gaze and
second pc's screens.
Figure: Frequency Keyboard
For children, two new Eye
gaze programs have been added to the Eye
gaze System. Both run with the Second
PC option. Eye Switch is a big, basic on-
screen switch to run "cause & effect"
software programs on a Second PC.
Simple Mouse is an easy mouse control
program to provide simplified access to
educational software on a Second PC.
Figure: Mouse control screen
6.5 The Lights & appliances Program:
The Lights & appliances
Program which includes computer-
controlled switching equipment, provides
Eye gaze control of lights and appliances
anywhere in the home or office. No special
house wiring is necessary. The user turns
appliances on and off by looking at a bank
of switches displayed on the screen.
Figure: Lights and Appliances
6.6 Paddle games & Score Four:
These are the visually controlled Games.
6.7 Read Text Program:
The Read Text Program allows
the user to select text for display and to
"turn pages" with his eyes. Any ASCII
format text can be loaded for the user to
access. Books on floppy disk are available
from Services for the Blind.
6.8 Television:
Television programs can be
displayed directly on the desktop Eye gaze
System screen. On-screen volume and
channel controls provide independent
operation. (Not available on the Portable
Eye gaze System.)
6. MENUS OF EYEGAZESYSTEM
The Main Menu:
The Main Menu appears on the
screen as soon as the user completes a 15-
second calibration procedure. The Main
Menu presents a list of available Eye gaze
programs. The user calls up a desired
program by looking at the Eye gaze key
next to his program choice.
Figure: Main Menu
8. APPLICATIONS
Every year more than 100,000
people are diagnosed with motor neuron
diseases. Typically, even when all other
ways of communicating are either severely
damaged or completely lost, the eyes still
function. Communication by Gaze
Interaction (COGAIN) is a Network of
Excellence designed specifically to help
people with these disabilities to
communicate more effectively with eye
gaze. At the COGAIN stand you can see
how this technology is used by a person
who relies on it.
Current eye tracking
equipment allows users to generate text on
a computer by using eye gaze. Users are
able to select letters and numbers by
looking at a keyboard on a screen with
their eyes, and can construct words and
sentences that can be spoken aloud by the
system. Using these systems both
empowers and enables people with
disabilities as they can now communicate
without the need for an assistant or helper,
giving the users greater freedom in their
lives.
Eye tracking systems that
allow text entry by eye gaze have been in
existence for about two decades, but the
technology is still only available to a small
portion of the potential user population.
Obstacles for more wide-spread use
currently include: the high cost of eye
tracking equipment, the limitation that
gaze communication applications may
only work with a particular dedicated eye
tracking device, and finally that eye
tracking devices are often hard to use and
require experts to operate them.
A wide variety of disciplines
use eye tracking techniques, including
cognitive science, psychology (notably
psycholinguistics, the visual world
paradigm), human-computer interaction
(HCI), marketing research and medical
research (neurological diagnosis). Specific
applications include the tracking eye
movement in language reading, music
reading, human activity recognition, the
perception of advertising, and the playing
of sport. Uses include:
Cognitive Studies
Medical Research
Laser refractive surgery
Human Factors
Computer Usability
Vehicle Simulators
Virtual Reality
Adult Research
Sports Training
Commercial applications
In recent years, the increased
sophistication and accessibility of eye
tracking technologies have generated a
great deal of interest in the commercial
sector. Applications include web usability,
advertising, sponsorship, package design
and automotive engineering. In general,
commercial eye tracking studies function
by presenting a target stimulus to a sample
of consumers while an eye tracker is used
to record the activity of the eye. Examples
of target stimuli may include websites,
television programs, sporting events, films,
commercials, magazines, newspapers,
packages, shelf Displays, consumer
systems (ATMs, checkout systems,
kiosks), and software. The resulting data
can be statistically analyzed and
graphically rendered to provide evidence
of specific visual patterns. By examining
fixations, saccades, pupil dilation, blinks
and a variety of other behaviors
researchers can determine a great deal
about the effectiveness of a given medium
or product. While some companies
complete this type of research internally,
there are many private companies that
offer eye tracking services and analysis.
The most prominent field of
commercial eye tracking research is web
usability. While traditional usability
techniques are often quite powerful in
providing information on clicking and
scrolling patterns, eye tracking offers the
ability to analyze user interaction between
the clicks. This provides valuable insight
into which features are the most eye-
catching, which features cause confusion
and which ones are ignored altogether.
Specifically, eye tracking can be used to
assess search efficiency, branding, online
advertisements, navigation usability,
overall design and many other site
components. Analyses may target a
prototype or competitor site in addition to
the main client site.
Eye tracking is commonly
used in a variety of different advertising
media. Commercials, print ads, online ads
and sponsored programs are all conducive
to analysis with current eye tracking
technology. Analyses focus on visibility of
a target product or logo in the context of a
magazine, newspaper, website, or televised
event. This allows researchers to assess in
great detail how often a sample of
consumers fixates on the target logo,
product or ad in this way, an advertiser can
quantify the success of a given campaign
in terms of actual visual attention.
