first concepts and issues 6/29/10
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07/08/1007/08/10 IST 421- First Concepts and IssuesIST 421- First Concepts and Issues 22
Conceptual Business ModelConceptual Business Model Marketing and SalesMarketing and Sales
Market AnalysisMarket Analysis Market PlanningMarket Planning Market DevelopmentMarket Development Negotiations and “deal making”Negotiations and “deal making” Product ManagementProduct Management
EngineeringEngineering Design EngineeringDesign Engineering Process EngineeringProcess Engineering Quality EngineeringQuality Engineering Research and DevelopmentResearch and Development
ManufacturingManufacturing FabricationFabrication AssemblyAssembly Repair and ReworkRepair and Rework
Distribution and LogisticsDistribution and Logistics Shipping and ReceivingShipping and Receiving Product SupportProduct Support
Facilities and InfrastructureFacilities and Infrastructure Health and SafetyHealth and Safety ProcurementProcurement Plant EngineeringPlant Engineering Legal ServicesLegal Services Equipment InfrastructureEquipment Infrastructure
Finance/Financial ManagementFinance/Financial Management General AccountingGeneral Accounting Financial Planning and ManagementFinancial Planning and Management Financial Standards AccountingFinancial Standards Accounting Cash ManagementCash Management Financial AnalysisFinancial Analysis
Human ResourcesHuman Resources StaffingStaffing Compensation and BenefitsCompensation and Benefits Training and DevelopmentTraining and Development CommunicationsCommunications
Company ManagementCompany Management Strategic and Tactical PlanningStrategic and Tactical Planning Business Operations ManagementBusiness Operations Management Business DirectionBusiness Direction Business RelationshipsBusiness Relationships
Marketingand
SalesManufacturing
Distributionand
Logistics
Finance/Financial Management
Engineering
Human Resources
Facilities and Infrastructure
Company Management
Conceptual Business Model – Business Generic
07/08/1007/08/10 IST 421- First Concepts and IssuesIST 421- First Concepts and Issues 33
Business Reference ModelBusiness Reference ModelCorporate
Bus. Mgt
.Company
Bus. Mgt
.
Product Elements
Business Functions
Sector/GroupBus. Mgt
.
Ope
ratio
ns
Systems EngineeringLogistics Management
Quality Management
Cost Management
Hu
man
Res
ourc
es
Fin
ance
Mar
keti
ng
Leg
al
Schedule Management
Supp . E
quip
.
Progr
am/
Ope
ratio
ns
Man
agem
ent
Stru
ctur
es
Ele
ctro
nics
Softw
are
Mai
nten
ance
Pro
duct
Def
init
ion
Pro
cess
Def
init
ion
Inb
oun
d L
ogis
tics
Mat
eria
l Mgt
.
Fab
./Ass
em.
Out
boun
d L
ogis
tics
Configuration Management
07/08/1007/08/10 IST 421- First Concepts and IssuesIST 421- First Concepts and Issues 44
IBM “Open Blueprint-IBM “Open Blueprint-based” Architecturebased” Architecture
Operating System Services
Operating
System
Services
Hardware
Hardware
Security Services
Security
Service
System
&
Network
Mgmt
Services
System and Network Management Services
Physical Network
Subnetworking
Signalingand Control
Transport
Common Transport Semantics
Network Services
ConnectivityServices
Object ManagementServices
DistributionSupport Services
DataManagement
Services
InformationExchange
PresentationServices
Applications ApplicationDevelopment
Application/WorkgroupServices
Ap
pli
cati
on
An
dA
pp
lica
tio
n
En
abli
ng
Se
rvic
es
Dis
trib
ute
d
Sys
tem
sS
erv
ice
s
Co
mm
un
icat
ion
Ser
vic
es
Foundation Services
07/08/1007/08/10 IST 421- First Concepts and IssuesIST 421- First Concepts and Issues 55
Modernized ArchitectureModernized Architecture
CommunicationServices
Operating System Services
Operating
System
Services
Hardware
Hardware
Security Services
Security
Service
System
&
Network
Mgmt
Services
System and Network Management Services
ConnectivityServices
Object ManagementServices
DistributionSupport Services
Physical Network
Subnetworking
Signalingand Control
Transport
Common Transport Semantics
Network Services
SECURITY
SERVICES
Applicationand
ApplicationEnablingServices
Distributed SystemsServices
Data InterchangeServices
Data Management Services
PresentationServices
Applications
Application DevelopmentServices
Object/ComponentServices
ApplicationWorkgroup
andCollaboration
Services
Application Performance Management
Application Configuration Management
Foun
datio
n
Ser
vice
s
07/08/1007/08/10 IST 421- First Concepts and IssuesIST 421- First Concepts and Issues 66
IBM Open BlueprintIBM Open Blueprint
General search key for your General search key for your investigationinvestigation ““IBM Open BlueprintIBM Open Blueprint””
Use Use GoogleGoogle search engine search engine
07/08/1007/08/10 IST 421- First Concepts and IssuesIST 421- First Concepts and Issues 77
