final paper1
Post on 06-Apr-2015
144 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
Bury or Burn:
An Analysis of Filipinos’ Preference between Interment and
Cremation
Type 3 Research
2009-2010
UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST – MANILA
AUTHORS
Custodio, Donna Lea M.
Donggon, Lea R.
Francisco, Veronicca T.
Mayores, Jo Ann D.
Torrefranca, Shiela R.
March 2010
1
I. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
INTRODUCTION 1-3
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 4-5
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 6
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 7
HYPOTHESIS 8
OBJECTIVES 8
LIMITATION OF THE STUDY 9-10
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY 10
II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
STATEMENT OF THE SALIENT RELATED LITERATURE AND
RELEVANCE TO THE PROPOSED STUDY 11-24
III. DATA AND METHODOLOGY
METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY 25
DATA 25-26
IV. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS EVALUATION 27-55
V. SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS 56-58
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 58
SAMPLE QUESTIONNAIRE 59-60
2
I. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Background of the study
In the increasing population on the Filipinos, space are needed
for housing, many of the farm have been turn to subdivision in
order to satisfy the need for living spaces. Also because of this the
cost of lands has been in all time high, whether it commercial,
residential, or even for your last resting place. Memorial plans cost
are over the top, costing almost as high as a one story house. That
is why Filipinos are starting to look for alternatives to memorial
plans; one of the alternatives is the cremation.
Cremation comes in several types; Direct with no viewing or
service, cremation with no viewing but with a memorial service and
cremation with viewing and with cremation following the viewing.
An unavoidable consequence of cremation is that a tiny residue of
bodily remains is left in the chamber after cremation and mixes
with subsequent cremations. Not all that remains is bone. There
may be melted metal lumps from missed jewelry, casket furniture,
dental fillings, and surgical implants, such as hip replacements.
Large items such as titanium hip replacements or casket hinges are
usually removed before grinding, as they may damage the grinder.
They may be returned to the family, or are more commonly sold as
ferrous/non-ferrous scrap metal. After grinding, smaller bits of
metal such as tooth fillings, and rings (commonly known as
gleanings) are sieved out and may be later interred in common
3
consecrated ground in a remote area of the cemetery or sold as
precious metal scrap.
Cremated remains can be kept in an urn, stored in a special
memorial building “columbarium”, buried in the ground at any
location or sprinkled on a special field, mountain, or in the sea. In
addition, there are several services in which the cremated remains
will be scattered in a variety of ways and locations. Some examples
are via a helium balloon, through fireworks, shot from shotgun
shells, or scattered from an airplane (this is not illegal in most
jurisdictions, in part because laws prohibiting it would be difficult to
enforce). One service sends a lipstick-tube sized sample of the
cremated remains into low earth orbit, where they remain for years
(but not permanently) before re-entering the atmosphere. Another
company claims to turn part of the cremated remains into synthetic
diamonds that can then be made into jewelry. Cremated remains
may also be incorporated, with urn and cement, into part of an
artificial reef, or they can also be mixed into paint and made into a
portrait of the deceased. Cremated remains can be scattered in
national parks in the U.S., with a special permit. They can also be
scattered on private property, with the owner's permission. A
portion of the cremated remains may be retained in a specially
designed locket known as cremation jewelry. The cremated remains
may also be entombed. Most cemeteries will grant permission for
burial of cremated remains in occupied cemetery plots that have
4
already been purchased or are in use by the families disposing of
the cremated remains, without any additional charge or oversight.
The research are interested to know if an alternative to
traditional burial like cremation can be accepted in our conservative
catholic population. Are the Filipinos more open minded now, or are
the Filipinos still traditional.
5
6
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
The theoretical framwork of the study is explained in the
following diagram:
INDEPENDENT
VARIABLES
INTERVENING
VARIABLES
DEPENDET VARIABLE
Respondents’
Profile
Age
Gender
Income
Occupation
Race
Education
Religion
Promotion
Trend
Choice of respondents
between interment
and cremation
Figure 1. Paradigm of the Study
The researchers think that the independent variables and
intervening variables are related to thechoice of the respondents
between cremation and interment.
The age of the respondents greatly affect their decision, younger
generation’s belief differ from what the older generation beieve in. The
gender of therespondents is another element that can affect their
awareness. Another factor is family income. It is a common belief
among Filipinos that only the rich andaffluent can afford to have their
7
dead cremated. Occupation may also have an effect on the
respondents choice. Religion may also be a factor in determining their
choice. Different religions have different views regarding burial. The
race of the respondents may also affect their decision. Another
important factor to be considered is the respondents’ educational
background.
Promotion such as advertisement and word of mouth may be
perceived to have an effect in the respondent’s decision. The more the
respondents know about the process of cremation, the more they are
inclined to decide wisely between cremation and traditional burial.
Another intervening factor to be considered is the trend in the market.
8
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
Figure 1
9
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The title of the research study is “Bury or Burn: An Analysis of
Filipinos’ Preference between Interment and Cremation”. The research
study mainly focuses on determining the acceptability of cremation
among Filipinos. The study will also focus on the relationship of the
respondents’ profile to their decision as to whether they would go for
traditional burial or cremation.
1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of:
1.1 Age
1.2 Gender
1.3 Income
1.4 Occupation
1.5 Religion
1.6 Race
1.7 Education
2. How do the following factors influence the choice of the
respondents?
2.1 Religion
2.2 Promotion
2.3 Trend
3. Is there a relationship between the respondents profile and
their choice between the two types of burial?
10
HYPOTHESES
1. That all the respondents have the right to decide for their family.
2. That all the respondents are knowledgeable about cremation.
3. That there are respondents who have a deceased member of the
family who undergo cremation.
4. That the respondents will choose cremation because it more
practical.
5. That somehow the respondents will choose traditional burial
because in cremation it is difficult for the family to decide and it
is expensive.
6. That all the respondents prefer cremation than traditional burial.
7. That the religious belief is the factor that strongly influences
their choice whether traditional burial or cremation.
8. That the respondents have memorial plan.
9. That all the respondents are not against cremation.
OBJECTIVES:
General Objective: To analyze and determine the Filipinos’
preference between interment and cremation.
Specific Objectives:
To determine the level of acceptability of cremation among
Filipinos
11
To find out the factors that strongly influence the choice of
respondents between interment and cremation
LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The study will focus on determining the acceptability of
cremation among Filipinos. Another focus of the study is the
relationship of the respondents’ profile to their decision as to whether
they would go for traditional burial or cremation. Moreover, the study
will also show the awareness of Filipino people about cremation.
The study will consider how external factors such as promotion,
word-of-mouth, religious beliefs, economic, family and relatives,
practicality and others that influence the choice of the respondents.
The research study was limited to the analysis of information
taken from two hundred (200) respondents who were between the
ages of twenty-five (25) to sixty (60) and have an annual income of
ranging from one hundred thousand (P100, 000) to six hundred
thousand (P600, 000), since it is the normal age for working adults who
can have the right to decide for their family. And thus, it is believe that
at this age, people are knowledgeable about cremation and interment
or traditional burial.
12
Furthermore, the residence of the respondents was also limited
to Manila, Mandaluyong, Pasig, Pasay, Parañaque and Malolos,
Bulacan. The area of the study was chosen because it is convenient to
the researchers.
Because of the limited time of the researchers in gathering data
based on the volume of crematoriums here in the Philippines, the
student researchers were not able to comply with the required
information.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The output of the research will be valuable to the funeral
industry, government, people who are unaware about cremation and
interment, student researchers of this study and other researchers who
may do similar study in the future.
To the Funeral Industry, for they will be informed about the
potential demand of cremation in the Philippines.
To the government for they will be able to know the benefits
brought about by the cremation to the people.
To other people who are unaware about cremation for they will
be informed about some facts on cremation.
To the students-researchers of the study for they will learn from
their experiences while undertaking the investigation.
13
And lastly to other researchers who may do similar study in the
future, for they will have it as a reference in their study.