Eye tracking provides package
designers with the opportunity to examine
the visual behavior of a consumer while
interacting with a target package. This may
be used to analyze distinctiveness,
attractiveness and the tendency of the
package to be chosen for purchase. Eye
tracking is often utilized while the target
product is in the prototype stage.
Prototypes are tested against each other
and competitors to examine which specific
elements are associated with high visibility
and appeal.
One of the most promising
applications of eye tracking research is in
the field of automotive design. Research is
currently underway to integrate eye
tracking cameras into automobiles. The
goal of this endeavor is to provide the
vehicle with the capacity to assess in real-
time the visual behavior of the driver. The
National Highway Traffic Safety
Administration (NHTSA) estimates that
drowsiness is the primary causal factor in
100,000 police-reported accidents per
year. Another NHTSA study suggests that
80% of collisions occur within three
seconds of a distraction. By equipping
automobiles with the ability to monitor
drowsiness, inattention, and cognitive
engagement driving safety could be
dramatically enhanced. Lexus claims to
have equipped its LS 460 with the first
driver monitor system in 2006, providing a
warning if the driver takes his or her eye
off the road.
Since 2005, eye tracking is
used in communication systems for
disabled persons: allowing the user to
speak, send e-mail, browse the Internet
and perform other such activities, using
only their eyes. Eye control works even
when the user has involuntary movement
as a result of Cerebral palsy or other
disabilities, and for those who have glasses
or other physical interference which would
limit the effectiveness of older eye control
systems.
Eye tracking has also seen
minute use in autofocus still camera
equipment, where users can focus on a
subject simply by looking at it through the
viewfinder.
9. FOR PEOPLE WITH
LIMITED EYE CONTROL
Scanning Keyboard is the new
row/column keyboard with an on-screen
eye "switch" for people with limited eye
movement. The switch can be placed on
either side, above, or below the keyboard
to accommodate users with only horizontal
movement, or only vertical movement.
The user may "speak" what he has typed.
9.1. Environment required for an Eye
gaze system
Because eye tracking is done
using infrared light.Eyegaze system must
take care of light sources in the room in
order to ensure the best accuracy. The Eye
gaze System must be operated in an
environment where there is limited of
ambient infrared light. Common sources of
infrared light are sunlight and incandescent
light bulbs. The System makes its
predictions based on the assumption that
the only source of infrared light shining on
the user's eye is coming from the center of
the camera. Therefore, stray sources of
infrared may degrade the accuracy or
prevent Eye gaze operation altogether. The
System works best away from windows,
and in a room lit with fluorescent or
mercury-vapor lights, which are low in
infrared.
9.2. New portable Eye gaze System
The Portable Eye gaze System
can be mounted on a wheelchair and run
from a 12-volt battery or wall outlet. It
weighs only 6 lbs (2.7 kg) and its
dimensions are 2.5"x8"x9" (6.5cm x20cm
x23cm). The Portable Eye gaze System
comes with a flat screen monitor and a
table mounted for its monitor. The
monitor can be lifted off the table mount
and slipped into a wheelchair mount.
Figure: Portable Eye gaze System
Mounted on Wheelchair
Figure: Screen of Eye gaze System
At each camera image sample, the Edge
Analysis System generates:
an eye-found flag indicating
whether or not the eye is visible to
the camera and thus whether or not
a valid gaze point is calculated,
x-y coordinates of the subject's
gaze point on the computer screen,
pupil diameter,
3-dimensional location of the
eyeball center within the camera
field-of-view, an indicator of head
location and movement, and
Fixation and saccade analysis.
The Edge Analysis System is robust and
extremely easy to calibrate. RMS tracking
errors are typically 0.25 inch (0.63 cm) or
less and the advanced image processing
algorithms in the System explicitly
accommodate several common sources of
gaze point tracking error:
Head Range Variation
Pupil Diameter Variation
Corneal Reflection Straddling
Pupil Edge
10. CONCLUSION
Today, the human eye-gaze
can be recorded by relatively
unremarkable techniques. This thesis
argues that it is possible to use the eye-
gaze of a computer user in the interface to
aid the control of the application. Care
must be taken, though, that eye-gaze
tracking data is used in a sensible way,
since the nature of human eye-movements
is a combination of several voluntary and
involuntary cognitive processes.
The main reason for eye-gaze
based user interfaces being attractive is
that the direction of the eye-gaze can
express the interests of the user-it is a
potential porthole into the current
cognitive processes-and communication
through the direction of the eyes is faster
than any other mode of human
communication. It is argued that eye-gaze
tracking data is best used in multimodal
interfaces where the user interacts with the
data instead of the interface, in so-called
non-command user interfaces.
11. REFERENCES
http://www.eyegaze.com/content/
assistive-technology
http://www.eyegaze.com/content/
eyetracking-research-tools
http://www.gschlosser.de/
eyegaze_english.htm
http://www.sensorysoftware.com/
132.html
http://www.diku.dk/hjemmesider/
ansatte/panic/eyegaze/node19.html
http://www.eyetechds.com/
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