Application Architecture Application Architecture TemplateTemplate
07/08/1007/08/10 IST 421- First Concepts and IssuesIST 421- First Concepts and Issues 88
Application Components
Business Applications
Business Processes
Business System Domains
Management View – Management View – Enterprise IntegrationEnterprise Integration
Adaptable systems and processesAdaptable systems and processes Streamlined business processesStreamlined business processes Management informationManagement information Support for electronic commerceSupport for electronic commerce
Integrated securityIntegrated security Replaceable componentsReplaceable components Reliable and recoverable systemsReliable and recoverable systems Economies of scaleEconomies of scale
Corporate Domain
VirtualEnterprise
07/08/1007/08/10 IST 421- First Concepts and IssuesIST 421- First Concepts and Issues 99
What is “System Integration” What is “System Integration” All About, Anyway?All About, Anyway?
Sharing thingsSharing things CollaboratingCollaborating Playing togetherPlaying together Cooperating Cooperating RespectingRespecting
You really did learn everything you need to know in kindergarten!
07/08/1007/08/10 IST 421- First Concepts and IssuesIST 421- First Concepts and Issues 1010
What is “System Integration” What is “System Integration” All About, Anyway?All About, Anyway?
Data to be sharedData to be shared Remember – Remember –
data is the data is the onlyonly irreplaceable irreplaceable information technology asset information technology asset
Applications must work togetherApplications must work together CollaboratingCollaborating CooperatingCooperating
Changing one application must be Changing one application must be reflected in othersreflected in others Changes Changes cannotcannot be made in a vacuum be made in a vacuum
07/08/1007/08/10 IST 421- First Concepts and IssuesIST 421- First Concepts and Issues 1111
What is “System Integration” What is “System Integration” All About, Anyway?All About, Anyway?
Discussion QuestionDiscussion Question
Why is it essential that today’s information Why is it essential that today’s information systems cooperate and collaborate so that systems cooperate and collaborate so that data changes are not made in a vacuum?data changes are not made in a vacuum?
07/08/1007/08/10 IST 421- First Concepts and IssuesIST 421- First Concepts and Issues 1212
Today’s Disparate LandscapeToday’s Disparate LandscapeTechnology Abundance Without Technology Abundance Without HomogeneityHomogeneity
Independent legacy systemsIndependent legacy systems Many technologiesMany technologies Many standardsMany standards Various frameworksVarious frameworks
Data WarehousingData Warehousing Seeking a common denominator for Seeking a common denominator for
datadata Enterprise Application IntegrationEnterprise Application Integration
Leveraging COTSLeveraging COTS Leveraging legacyLeveraging legacy
Electronic businessElectronic business The new marketplace for conducting The new marketplace for conducting
businessbusiness Web-Enabled Applications Web-Enabled Applications
engaging consumersengaging consumers Extensible Markup Language Extensible Markup Language
(XML) provides universal language (XML) provides universal language for data structuresfor data structures
Workflow ManagementWorkflow Management Automating business processesAutomating business processes
Distributed objects support Distributed objects support evolving business paradigmevolving business paradigm
Components make reuse and Components make reuse and standardization possiblestandardization possible
JAVAJAVA Unified Modeling LanguageUnified Modeling Language Public Key Infrastructure (PKI)Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) Digital SignaturesDigital Signatures
Utilize PKI to provide additional Utilize PKI to provide additional securitysecurity
Wireless Interface DevicesWireless Interface Devices Knowledge ManagementKnowledge Management
Preserves enterprise intellectual Preserves enterprise intellectual capitalcapital
Agent TechnologyAgent Technology Reacting based on internal rulesReacting based on internal rules
Interactive VoiceInteractive Voice Model Driven ArchitectureModel Driven Architecture
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Knowledge Knowledge ManagementManagement ArchitectureArchitecture
07/08/1007/08/10 IST 421- First Concepts and IssuesIST 421- First Concepts and Issues 1414
Knowledge Management Knowledge Management Server ArchitectureServer Architecture
07/08/1007/08/10 IST 421- First Concepts and IssuesIST 421- First Concepts and Issues 1515
Knowledge ManagementKnowledge Management Discussion questions –Discussion questions –