14
II. Review of Related Literature
In an Instruction dated May 8, 1963, the Holy Office permitted
cremation as a legitimate mode of disposing the dead body of the
faithful, provided the reason for choosing cremation does not stem
from a denial of Christian dogmas, the animosity of a secret society, or
hatred of the Catholic religion and the Church. The Instruction
recommends, however that the practice of reverently burying the
faithful departed should be preserved. The 1983 Code of Cannon Law
(can. 1176 #3) makes the same provision. The Instruction states:
“The reverent, unbroken practice of burying the bodies
of the faithful departed is something the Church has
always taken pains to encourage. It has surrounded the
practice with rites suited to bringing out more clearly the
symbolic and religious significance of burial and has
threatened with penalties those who might attack this
sound practice. The Church has especially employed such
sanctions in the face of hate-inspired assaults against
Christian practices and traditions by those who, imbued
with the animosity of their secret societies, sought to
replace burial by cremation. This practice was meant to be
a symbol of their antagonistic denial of Christian dogma,
15
above all of the resurrection of the dead and the
immortality of the soul.”
The issue is not therefore an intrinsically evil act, opposed per se to
the Christian religion. This has always been the thinking of the Church
in certain situations where it was or is clear that there is an upright
motive for cremation, based on serious reasons, especially of public
order, the Church did not and does not object to it.
There has been a change for the better in attitudes and in recent
years more frequent and clearer situations impeding the practice of
burial have developed. Consequently, the Holy See is receiving
repeated requests for a relaxation of church discipline relative to
cremation. The procedure is clearly being advocated today, not out of
hatred of the Church or Christian customs, but rather for reasons of
health, economics, or other reasons involving private or public order.
Sticking to Tradition
While rising interment expenses have ushered in wider acceptance
of cremation, those who embrace it are mostly middle to upper class
families with some wherewithal to bury their dead the traditional, if
more expensive, way.
Rabago says “these are the people who most
likely have more access to information but faith
16
sometimes stands in the way.” Marivic Malaluan, 34,
says her deeply religious family still believes in the
tradition way of burying their departed.
“Our loved ones have already suffered enough when
they were alive. Burning their flesh is like living them
more suffering," says Malaluan, a call center agent in
Makati City. On All Saints Day, Marivic and her family
would again trek to the crowded public cemetery in
San Nicolas, Batangas for about 102 kilometers south
of Manila, to pay respects to their dead.
"We don’t mind the heat and discomfort. We only do
this once a year," she says.
Civil & Public Services
The Manila city government will soon offer free cremation services
to poor residents following the completion of a crematorium near the
entrance of the Manila North Cemetery.
In a statement, Mayor Alfredo Lim said the
construction of the crematorium is in line with the
“womb to tomb” services being offered by his
government to the city’s residents.
17
Residents may choose to keep the ashes of their
loved ones at home or they may avail of the pauper’s
burial lots being offered by the city government at
the Manila North Cemetery.
On top of this, they may also hold the wake of their
departed loved ones at the crematorium.
Lim assured residents that the city government will
take care of their needs from birth to death.
He cited the free pre-natal care and hospital services
being offered to expectant mothers as well as the
free medical care provided to senior citizens in city-
run hospitals.
Burial Methods
Except from cremation there are so many alternative ways of
burying the dead. It ranges from natural burial to sky burial. Some
burial practices are heavily ritualized; others are simply practical.
Natural burial is the process by which a body is returned to the
earth to decompose naturally in soil. It also includes embalming which
is the practice of preserving a body against decay, and is used in many
18
cultures. In addition, mummification is a more extensive method of
embalming, further delaying the decay process.
m In funeral services, the body is often put on display. Many
cultures feel that the deceased should be presented looking his/her
finest.
Burial at sea is the practice of depositing the
body in an ocean or other large body of water
instead of soil. It may be disposed in a coffin, or
without one.
Funerary cannibalism is the practice of eating the
remains. This may be for many reasons: for example
to partake of their strength, to spiritually "close the
circle" by reabsorbing their life into the family or
clan, to annihilate an enemy, or due to pathological
mental conditions. The Yanomami have the habit of
cremating the remains and then eating the ashes
with banana paste.
Ecological funeral is a method of increasing the
rate of decomposition in order to help fertilize the
soil.
19
Excarnation is the practice of removing the flesh
from the corpse without interment. The Zoroastrians
have traditionally left their dead on Towers of
Silence, where the flesh of the corpses is left to be
devoured by vultures and other carrion-eating birds.
Alternatively, it can also mean butchering the corpse
by hand to remove the flesh (sometimes referred to
by the neologism "defleshing").
Gibbeting was the ancient practice of publicly
displaying remains of criminals.
Hanging coffins are coffins which have been
placed on cliffs. They can be found in various
locations, including China and the Philippines.
Resomation involves disposal through an
accelerated process of alkaline hydrolysis.
Sky burial involves placing the body on a
mountaintop.
Cremation is catching on in the Philippines. More and more Filipinos
are gravitating towards this means of disposal of human remains.
Cremation, although inhumation is still largely practiced in the
Philippines, has been constantly gaining acceptance, especially in
20
urban areas where there are crematoriums. Reasons vary from
practicality, hygiene, economic conditions of the family, or personal
choice of the departed. It may serve as a funeral or post funeral rite
that is an alternative to the interment of an intact body in a casket.
Cremated remains, which are not a health risk, may be buried or
immured in memorial sites or cemeteries, or they may be legally
retained by relatives or dispersed in a variety of ways and locations.
More Filipino families are now opting to cremate their departed
because of the rising costs of cemetery lots in privately-owned
memorial parks. The cost factor tends to make cremation attractive.
Generally speaking, cremation is cheaper than traditional burial
services especially if direct cremation is chosen, in which the body is
cremated as soon as legally possible without any sort of services.
Cremation in Other Countries
In the U.S., a body ready to be cremated must be placed
in a container for cremation, which can be a simple
corrugated cardboard box or a wooden casket. Most
casket manufacturers provide a line of caskets specially
built for cremation. Another option is a cardboard box
that fits inside a wooden shell designed to look like a
21
traditional casket. After the funeral service, the interior
box is removed from the shell before cremation,
permitting the shell to be reused. Funeral homes may
also offer rental caskets, which are traditional caskets
used only for the duration of the services, after which
the body is transferred to another container for
cremation. Rental caskets are sometimes designed with
removable beds and liners, which are replaced after
each use.
In the UK, the body is not removed from the coffin and
is not placed into a container as described above. The
body is cremated with the coffin, which is why all UK
coffins that are to be used for cremation must be made
of combustible material. The Code of Cremation Practice
forbids the opening of the coffin once it has arrived at
the crematorium, and rules stipulate it must be
cremated within 72 hours of the funeral service.] Thus,
in the UK, bodies are cremated in the same coffin as
they are placed in at the undertaker's although the
regulations allow the use of an approved 'cover' during
the funeral service. It is recommended that jewelry be
removed before the coffin is sealed for this reason. After
the cremation process has been completed, the remains
22
are passed through a magnetic field to remove any
metal, which will be interred elsewhere in the
crematorium grounds, or increasingly, recycled. The
ashes are then given to relatives or loved ones or
scattered in the Crematorium grounds where facilities
exist.
In Australia, the deceased are cremated in a coffin
supplied by the undertaker. Reusable or cardboard
coffins are becoming popular, with several
manufacturers now supplying them. If cost is an issue, a
plain, particle-board coffin (known in the trade as a
"chippie") will be offered. Handles (if fitted) are plastic
and approved for use in a cremator. Coffins vary from
natural cardboard or unfinished particle board (covered
with a velvet pall if there is a service) to solid timber;
most are veneered particle board.
In late 19th century Australia, the modern cremation
movement campaigned for cremation on the basis of
public health, economic and aesthetic grounds.