1. What exactly is knowledge management?1. What exactly is knowledge management?
2. How does knowledge management relate to 2. How does knowledge management relate to application integration? application integration?
3. What steps are needed to create an enterprise3. What steps are needed to create an enterprise “knowledge base”? “knowledge base”?
07/08/1007/08/10 IST 421- First Concepts and IssuesIST 421- First Concepts and Issues 1616
Systems Integration is a Systems Integration is a Thriving BusinessThriving Business
Not a new conceptNot a new concept Fostered anywhere separate systems have to be combined Fostered anywhere separate systems have to be combined
to produce a “working whole”to produce a “working whole” ExamplesExamples
AirplanesAirplanes ShipsShips AutomobilesAutomobiles HomesHomes
Framed as an IT business concept by the US government in Framed as an IT business concept by the US government in support of aerospace and national resource applicationssupport of aerospace and national resource applications
Emerging in the commercial space in the form of EAI and Emerging in the commercial space in the form of EAI and e-businesse-business EAI – Enterprise Application IntegrationEAI – Enterprise Application Integration e-business – global trading exchangese-business – global trading exchanges
07/08/1007/08/10 IST 421- First Concepts and IssuesIST 421- First Concepts and Issues 1717
Systems Integration Systems Integration ISIS the Future the Future of Information Technologyof Information Technology
The way it was The way it was Each major business component had its own IT component and Each major business component had its own IT component and
developed its own IT systemsdeveloped its own IT systems Applications were re-developed every 5 to 7 years in order to keep pace Applications were re-developed every 5 to 7 years in order to keep pace
with advances in both hardware and software and hardware technologieswith advances in both hardware and software and hardware technologies The way it isThe way it is
““Executive” software and hardware upward compatible Executive” software and hardware upward compatible Most business applications can be standardizedMost business applications can be standardized Applications Software has emerged as unique industryApplications Software has emerged as unique industry Significant investment in existing applicationsSignificant investment in existing applications
Frequent redevelopment costly and unaffordableFrequent redevelopment costly and unaffordable Re-use prevalent business theme – considered a ‘best practice’Re-use prevalent business theme – considered a ‘best practice’ ““Back Room, Front Room” TheoryBack Room, Front Room” Theory
New IT development work existsNew IT development work exists Software product companies (Microsoft, SAP, Oracle)Software product companies (Microsoft, SAP, Oracle) Specialty applications without wide commercial appealSpecialty applications without wide commercial appeal
07/08/1007/08/10 IST 421- First Concepts and IssuesIST 421- First Concepts and Issues 1818
Systems IntegrationSystems IntegrationKey Issues and ChallengesKey Issues and Challenges
Standards (or, more accurately, the lack of standards)Standards (or, more accurately, the lack of standards) Good news – there are relational database standardsGood news – there are relational database standards Bad news – lack of standardsBad news – lack of standards
Data objectsData objects LanguagesLanguages
Worse news – executive egosWorse news – executive egos Legal issues and considerationsLegal issues and considerations
Sherman Anti-TrustSherman Anti-Trust Clayton Anti-TrustClayton Anti-Trust
SecuritySecurity ““Keep the bad guys out”Keep the bad guys out” Managing riskManaging risk
Legacy applications that must be reusedLegacy applications that must be reused
Good laws then;bad laws now
07/08/1007/08/10 IST 421- First Concepts and IssuesIST 421- First Concepts and Issues 1919
Systems IntegrationSystems IntegrationKey Issues and ChallengesKey Issues and Challenges Discussion questionsDiscussion questions
1. What are the essential obstacles to 1. What are the essential obstacles to establishing universal standards for establishing universal standards for information technology tools? information technology tools?
2. What changes should be made to the current 2. What changes should be made to the current set of anti-trust laws so that they reflect the set of anti-trust laws so that they reflect the realities of the information age? realities of the information age?
07/08/1007/08/10 IST 421- First Concepts and IssuesIST 421- First Concepts and Issues 2020
Example – The Systems Integration Example – The Systems Integration ChallengeChallenge
AerospaceGlobal
TradingExchange
Boeing
BAE
Lockheed Martin
Raytheon
Supplier Community
Opportunity: significant savings through economies of scaleProblem: everyone “does their own
thing”Challenge: find the common ground
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1
Risk Item #
Title
Revision Date
Revised By Title
WBS or Template #
Risk Mitigation Strategy
Critical Decision Points and Parameters
Risk Mitigation Activities Current Status PriorityResponsibility
Risk Mitigation Contingencies
Risk Identification, Analysis and Mitigation Sheet
All entries are required
Type Probability Consequence Risk Value
Due DateFunding
Project Name
Risk Description
Risk TemplateRisk Template
07/08/1007/08/10 IST 421- First Concepts and IssuesIST 421- First Concepts and Issues 2323
About the OMGAbout the OMG
OMG OMG Object Management Object Management GroupGroup
CharteredChartered Create and foster component-Create and foster component-
based (software) marketplace based (software) marketplace based on standardization and based on standardization and promotion of object-oriented promotion of object-oriented softwaresoftware
CORBACORBA Common Object-Request Broker Common Object-Request Broker
ArchitectureArchitecture Standardizes distributed object Standardizes distributed object
computingcomputing Platform and programming Platform and programming
language independentlanguage independent Unified Modeling Language (UML)Unified Modeling Language (UML) Meta-Object Facility (MOF)Meta-Object Facility (MOF) XML Metadata Interchange (XMI)XML Metadata Interchange (XMI)
CORBA 3CORBA 3 Component ModelComponent Model Quality-of-service controlQuality-of-service control Messaging invocation modelMessaging invocation model Integration with internetIntegration with internet
Enterprise JAVA BeansEnterprise JAVA Beans JAVAJAVA
CORBA/XML integration CORBA/XML integration specificationspecification
CORBA servicesCORBA services Naming servicesNaming services Directory servicesDirectory services Transaction processing servicesTransaction processing services Security servicesSecurity services
07/08/1007/08/10 IST 421- First Concepts and IssuesIST 421- First Concepts and Issues 2424
More on EAIMore on EAI Focus on “business at hand”Focus on “business at hand”
Systems inside and outside an enterpriseSystems inside and outside an enterprise Freely share information and logicFreely share information and logic
Key questionsKey questions Real monetary value of integrating Real monetary value of integrating
(particular) applications(particular) applications Long term costs if lacking infrastructure for Long term costs if lacking infrastructure for
solving application integration problemssolving application integration problems Cost of undoing longstanding decisionsCost of undoing longstanding decisions
Do something right instead of adding yet Do something right instead of adding yet another layer of technologyanother layer of technology
07/08/1007/08/10 IST 421- First Concepts and IssuesIST 421- First Concepts and Issues 2525
More on EAIMore on EAI EAI allows the infrastructure to share EAI allows the infrastructure to share
common business processes as well as common business processes as well as data in a flexible and extensible waydata in a flexible and extensible way
CORBA standards and associated CORBA standards and associated technologies provide EAI developers technologies provide EAI developers and architects with a means to join and architects with a means to join applications together in a way that is applications together in a way that is both cost effective and reliableboth cost effective and reliable
07/08/1007/08/10 IST 421- First Concepts and IssuesIST 421- First Concepts and Issues 2626
Core Capabilities to Facilitate IntegrationCore Capabilities to Facilitate Integration
Distributed Computing Environment (DCE)Distributed Computing Object Model (DCOM)JAVA messaging
Must integrate applications across the enterprise implemented in a wide variety of technologies.