However, cremation was slow to gain acceptance. In
1891, South Australia became the first state to legalize
cremations and build a crematorium - West Terrace
23
Cemetery in 1903. In Victoria, a cremation bill was
passed in 1903, formalizing and regulating the practice,
and limiting it to approved cemeteries. In New South
Wales, a bill was not passed until 1925.Rookwood is the
oldest continuously operating crematorium in Australia.
It began operation in 1925 and now performs around
2500 cremations per year. Of the 128,500 people that
die each year in Australia, 54 per cent are cremated -
this figure is increasing by half a per cent each year.
Around the world, other percentages include:
UK - 70.70%
USA - 27.12%
Japan - 99.41%
Italy - 6.62%
Ireland - 5.40% (estimate only)
Ghana -1.78%
Cremations can be "delivery only," with no preceding
chapel service at the crematorium (although a church
service may have been held) or be preceded by a
service in one of the crematorium chapels. Delivery-only
allows crematoria to schedule cremations to make best
use of the cremators, perhaps by holding the body
24
overnight in a refrigerator. As a result, a lower fee is
applicable. Delivery-only may be referred to in industry
jargon as "west chapel service."
In a Japanese funeral and in Taiwan, the bones are not
pulverized unless requested beforehand, and are
collected by the family.
In Japan, the night before the funeral, the very close
relatives hold a special ceremony called 'Otsuya' to
farewell the body. Japanese burn candles and incense
and stay awake all night, just in case the person wakes
up. Monks also visit to pray and give the person a
Buddhist name.
After the body has been cremated, relatives each take a
bone with chopsticks and place it in a white pottery jar.
This way they send a message that they haven't
abandoned the body. The voice box bone is a special
bone because it is the shape of Buddha sitting in prayer.
After 49 days the bones can go in a gravestone at the
cemetery.
In Hindu religion, fire is considered a sacred gateway to
the spiritual world. Cremation of the body has to occur
25
within six hours of the person's death in the simplest
ceremonial way.
Balinese religion is based on respect for and worship of
God and ancestors, and is a combination of Hindu
elements and indigenous Balinese culture. After death,
the body must be dissolved and returned to its original
elements. After someone dies in Bali, the body is either
put in the temple or in a special house. The family
brings cakes, coffee or whatever they cook for them just
as if they were alive. This helps them keep contact with
the soul which stays around the body for three days
after the death. The whole village helps with the
cremation, making offerings and food. They always try
to be happy, as this makes it easier for the soul to
leave. The size and elaborateness of the cremation
ceremony reflects the wealth of the deceased's family.
Since cremations are large and expensive festivals,
sometimes the body is temporarily buried until the
family can afford the cremation.
Cremation has been more readily accepted in some
European and Asian countries: the figure in England,
Germany, and Denmark, for example, is more than 50
26
percent. In Japan, where cremation was illegal in 1875,
the practice has become almost universal.
The appearance of cremated remains after grinding is
one of the reasons they are called ashes, although a
non-technical term sometimes used is "cremains", a
portmanteau of "cremated" and "remains". (The
Cremation Association of North America prefers the
word "cremains" to not be used for referring to "human
cremated remains." The reason given is that "cremains"
is though to have less connection with the deceased,
whereas a loved one's "cremated remains" has a more
identifiable human connection.
An unavoidable consequence of cremation is that a tiny
residue of bodily remains is left in the chamber after
cremation and mixes with subsequent cremations.
The practice of cremation has extended considerably in
many places in the last decades. Other countries have their
different ways of treating their dead love ones. It is being
observed that cremation in other countries is already more
27
dominant than the traditional burial especially in Japan where
almost 100% of its citizens prepared cremation. Cremation of
other countries varies depending on their religions and beliefs.
While this custom has no Christian origins and, in itself, is not
contrary to truths taught by the Church, it is not prohibited when
carried out with an upright intention and for grave causes. In
many countries, it is usually done in a crematory but others may
prefer different methods. An example is the common practice of
open-air cremation in India.
As of now, cremation is getting more attention in the
Philippines. It is starting to penetrate not only those in the middle
and upper classes but also the poor who have granted free
cremation for civil and public services. Cremation is a better
choice of burial method here in the Philippines because of the
fast increase in population needing more space to live in and for
environmental purposes and practicality. FACT: All of us will die.
A real human will make arrangements for that departure and
avoid having his or her family make that arrangement.
28
III. DATA AND METHODOLOGY
METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY
This study made use of the descriptive form of research.
Convenience sampling is employed in selecting samples. The
researchers do the data gathering in their respective place of
residence. Two hundred target respondents are divided equally among
the researchers. Survey was also conducted in order to come up with
the needed information.
A set of questionnaire was distributed to the respondents
Manila, Mandaluyong, Pasig, Pasay, Parañaque and Malolos, Bulacan.
The survey sheets tackeled the acceptance of the Filipino’s in
cremation.
The questionnaire also aimed to gather basic information from
the respondents including age, gender, occupation and economic
status.
DATA
29
The descriptive approach made use as the approach to this
study. The sources of data came from the survey conducted by the
student-researchers in their respective place of residence.
The data gathered became the basis for interpretation of the
respondent’s beliefs and perceptions about cremation.
Statistical treatment simply refers to the frequency and percentage
used in determining the number of respondents where F corresponds
the number of frequency and P corresponds the number of population.
The computation is based in the equation;
F/P x 100
30
IV. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS EVALUATION
Table 1
Demographic Profile of the Respondents
1.1 Gender
AREA BULACAN MANDALUYON
G
MANILA PASIG PARAÑAQU
E
PASAY
GENDER F (%) F (%) F (%) F (%) F (%) F (%)
Female 27 67.5
%
21 52.5% 41 68.33
%
7 35% 8 40% 9 45%
Male 13 32.5
%
19 47.5% 19 31.67
%
13 65% 12 60% 11 55%
SUBTOTA
L
4
0
100
%
40 100% 6
0
100% 2
0
100
%
20 100% 2
0
100
%
TOTAL 200 respondents
The table above shows that there are more female respondents
than male in the areas of Bulacan, Mandaluyong, Manila while in Pasig,
Parañaque and Pasay area, there are more male respondents than
female. In Bulacan 27 out of 40 or 67.5% are female while 13 or 32.5%
are male. In Mandaluyong, 21 out of 40 or 52.5% are female while 19
or 47.5% are male. In Manila, 41 out of 60 are female while 19 or
31
31.67% are male. In Pasig 7 out of 20 or 35% are female while 13 or
65% are male. In Parañaque, 8 out of 20 or 40% are female while 12 or
60% are male. In Pasay, 9 out of 20 or 45% are female while 11 or 55%
are male.
1.2 Age
AREA BULACAN MANDALUYON
G
MANILA PASIG PARAÑAQU
E
PASAY
AGE F (%) F (%) F (%) F (%) F (%) F (%)
25-30 3 7.5% 10 25% 10 16.67
%
6 30% 4 20% 3 15%
31-35 7 17.5
%
4 10% 10 16.67
%
1 5% 2 10% 3 15%
36-40 10 25% 7 18% 12 20% 1 5% 2 10% 4 20%
41-45 5 12.5
%
8 20% 14 23.33
%
7 35% 5 25% 1 5%
46-50 6 15% 4 10% 4 6.67% 2 10% 2 10% 4 20%
51-55 3 7.5% 3 8% 3 5% 2 10% 3 15% 4 20%
56-60 6 15% 4 10% 7 11.67
%
1 5% 2 10% 1 5%
SUBTOTA
L
4
0
100
%
40 100% 6
0
100% 2
0
100
%
20 100% 2
0
100
%
TOTAL 200 respondents
32
The table above shows that most of the respondents in Bulacan
aged 36-40 with 25% or 10 out of 40 respondents. In Mandaluyong
most of the respondents aged 25-30 with 25% or 10 out of 40
respondents. In Manila, Pasig and Parañaque, most of the respondents
aged 41-45 with 23.33%, 35% and 25% respectively. In Pasay most of
the respondents aged 36-40, 46-50 and 51-55 with 20 % or 4 out of 20
respondents.