Mechanisms to form a gateway to other technologies
IDL to define interfaces to services that can be new applications or or wrappers of old applications
Provide a well-defined method for integration to occurIntegration must be properly designed, architected, and implemented
Mechanisms to wrap existing applications
OMG Workflow StandardSupports integration of workflow products via a standard interface
Existing applications capture core business processesRequire mechanism to control order of invocation so that processing is coherent and valid
Link higher-level business processes and workflow
Comprehensive set of base-level services, including security, naming, directory, transaction, and messaging
Directory, security, naming, transaction, and messaging services are required for integration
Supporting services
Support multiple operating systemsOMAsupports definition of services and frameworks for conversion capability
Essential to ensure that applications can understand each other’s semantics
Convert or transform data between applications
Specification is an interoperability standardEmbodied in many middleware products
Information must travel between applicationsAsynchronous communications useful when applications not connected
Infrastructure supports both synchronous and asynchronous communications
CORBA/OMGIssueCapability
07/08/1007/08/10 IST 421- First Concepts and IssuesIST 421- First Concepts and Issues 2727
State of CORBAState of CORBA
INNOVATORS EARLYADOPTERS
EARLYMAJORITY
LATEMAJORITY
LAGGARDS
CH
AS
M
TO
DA
Y
Technology AdoptionLife Cycle
Create the architecture first;THEN select the technology and the vendor
07/08/1007/08/10 IST 421- First Concepts and IssuesIST 421- First Concepts and Issues 2828
Information Bus Information Bus ArchitectureArchitecture
INFORMATION BUS
07/08/1007/08/10 IST 421- First Concepts and IssuesIST 421- First Concepts and Issues 2929
Custom versus Horizontal Custom versus Horizontal FrameworksFrameworks
RPC technologiesRPC technologies Allow for definition of API Allow for definition of API
and structures that can be and structures that can be moved between themmoved between them
Do not provide sufficient Do not provide sufficient abstractionabstraction
Advance knowledge of data Advance knowledge of data structures requiredstructures required
More tightly coupledMore tightly coupled Less dynamicLess dynamic
Custom integrationCustom integration N x N problem (or, N N x N problem (or, N
interfaces integrated to interfaces integrated to each other)each other)
Service-oriented Service-oriented architecturearchitecture Functions provided Functions provided
external to other objectsexternal to other objects Reduces need for Reduces need for
custom interfacescustom interfaces
Main
LocalProcedure Remote
Procedure
Sub
ClientServer
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Guidelines for MigrationGuidelines for Migration
Official life cycleOfficial life cycle ManagingManaging CreatingCreating CopyingCopying Moving objectsMoving objects
ExternalizationExternalization FlatteningFlattening SavingSaving MovingMoving Reinstatiatinng Reinstatiatinng
objectsobjects Architecture and interfaces evolve through iterations Emergence of web has had greatest influence on
processing of information
07/08/1007/08/10 IST 421- First Concepts and IssuesIST 421- First Concepts and Issues 3131
Distributed Object TechnologiesDistributed Object TechnologiesUser, Integrator, and Vendor ViewsUser, Integrator, and Vendor Views
and the Issues that Resultand the Issues that ResultUSER VIEW
•Time to market•Low costs/ROI•Easy maintenance•Knowledge transfer•Longer life cycle•Control of product selection
VENDOR VIEW•Product sales/profit•Market position/visibility•Customer support•Test/provide quality software
INTEGRATOR VIEW•Repeatable processes•Ability to “fixed cost”bid•Reduced risk•Independence from vendor schedules
ISSUES•Complex, evolving marketplace•Incompatible products and technologies•Mix – new requirements and old applications•Existing constraints•Lack of knowledge, skills, training•Industry attrition and salary escalation
07/08/1007/08/10 IST 421- First Concepts and IssuesIST 421- First Concepts and Issues 3232
Technology ConfusionTechnology Confusion Products that provide only part of required Products that provide only part of required
functionalityfunctionality Proprietary products may not comply with Proprietary products may not comply with
open standardsopen standards Products that connect back-end data sources Products that connect back-end data sources
to the Web without providing integration to to the Web without providing integration to other products or between the sourcesother products or between the sources
Confusing terminologyConfusing terminology Request brokersRequest brokers Message brokersMessage brokers Object request brokersObject request brokers
07/08/1007/08/10 IST 421- First Concepts and IssuesIST 421- First Concepts and Issues 3333
Current SituationCurrent Situation
APPLICATIONAPPLICATION
DB2 V 7.1DB2 V 7.1
DATABASEDATABASE APPLICATIONAPPLICATION
SYBASE 12.0SYBASE 12.0
DATABASEDATABASE
APPLICATIONAPPLICATION
ORACLE 8.0.5ORACLE 8.0.5
DATABASEDATABASE
A1A1
A2A2 A3A3
?Now What
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Current SituationCurrent Situation
Discussion questionDiscussion question
From the perspective of each of the From the perspective of each of the communities identified in Chart 31, what communities identified in Chart 31, what are the (a) issues and (b) risks that exist in are the (a) issues and (b) risks that exist in the (historical) “smokestack” the (historical) “smokestack” environment?environment?