Out of 40 respondents in Bulacan, there are 7.5% or 3
respondents aged 25-30, 17.5% or 7 respondents aged 31-35, 25% or
10 respondents aged 36-40, 12.5% or 5 respondents aged 41-45, 15%
or 6 respondents aged 46-50, 7.5% or 3 respondents aged 51-55 and
the remaining 15% or 6 respondents aged 51-60.
Out of 40 respondents in Mandaluyong, there are 25% or 10
respondents aged 25-30, 10% or 4 respondents aged 31-35, 18% or 7
respondents aged 36-40, 20% or 8 respondents aged 41-45, 10% or 4
respondents aged 46-50, 8% or 3 respondents aged 51-55 and the
remaining 10% or 4 respondents aged 51-60.
Out of 60 respondents in Manila, there are 16.67% or 10
respondents aged 25-30, 16.67% or 10 respondents aged 31-35, 20%
or 12 respondents aged 36-40, 23.33% or 14 respondents aged 41-45,
6.67% or 4 respondents aged 46-50, 5% or 3 respondents aged 51-55
and the remaining 11.67% or 7 respondents aged 51-60.
33
Out of 20 respondents in Pasig, there are 30% or 6 respondents
aged 25-30, 5% or 1 respondent aged 31-35, 5% or 1 respondent aged
36-40, 35% or 7 respondents aged 41-45, 10% or 2 respondents aged
46-50, 10% or 2 respondents aged 51-55 and the remaining 5% or 1
respondent aged 51-60.
Out of 20 respondents in Parañaque, there are 20% or 4
respondents aged 25-30, 10% or 2 respondents aged 31-35, 10% or 2
respondents aged 36-40, 25% or 5 respondents aged 41-45, 10% or 2
respondents aged 46-50, 15% or 3 respondents aged 51-55 and the
remaining 10% or 2 respondents aged 51-60.
Out of 20 respondents in Pasay, there are 15% or 3 respondents
aged 25-30, 15% or 3 respondents aged 31-35, 20% or 4 respondents
aged 36-40, 5% or 1 respondent aged 41-45, 20% or 4 respondents
aged 46-50, 20% or 4 respondents aged 51-55 and the remaining 5%
or 1 respondent aged 51-60.
1.3 Civil Status
AREA BULACAN MANDALUYON
G
MANILA PASIG PARAÑAQU
E
PASAY
CIVIL
STATUS
F (%) F (%) F (%) F (%) F (%) F (%)
Single 9 22.5
%
10 25% 12 20% 5 25% 2 10% 5 25%
Married 27 67.5
%
28 70% 44 73.33
%
13 65% 15 75% 14 70%
Widow/ 4 10% 2 5% 4 6.67% 2 10% 3 15% 1 5%
34
Widower
SUBTOTA
L
4
0
100
%
40 100% 6
0
100% 2
0
100
%
20 100% 2
0
100
%
TOTAL 200 respondents
The table above shows that most of the respondents in Bulacan,
Mandaluyong, Manila, Pasig, Parañaque and Pasay are married based
on their answer at the percentage of 67.5%, 70%, 73.33%, 65%, 75%
and 70% respectively.
In Bulacan, out of 40 respondents, 22.5% or 9 respondents are
single, 67.5% or 27 respondents are married and 10% or 4
respondents are widows/widowers.
In Mandaluyong, out of 40 respondents, 25% or 10 respondents
are single, 70% or 28 respondents are married and 5% or 2
respondents are widows/widowers.
In Manila, out of 60 respondents, 20% or 12 respondents are
single, 73.33% or 44 respondents are married and 6.67% or 4
respondents are widows/widowers.
In Pasig, out of 20 respondents, 25% or 5 respondents are single,
65% or 13 respondents are married and 10% or 2 respondents are
widows/widowers.
35
In Parañaque, out of 20 respondents, 10% or 2 respondents are
single, 75% or 15 respondents are married and 15% or 3 respondents
are widows/widowers.
In Pasay, out of 20 respondents, 25% or 5 respondents are
single, 70% or 14 respondents are married and 5% or 1 respondent is
widow/widower.
1.4 Education
AREA BULACAN MANDALUYON
G
MANILA PASIG PARAÑAQU
E
PASAY
EDUCATION F (%) F (%) F (%) F (%) F (%) F (%)
High School 5 12.5
%
2 5% 6 10% 9 45% 3 15% 5 25%
College 29 72.5
%
27 67.5% 50 83.33
%
8 40% 14 70% 11 55%
Post
Graduate
6 15% 11 27.5% 4 6.67% 3 15% 3 15% 4 20%
SUBTOTAL 4
0
100
%
40 100% 6
0
100% 2
0
100
%
20 100% 2
0
100
%
TOTAL 200 respondents
The table above shows that most of the respondents in Bulacan,
Mandaluyong, Manila, Parañaque and Pasay are college graduate
based on the given answers at the percentage of 72.5%, 67.5%,
83.33%, 70% and 55% respectively. In Pasig, most of the respondents
are high school graduate at the percentage of 45%.
36
In Bulacan, 12.5% or 5 out of 40 respondents are high school
graduates, 72.5% or 29 respondents are college graduates and 15% or
6 respondents obtained a post graduate degree.
In Mandaluyong, 5% or 2 out of 40 respondents are high school
graduates, 67.5% or 27 respondents are college graduates and 27.5%
or 11 respondents obtained a post graduate degree.
In Manila, 10% or 6 out of 60 respondents are high school
graduates, 83.33% or 50 respondents are college graduates and 6.67%
or 4 respondents obtained a post graduate degree.
In Pasig, 45% or 9 out of 20 respondents are high school
graduates, 40% or 8 respondents are college graduates and 15% or 3
respondents obtained a post graduate degree.
In Parañaque, 15% or 3 out of 20 respondents are high school
graduates, 70% or 14 respondents are college graduates and 15% or 3
respondents obtained a post graduate degree.
In Pasay, 25% or 5 out of 20 respondents are high school
graduates, 55% or 11 respondents are college graduates and 20% or 4
respondents obtained a post graduate degree.
1.5 Occupation
AREA BULACAN MANDALUYON MANILA PASIG PARAÑAQU PASAY
37
G E
OCCUPATIO
N
F (%) F (%) F (%) F (%) F (%) F (%)
Unemployed 1 2.5% 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 25% 5 25%
Self-
employed
1 2.5% 8 20% 24 40% 4 20% 6 30% 6 30%
Employed 38 95% 32 80% 36 60% 16 80% 9 45% 9 45%
SUBTOTAL 4
0
100
%
40 100% 6
0
100
%
2
0
100
%
20 100% 2
0
100
%
TOTAL 200 respondents
The table above shows that most of the respondents in Bulacan,
Mandaluyong, Manila, Pasig, Parañaque and Pasay are employed based
on the given answers at the percentage of 95%, 80%, 60%, 80%, 45%
and 45% respectively.
In Bulacan, 2.5% or 1 out of 40 respondents is unemployed, 2.5
or 1 respondent is self-employed and 95% or 38 respondents are
employed.
In Mandaluyong, out of 40 respondents, there are none or 0%
unemployed, 20% or 8 respondents are self-employed and 80% or 32
respondents are employed.
In Manila, out of 60 respondents, there are none or 0%
unemployed, 40% or 24 respondents are self-employed and 60% or 36
respondents are employed.
38
In Pasig, out of 20 respondents, there are none or 0%
unemployed, 20% or 4 respondents are self-employed and 80% or 16
respondents are employed.
In Parañaque, out of 20 respondents, there are 25% or 5
unemployed respondents, 30% or 6 self-employed respondents and
45% or 9 employed respondents.
In Pasay, out of 20 respondents, there are 25% or 5 unemployed
respondents, 30% or 6 self-employed respondents and 45% or 9
employed respondents.
39
1.6 Annual Income
AREA BULACAN MANDALUYON
G
MANILA PASIG PARAÑAQU
E
PASAY
ANNUAL
INCOME
F (%) F (%) F (%) F (%) F (%) F (%)
P 100,000-
200,000
31 77.5
%
24 60% 28 46.67
%
18 90% 11 55% 8 40%
P 200,000-
400,000
7 17.5
%
9 23% 4 6.67% 1 5% 2 10% 4 20%
P 400,000-
600,000
2 5% 7 18% 28 46.67
%
1 5% 7 35% 8 40%
SUBTOTA
L
4
0
100
%
40 100% 6
0
100% 2
0
100
%
20 100% 2
0
100
%
TOTAL 200 respondents
The table above shows that most of the respondents in Bulacan,
Mandaluyong, Pasig, Parañaque and Pasay earn an annual income of
P100,000-200,000 based on the given answers at the percentage of
77.5%, 60%, 90% 55% and 40% respectively. In Manila, most of the
respondents earn and an annual income of P100,000-200,000 and
P400,000-600,000 at the percentage of 46.67%.
In Bulacan, 77.5% or 31 out of 40 respondents earn from
P100,000-200,000 annually, 17.5% or 7 respondents earn from
P200,000-400,000 annually and 5% or 2 respondents earn from
P400,000-600,000 annually.
40
In Mandaluyong, 60% or 24 out of 40 respondents earn from
P100,000-200,000 annually, 23% or 9 respondents earn from
P200,000-400,000 annually and 18% or 7 respondents earn from
P400,000-600,000 annually.
In Manila, 46.67% or 28 out of 60 respondents earn from
P100,000-200,000 annually, 6.67% or 4 respondents earn from
P200,000-400,000 annually and 46.67% or 28 respondents earn from
P400,000-600,000 annually.
In Pasig, 90% or 18 out of 20 respondents earn from P100,000-
200,000 annually, 5% or 1 respondent earn from P200,000-400,000
annually and 5% or 1 respondent earn from P400,000-600,000
annually.
In Parañaque, 55% or 11 out of 20 respondents earn from
P100,000-200,000 annually, 10% or 2 respondents earn from
P200,000-400,000 annually and 35% or 7 respondents earn from
P400,000-600,000 annually.
In Pasay, 40% or 8 out of 20 respondents earn from P100,000-
200,000 annually, 20% or 4 respondents earn from P200,000-400,000
annually and 40% or 8 respondents earn from P400,000-600,000
annually.
41
Table 2
Are you familiar with cremation?
AREA BULACAN MANDALUYON
G
MANILA PASIG PARAÑAQU
E
PASAY
F (%) F (%) F (%) F (%) F (%) F (%)
Yes 40 100% 40 100% 60 100% 20 100% 20 100% 20 100%
No 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
TOTAL 40 100
%
40 100% 60 100
%
20 100
%
20 100% 20 100
%
The table above shows that all of the respondents in Bulacan,
Mandaluyong, Manila, Pasig, Parañaque and Pasay are familiar with
cremation.
In Bulacan, 100% or 40 respondents answered yes and there is
none or 0% of the respondents answered no. In Mandaluyong, 100% or
40 respondents answered yes and there is none or 0% of the
respondents answered no. In Manila, 100% or 60 respondents
answered yes and there is none or 0% of the respondents answered
no. In Pasig, 100% or 20 respondents answered yes and there is none
or 0% of the respondents answered no. In Parañaque, 100% or 20
respondents answered yes and there is none or 0% of the respondents
42
answered no. In Pasay, 100% or 20 respondents answered yes and
there is none or 0% of the respondents answered no.
Table 3
How did you know about cremation?
AREA BULACAN MANDALUYON
G
MANILA PASIG PARAÑAQU
E
PASAY
F (%) F (%) F (%) F (%) F (%) F (%)
Word of
Mouth
24 51.06
%
19 36.54% 45 62.5% 14 51.85
%
12 60% 10 50%
News 12 25.53
%
14 26.92% 8 11.11
%
8 29.63
%
4 20% 3 15%
Advertisin
g
9 19.15
%
10 19.23% 13 18.06
%
3 11.11
%
4 20% 7 35%
Others 2 4.26% 9 17.31% 6 8.33% 2 7.41% 0 0 0 0
TOTAL 4
7
100% 52 100% 7
2
100% 2
7
100% 20 100% 2
0
100
%
The table above shows that most of the respondents in Bulacan,
Mandaluyong, Manila, Pasig, Parañaque and Pasay knew about
cremation through word of mouth based on the percentage of 51.06%,
36.54%, 62.5%, 51.85%, 60% and 50% respectively.
In Malolos, 51.06% or 24 respondents knew about cremation
through word of mouth, 25.53% or 12 respondents knew cremation
43
through news, 19.15% or 9 respondents through advertising and
4.26% or 2 respondents knew about cremation from other sources.
In Mandaluyong, 36.54% or 19 respondents knew about
cremation through word of mouth, 26.92% or 14 respondents knew
cremation through news, 19.23% or 10 respondents through
advertising and 17.31% or 9 respondents knew about cremation from
other sources.
In Manila, 62.5% or 45 respondents knew about cremation
through word of mouth, 11.11% or 8 respondents knew cremation
through news, 18.06% or 13 respondents through advertising and
8.33% or 6 respondents knew about cremation from other sources.
In Pasig, 51.85% or 14 respondents knew about cremation
through word of mouth, 29.63% or 8 respondents knew cremation
through news, 11.11% or 3 respondents through advertising and
7.41% or 2 respondents knew about cremation from other sources.
In Parañaque, 60% or 12 respondents knew about cremation
through word of mouth, 20% or 4 respondents knew cremation through
news, 20% or 4 respondents through advertising.
In Pasay, 50% or 10 respondents knew about cremation through
word of mouth, 15% or 3 respondents knew cremation through news,
35% or 7 respondents through advertising.
Table 4
Have a deceased member of your family been cremated?
44
AREA BULACAN MANDALUYON
G
MANILA PASIG PARAÑAQU
E
PASAY
F (%) F (%) F (%) F (%) F (%) F (%)
Yes 4 10% 14 35% 6 10% 7 35% 3 15% 3 15%
No 36 90% 26 65% 54 90% 13 65% 17 85% 17 85%
TOTA
L
4
0
100
%
40 100% 6
0
100
%
2
0
100
%
20 100% 2
0
100
%
The table above shows that most of the respondents in Bulacan,
Mandaluyong, Manila, Pasig, Parañaque and Pasay, doesn’t have a
deceased member of their family that cremated based on the answers
at the percentage of 90%, 65%, 30%, 65%, 85% and 85% respectively.
In Bulacan 10% or 4 respondents out of 40 answered yes and
90% or 36 respondents answered no. In Mandaluyong 35% or 14
respondents out of 40 answered yes and 65% or 26 respondents
answered no. In Manila, 10% or 6 out of 60 respondents answered yes
and 90% or 54 respondents answered no. In Pasig, 35% or 7 out of 20
respondents answered yes and 65% or 13 respondents answered no. In
Parañaque, 15% or 3 respondents out of 20 answered yes and 85% or
17 respondents answered no. In Pasay, 15% or 3 respondents out of 20
answered yes and 85% or 17 respondents answered no.
Table 4.1
If yes, what was your relation to the deceased?
AREA BULACA MANDALUYON MANILA PASIG PARAÑAQU PASAY
45
N G E
F (%) F (%) F (%) F (%) F (%) F (%)
Grandparen
t
0 0 4 20% 0 0 4 44% 0 0 2 66.67
%
Mother 0 0 1 5% 1 14.29
%
0 0 1 33.33% 0 0
Father 0 0 2 10% 1 14.29
%
0 0 1 33.33% 0 0
Sibling 1 25% 2 10% 1 14.29
%
0 0 0 0 0 0
Child 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Grandchild 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Uncle 1 25% 4 20% 0 0 5 56% 0 0 0 0
Aunt 0 0 1 5% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Niece/
Nephew
1 25% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
In-law 0 0 3 15% 2 28.57
%
0 0 1 33.33% 1 33.33
%
Others 1 25% 3 15% 2 28.57
%
0 0 0 0 0 0
TOTAL 4 100
%
20 100% 7 100% 9 100
%
3 100% 3 100%
Table 4.2
Were there members of the family/relatives who did not agree with the decision to
cremate?