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Building Systems Using Building Systems Using Services and ComponentsServices and Components
Distributed object technology provides Distributed object technology provides benefitsbenefits InheritanceInheritance PolymorphismPolymorphism EncapsulationEncapsulation AbstractionAbstraction
Distributed objects seem to be most Distributed objects seem to be most appropriate when large-grain components appropriate when large-grain components are being usedare being used Example – Microsoft Office Example – Microsoft Office
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Object Management Object Management ArchitectureArchitecture
CORBA ORB
Applications CORBA domains CORBA facilities
CORBA services
07/08/1007/08/10 IST 421- First Concepts and IssuesIST 421- First Concepts and Issues 3737
Challenge to the Systems Challenge to the Systems IntegratorIntegrator
What is the purpose of each What is the purpose of each service?service?
When is it appropriate to When is it appropriate to use a particular service?use a particular service?
Is the service available to Is the service available to be purchased or must it be be purchased or must it be built?built?
Can a service by one vendor Can a service by one vendor work with another vendor’s work with another vendor’s product?product?
Can one vendor’s Can one vendor’s implementation implementation communicate with another communicate with another vendor’s implementation of vendor’s implementation of the same servicethe same service
Are the services orthogonal Are the services orthogonal or are there or are there interdependencies?interdependencies?
Is the service stand-alone or Is the service stand-alone or are there libraries?are there libraries?
What are similar or common What are similar or common services across services across technologies?technologies?
Can services across various Can services across various technologies be integrated?technologies be integrated?
07/08/1007/08/10 IST 421- First Concepts and IssuesIST 421- First Concepts and Issues 3838
Challenge to the Systems Challenge to the Systems IntegratorIntegrator
ActivityActivity
Design a process and associated tool set Design a process and associated tool set that will assist the system integrator in that will assist the system integrator in identifying answers to the questions raised identifying answers to the questions raised on the previous charts in a way that will on the previous charts in a way that will also assist in finding the “common also assist in finding the “common ground”.ground”.
07/08/1007/08/10 IST 421- First Concepts and IssuesIST 421- First Concepts and Issues 3939
Typical Integration Typical Integration Environment Environment
WindowsTerminal emulators
browsers
JAVANetwork computers
Browsers
File servers
Packaged applicationsCustom code
Data warehouseC++/JAVA
COBOLBatch
Transactions
PC TERMINALS
MAINFRAME UNIX NT
NETWORK
07/08/1007/08/10 IST 421- First Concepts and IssuesIST 421- First Concepts and Issues 4040
The Role of IntegrationThe Role of Integration
Product integrationProduct integration Semantic Semantic
integrationintegration Reflecting business Reflecting business
rulesrules Considering data Considering data
and metadataand metadataS
op
his
tica
tio
nS
op
his
tica
tio
n
TimeTime
TransportTransportLayerLayer
ProtocolsProtocols
SocketsSockets
Products Products
RPCRPC
MiddlewareMiddleware
DistributedDistributedObjects Objects
Language Language
BusinessBusinessApplications Applications
Different levels of integrationDifferent levels of integrationrequire different sillsrequire different sillsDifferent levels of integrationDifferent levels of integrationincrease complexityincrease complexityRequiresRequires
•Technical know-howTechnical know-how•Defined processDefined process•architecturearchitecture
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Realizing Architecture with Realizing Architecture with Distributed TechnologiesDistributed Technologies
Clearly defined Clearly defined interfaces and interfaces and boundaries between boundaries between componentscomponents
Depiction and Depiction and description of how description of how components fit togethercomponents fit together
Set of guidelines to be Set of guidelines to be followedfollowed
Performance, Performance, scalability, and fault scalability, and fault tolerance requirementstolerance requirements
Physical and logical Physical and logical aspectsaspects
Hardware, software, Hardware, software, networking and networking and integrationintegration
Layering and Layering and abstractionabstraction
ManageabilityManageability Life cycle issuesLife cycle issues Required servicesRequired services Dependencies Dependencies
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