AREA BULACA
N
MANDALUYON
G
MANILA PASIG PARAÑAQU
E
PASAY
F (%) F (%) F (%) F (%) F (%) F (%)
Yes 0 0 2 14.29% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
No 4 100% 12 85.71% 6 100% 7 100% 3 100% 3 100%
46
TOTAL 4 100
%
14 100% 6 100
%
7 100
%
3 100% 3 100
%
In Bulacan, out of the 4 respondents who have a deceased
member of family who have been cremated, 100% said that there is
none who did not agree with the decision to cremate.
In Mandaluyong, out of the 14 respondents who have a deceased
member of family who have been cremated, 85.71% or 12 respondents
said that there is none who did not agree with the decision to cremate
and the remaining 14.29% or 2 respondents answered yes.
In Manila, out of the 6 respondents who have a deceased
member of family who have been cremated, 100% said that there is
none who did not agree with the decision to cremate.
In Pasig out of the 7 respondents who have a deceased member
of family who have been cremated, 100% said that there is none who
did not agree with the decision to cremate.
In Parañaque, out of the 3 respondents who have a deceased
member of family who have been cremated, 100% said that there is
none who did not agree with the decision to cremate.
In Pasay, out of the 3 respondents who have a deceased member
of family who have been cremated, 100% said that there is none who
did not agree with the decision to cremate.
47
48
Table 5
In your opinion, what are the advantages of cremation?
AREA BULACAN MANDALUYON
G
MANILA PASIG PARAÑAQU
E
PASAY
Advantage
s
F (%) F (%) F (%) F (%) F (%) F (%)
Less costly 13 21.67
%
14 24.14% 9 14.06
%
3 13.64
%
6 30% 5 25%
More
practical
27 45% 22 37.93% 38 59.38
%
5 22.73
%
3 15% 3 15%
Environmen
t friendly
9 15% 6 10.34% 4 6.25% 9 40.91
%
3 15% 2 10%
It is less
burdensome
on the part
of the family
10 16.67
%
14 24.14% 12 18.75
%
4 18.18
%
8 40% 10 50%
Others 1 1.67% 2 3.45% 1 1.56% 1 4.55% 0 0 0 0
TOTAL 6
0
100% 58 100% 6
4
100% 2
2
100% 20 100% 2
0
100
%
The table shows that most of the respondents in Bulacan,
Mandaluyong and Manila think that the advantage of cremation is that
it is more practical based on their answer at the percentage of 45%,
37.93% and 59.38% respectively. In Pasig, most of the respondents
think that the advantage of cremation is that it is environment friendly
at the percentage of 40.91%. Most of the respondents in Parañaque
and Pasay think that the advantage of cremation is that it is less
49
burdensome on the part of the family based on their answer at the
percentage of 40% and 50% respectively.
In Bulacan, 21.67% or 13 respondents think that cremation is
less costly. 45% or 27 respondents think it is more practical. 15% or 9
respondents think that cremation is environment friendly. 16.67% or
10 respondents think that cremation is less burdensome on the part of
the family and 1.67% or 1 respondent thinks that cremation is
advantageous than others.
In Mandaluyong, 24.14% or 14 respondents think cremation is
less costly. 37.93% or 22 respondents think that it is more practical.
10.34% or 6 respondents think cremation is environment friendly.
24.14% or 14 respondents think cremation is less burdensome on the
part of the family and 3.45% or 2 respondents think cremation is
advantageous as compared to others.
In Manila, 14.06% or 9 respondents think cremation is less costly.
59.38% or 38 respondents think that it is more practical. 6.25% or 4
respondents think cremation is environment friendly. 18.75% or 12
respondents think cremation is less burdensome on the part of the
family and 1.56% or 1 respondent thinks cremation is advantageous as
compared to others.
In Pasig, 13.64% or 3 respondents think cremation is less costly.
22.73% or 5 respondents think that it is more practical. 40.91% or 9
respondents think cremation is environment friendly. 18.18% or 4
50
respondents think cremation is less burdensome on the part of the
family and 4.55% or 1 respondent thinks cremation is advantageous as
compared to others.
In Parañaque, 30% or 6 respondents think cremation is less
costly. 15% or 3 respondents think that it is more practical. 15% or 3
respondents think cremation is environment friendly. 40% or 8
respondents think cremation is less burdensome on the part of the
family.
In Pasay, 25% or 5 respondents think cremation is less costly.
15% or 3 respondents think that it is more practical. 10% or 2
respondents think cremation is environment friendly. 50% or 10
respondents think cremation is less burdensome on the part of the
family.
51
Table 5.1
On the other hand, what do you think are the disadvantages of cremation?
AREA BULACAN MANDALUYON
G
MANILA PASIG PARAÑAQU
E
PASIG
Disadvantag
es
F (%) F (%) F (%) F (%) F (%) F (%)
Expensive 11 23.4% 3 5.77% 9 12.16% 9 37.5% 8 40% 5 25%
Hazardous to
environment
3 6.38% 4 7.69% 5 6.76% 1 4.17% 7 35% 5 25%
Difficult for
family to
decide
12 25.53% 19 36.54% 20 27.03% 2 8.33% 0 0 2 10%
Opinion of
relatives are to
be considered
16 34.04% 16 30.77% 13 17.57% 3 12.50% 1 5% 3 15%
Not humane 2 4.26% 4 7.69% 20 27.03% 5 20.83% 2 10% 3 15%
Disrespectful
for the dead
3 6.38% 1 1.92% 6 8.11% 4 16.67% 2 10% 2 10%
Others 0 0 5 9.62% 1 1.35% 0 0 0 0 0 0
TOTAL 4
7
100% 52 100% 7
4
100% 2
4
100% 20 100% 2
0
100
%
The table above shows that most of the respondents in Bulacan
think that the disadvantage of cremation is that in cremation opinions
of the relatives are to be considered based on their answer at the
percentage of 34.04%. In Mandaluyong, most of the respondents think
that the disadvantage of cremation is the difficulty of the family to
decide at the percentage of 36.54%. In Manila, most of the
respondents think that the disadvantage of cremation is the difficulty
52
of the family to decide and not humane at the percentage of 27.03%.
Most of the respondents in Pasig and Parañaque think that the
disadvantage of cremation is that it is expensive at the percentage of
37.5% and 40% respectively. In Pasig, most of the respondents think
that the disadvantage of cremation is that it is expensive and
hazardous to environment at the percentage of 25%.
In Bulacan, 23.4% or 11 respondents think that cremation is
expensive. 6.38% or 3 respondents think that cremation is hazardous
to environment. 25.53% or 12 respondents think that it is difficult for
the family to decide. 34.04% or 16 respondents think that in
cremation, opinions of relatives are to be considered. 4.26% or 2
respondents think cremation is not humane. 6.38% or 3 respondents
think cremation is disrespectful for the dead.
In Mandaluyong, 5.77% or 3 respondents think that
cremation is expensive. 7.69% or 4 respondents think that it is
hazardous to environment. 36.54% or 19 respondents think that it is
difficult for the family to decide. 30.77% or 16 respondents think that
in cremation, opinions of the relatives are to be considered. 7.69% or 4
respondents think that cremation is not humane. 1.92% or 1
respondent thinks that it is disrespectful for the dead and 9.62% of the
respondents said that carbon footprint, it is left inside or outside the
house and cultural beliefs are the disadvantages of cremation and
others said that cremation has no disadvantages.
53
In Manila, 12.16% or 9 respondents think that cremation is
expensive. 6.76% or 5 respondents think that it is hazardous to
environment. 27.03% or 20 respondents think that it is difficult for the
family to decide. 17.57% or 13 respondents think that in cremation,
opinions of the relatives are to be considered. 27.03% or 20
respondents think that cremation is not humane. 8.11% or 6
respondents thinks that it is disrespectful for the dead and 1.35% or 1
respondent claim that cremation is disadvantageous as compared to
others.
In Pasig, 37.5% or 9 respondents think that cremation is
expensive. 4.17% or 1 respondent thinks that it is hazardous to
environment. 8.33% or 2 respondents think that it is difficult for the
family to decide. 12.5% or 3 respondents think that in cremation,
opinions of the relatives are to be considered. 20.83% or 5
respondents think that cremation is not humane. 16.67% or 4
respondents think that it is disrespectful for the dead.
In Parañaque, 40% or 8 respondents think that cremation is
expensive. 35% or 7 respondents think that it is hazardous to
environment. None of the respondents think that it is difficult for the
family to decide. 5% or 1 respondent thinks that in cremation, opinions
of the relatives are to be considered. 10% or 2 respondents think that
cremation is not humane. 10% or 2 respondents think that it is
disrespectful for the dead.
54
In Pasay, 25% or 5 respondents think that cremation is
expensive. 25% or 5 respondents think that it is hazardous to
environment. 10% or 2 respondents think that it is difficult for the
family to decide. 15% or 3 respondents think that in cremation,
opinions of the relatives are to be considered. 15% or 3 respondents
think that cremation is not humane. 10% or 2 respondents think that it
is disrespectful for the dead.
Table 6
Which do you prefer?
AREA BULACAN MANDALUYON
G
MANILA PASIG PARAÑAQU
E
PASAY
F (%) F (%) F (%) F (%) F (%) F (%)
Traditional Burial 31 77.5
%
21 52.5% 49 81.67
%
14 70% 9 45% 7 35%
Cremation 9 22.5
%
19 47.5% 11 18.33
%
6 30% 11 55% 13 65%
TOTAL 4
0
100
%
40 100% 6
0
100% 2
0
100
%
20 100% 2
0
100
%
The table above shows that most of the respondents in Bulacan,
Mandaluyong, Manila and Pasig prefer traditional burial based on the
given answer at the percentage of 77.5%, 52.5%, 81.67% and 70%
respectively. In Parañaque and Pasay, most of the respondents prefer
55
cremation based on the given answer at the percentage of 55% and
65%respectively.
In Bulacan, 77.5% or 31 out of 40 respondents prefer traditional
burial over cremation and the remaining 22.5% or 9 respondents
prefer cremation.
In Mandaluyong, 52.5% or 21 out of 40 respondents prefer
traditional burial over cremation and the remaining 47.5% or 19
respondents prefer cremation.
In Manila 81.67% or 49 out of 60 respondents prefer traditional
burial over cremation and the remaining 18.33% or 11 respondents
prefer cremation.
In Pasig, out of 20 respondents, 70% or 14 respondents chose
traditional burial and the remaining 30% or 6 respondents prefer
cremation.
In Parañaque, out of 20 respondents, 45% or 9 respondents
prefer traditional burial over cremation and the remaining 55% or 11
respondents chose cremation.
In Pasay, out of 20 respondents, 35% or 7 respondents prefer
traditional burial and the remaining 65% or 13 respondents prefer
cremation.
Table 6.1
Which of the following factors strongly influence your choice?
AREA BULACAN MANDALUYON
G
MANILA PASIG PARAÑAQU
E
PASAY
56
Factors F (%) F (%) F (%) F (%) F (%) F (%)
Religious
Beliefs
17 38.64
%
17 31.48% 39 58.21
%
12 50% 8 40% 8 40%
Family
and
Relatives
16 36.36
%
14 25.93% 12 17.91
%
7 29.17
%
6 30% 9 45%
Economi
c
1 2.27% 4 7.41% 2 2.99% 0 0 2 10% 0 0
Practical
Reasons
10 22.73
%
17 31.48% 12 17.91
%
3 12.5% 4 20% 3 15%
Others 0 0 2 3.7% 2 2.99% 2 8.33% 0 0 0 0
TOTAL 4
4
100% 54 100% 6
7
100% 2
4
100% 20 100% 2
0
100
%
The table above shows that most of the respondents in Bulacan
stated that their religious belief strongly influenced their choice
between interment or traditional burial and cremation based on their
answer at the percentage of 38.64%. In Mandaluyong, most of the
respondents stated that practical reasons and their religious belief
strongly influenced their choice at the percentage of 31.48%. In
Manila, Pasig and Parañaque, like in Bulacan, most of the respondents
their stated that their religious belief strongly influenced their choice at
the percentage of 58.21%, 50% and 40% respectively. In Pasay, most
of the respondents cited that their family and relatives strongly
influenced their choice at the percentage of 45%.
In Bulacan, 17 respondents out of 40 or 38.64% of the
respondents stated that their religious belief strongly influenced their
choice between interment or traditional burial and cremation. 36.36%
57
or 16 respondents cited their family and relatives as a factor
influencing their choice. 1 respondent or 2.27% of the respondents
said that economic reasons influenced their choice. 22.73% or 10
respondents stated practical reasons as a factor influencing their
choice.
In Mandaluyong, 17 out of 40 respondents or 31.48% believed
that religion is a strong factor in influencing their choice. 25.93% or 14
respondents cited family and relatives as a factor influencing their
choice. 7.41% or 4 respondents said that economic reasons influenced
their choice. 31.48% or 17 respondents stated practical reasons as a
factor influencing their choice. On the other hand, 3.7% or 2
respondents said their personal choice strongly influenced their choice.
In Manila, 39 respondents out of 60 or 58.21% of the
respondents stated that their religious belief strongly influenced their
choice between interment or traditional burial and cremation. 17.91%
or 12 respondents cited their family and relatives as a factor
influencing their choice. 2 respondent or 2.99% of the respondents
said that economic reasons influenced their choice. 17.91% or 12
respondents stated practical reasons as a factor influencing their
choice. On the other hand, 2 respondents or 2.99% said their personal
choice strongly influenced their choice.
In Pasig, 12 respondents or 50% believed that religion is a factor
strongly influencing their choice. 29.17% or 7 respondents cited family
58
and relatives as a factor influencing their choice. 12.5% or 3
respondents stated practical reasons that influenced their choice and
the remaining 8.33% or 2 respondents said that their friends and the
nature (environment) is a factor strongly influencing their choice.
In Parañaque, 8 respondents out of 20 or 40% of the respondents
believed that religion is a factor strongly influencing their choice. 6
respondents or 30% of the respondents cited their family and relatives
as a factor influencing their choice. 4 respondents or 20% expressed
practical reasons.
In Pasay, 7 respondents out of 20 or 36.84% of the respondents
believed that religion is a factor strongly influencing their choice.
47.37% or 9 respondents cited their family and relatives as a factor
influencing their choice. 15.79% or 3 respondents stated practical
reasons as a factor strongly influencing their choice.
Table 7
Do you have a memorial plan?
AREA BULACAN MANDALUYON
G
MANILA PASIG PARAÑAQU
E
PASAY
F (%) F (%) F (%) F (%) F (%) F (%)
Yes 9 22.5
%
8 20% 15 25% 6 30% 16 80% 9 45%
No 31 77.5
%
32 80% 45 75% 14 70% 4 20% 11 55%
TOTA
L
4
0
100
%
40 100% 6
0
100
%
2
0
100
%
20 100% 2
0
100
%
59
The table above shows that most of the respondents in Bulacan,
Mandaluyong, Manila, Pasig and Pasay doesn’t have a memorial plan
based on their answer at the percentage of 78%, 80%, 75%, 70% and
55% respectively. In Parañaque most of the respondents have a
memorial plan at the percentage of 80%.
Out of 40 respondents from Bulacan, 9 respondents or 22.5%
have memorial plan and the remaining 31 respondents or 77.5% have
none. Out of 40 respondents from Mandaluyong, 8 respondents or 20%
have memorial plan and the remaining 32 respondents or 80% have
none. Out of 60 respondents from Manila, 15 respondents or 25% have
memorial plan and the remaining 45 respondents or 75% have none.
Out of 20 respondents from Pasig, 6 respondents or 30% have
memorial plan and the remaining 14 respondents or 70% have none.
Out of 20 respondents from Parañaque, 16 respondents or 80% have
memorial plan and the remaining 4 respondents have none. Out of 20
respondents from Pasay, 9 respondents or 45% have memorial plan
and the remaining 11 respondents or 55% have none.
Table 8
Are you absolutely against cremation?
AREA BULACAN MANDALUYON
G
MANILA PASIG PARAÑAQU
E
PASAY
F (%) F (%) F (%) F (%) F (%) F (%)
60
Yes 4 10% 5 12.5% 18 30% 5 25% 0 0 0 0
No 30 75% 31 77.5% 36 60% 12 60% 17 85% 17 85%
Undecide
d
6 15% 4 10% 6 10% 3 15% 3 15% 3 15%
TOTAL 4
0
100
%
40 100% 6
0
100
%
2
0
100
%
20 100% 2
0
100
%
The table above shows that most of the respondents in Bulacan,
Mandaluyong, Manila, Pasig, Parañaque and Pasay are not absolutely
against cremation based on their answers at the percentage of 75%,
77.5%, 60%, 60% 85% and 85% respectively.
In Bulacan, out of 40 respondents, 4 ror 10% are absolutely
against cremation, 30 respondents or 75% are not against cremation
and the remaining 6 respondents or 15% are still undecided.
In Mandaluyong, out of 40 respondents, 5 or 12.5% are
absolutely against cremation, 31 respondents or 77.5% are not against
cremation and the remaining 4 respondents or 10 % are still
undecided.
In Manila, out of 60 respondents, 18 or 30% are absolutely
against cremation, 36 respondents or 60% are not against cremation
and the remaining 6 respondents or 10% are still undecided.
In Pasig, out of 20 respondents, 5 or 25% are absolutely against
cremation, 12 respondents or 60% are not against cremation and the
remaining 3 respondents or 15% are still undecided.
61
In Parañaque none of the respondents are absolutely against
cremation, 17 out of 20 respondents or 85% are not against cremation
and the remaining 3 respondents or 15% are still undecided.
In Pasay, just like in Parañaque, none of the respondents are
absolutely against cremation, 17 out of 20 respondents or 85% are not
against cremation and the remaining 3 respondents or 15% are still
undecided.
V. SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
SUMMARY
1. Of the 200 respondents from Bulacan, Mandaluyong, Manila,
Pasig, Paraňaque and Pasay 113 were female and 87 were male.
2. Of the 200 respondents from Bulacan, Mandaluyong, Manila,
Pasig, Paraňaque and Pasay ages 25- 30 were 36, ages 31-35
were ages 27, ages 36-40 were 36, ages 41-45 were 40, ages 46-
50 were 22, ages 51-55 were 18, and ages 56-60 were 21.
62
3. Most respondents from, Mandaluyong, Manila, Pasig, Paraňaque
and Pasay were married.
4. Majority of the respondents from, Mandaluyong, Manila, Pasig,
Paraňaque and Pasay obtained a college degree.
5. Of the 200 respondents from, Mandaluyong, Manila, Pasig,
Paraňaque and Pasay 10 are unemployed, 49 are self-employed,
and 141 are employed.
6. Majority of the respondents has an annual income of P100, 000
to P200, 000.
7. All of the respondents are familiar with cremation.
8. Majority of the respondents know cremation through word of
mouth.
9. Of the 200 respondents there were 37 respondents with a
deceased member of the family who has been cremated.
10. Most of the deceased members of the family are their
grand parent, and uncle.
11. Majority of the respondents thought that cremation is more
practical.
12. Most of the respondents thought that in cremation it is
difficult for the family to decide.
13. Of the 200 respondents 131 prefer the traditional burial
and 69 prefer cremation.
63
14. Their religious belief is the factor that strongly affects their
choice of preferring traditional burial than cremation.
15. Majority of the respondents do not have a memorial plan.
CONCLUSION
All of the respondents are familiar with cremation through word
of mouth.
Majority of the adults prefer traditional burial than cremation
because in cremation it is difficult for the family to decide.
Some of the respondents, however, tended to choose cremation
because of its practicality.
Although people are knowledgeable about cremation, the fact
remains that people are still encouraged to choose traditional burial
because of their strong religious beliefs.
RECOMMENDATION
Crematoriums should offer affordable services so that people will
be attracted to avail of their services.
The prices of services should be affordable because most of the
people are minimum wage earners.
Crematoriums should also advertise more so that people will gain
more knowledge about their services and the prices.
64
On the other hand, cemeteries should have more attractive
facilities.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Cebu Daily News First Posted 12:26:00 11/03/2008 Filed
Under: Customs & Traditions, Consumer Issues
http://showbizandstyle.inquirer.net/sim/sim/view/20091024-
232070/Unto-Dust-Returnest
http://australianmuseum.net.au/Disposing-of-the-dead-Cremation
http://showbizandstyle.inquirer.net/sim/sim/view/20091024-
232069/Well-Disposed
http://globalnation.inquirer.net/cebudailynews/enterprise/
view/20091021-231446/Demand-for-cremation-vaults-up
(Pharos International - Winter 2002 'International Cremation Statistics' - based on 2001 figures)
65
QuestionnaireDear Respondent,
Greetings! We are business students currently enrolled in Marketing Research (MK306). We are conducting this survey in relation to our study on people’s level of knowledge on cremation. The data that will be useful in developing the research. In this regard, may we request you to kindly answer the questions. The information you will share will enable us to achieve the objective of the endeavor. Thank you.
The Researchers
Name: ______________________________________Gender: Female: _____ Male: ____Age: ___25-30 ___31-35 ___36-40 ___41-45 ___46-50 ___51-55 ___56-60Civil Status: __Single __Married __Widow/Widower Religion: ____________Education: __Post Graduate __College __High SchoolOccupation: __Employed __Self-employed __UnemployedAnnual Income: __P100, 000-200,000 __P200, 000-400,000 __P400, 000-600,000Number of members in the household: _______
Direction: In each of the questions that follow, kindly put a check on the space opposite your choice of answer.
1. Are you familiar with cremation? Yes: ___ No: ___2. How did you know about cremation?
___ Word of mouth ___ Advertising___ News ___ others, please specify ________________
3. Have a deceased member of your family been cremated? Yes ___ No ___3.1. If yes, what was your relation to the deceased?
___ Grandparent ___Mother ___ Father___ Sibling ___ Child ___ Grandchild___ Uncle ___ Aunt ___Niece/ Nephew___ In-law ___ others, please specify_________________
3.2. Who decide for his/her cremation? _______________________________
3.3. Where there members of the family/relatives who did not agree with decision to cremate? ___ Yes ___ No
66
3.3.1. If yes, who? __________________________________________________
4. In your opinion, what are the advantages of cremation?
___Less costly ___More practical ___Environment friendly
___It is less burdensome on the part of the family ( no burial fees to maintain, etc.)___Others, please specify___________________________________
4.1. On the other hand, what do you think are the disadvantages of cremation?___Expensive ___Hazardous to environment___Difficult for family to decide ___Opinion of relatives are
to be considered___Not humane ___Disrespectful for the dead___Others, please specify ____________________________
5. Which do you prefer?
___Traditional burial ___Cremation
5.1. Which of the following factors strongly influence your choice?
___Religious beliefs ___Family and relatives___Economics ___Practical reasons___Others, please specify _____________________________
6. Do you have a memorial plan? ___Yes ___No
7. Are you absolutely against cremation?___Yes ___No ___Undecided
67
68
69
top related