first principles calculations of nmr chemical shifts
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First Principles Calculationsof NMR Chemical Shifts
Methods and Applications
Daniel Sebastiani
Approche theorique et experimentale des phenomenes magnetiques et des
spectroscopies associees
Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research · Mainz · Germany
1
Outline Part I
Introduction and principles of electronic structure calculations
I. Introduction to NMR chemical shielding tensors
Phenomenological approach
II. Overview electronic structure methods
HF, post-HF, DFT. Basis set types
III. External fields: perturbation theory
2
Outline Part II
Magnetic fields in electronic structure calculations
I. Perturbation Theory for magnetic fields
in particular: magnetic density functional perturbation theory
II. Gauge invariance
Dia- and paramagnetic currents
Single gauge origin, GIAO, IGLO, CSGT
III. Condensed phases: position operator problem
3
Outline Part III
Applications
I. Current densities
II. Chemical shifts of hydrogen bonded systems:
• Water cluster
• Liquid water under standard and supercritical conditions
• Proton conducting materials: imidazole derivatives
• Chromophore: yellow dye
4
Nature of the chemical shielding
• External magnetic field Bext
• Electronic reaction: induced current j(r)
=⇒ inhomogeneous magnetic field Bind(r)
• Nuclear spin µµµ Up/Down
energy level splitting
Β=0Β=Β0 hω
∆E = 2µµµ ·B = hω
Bext
Bind
jind
5
Chemical shifts – chemical bonding
• NMR shielding tensor σ:
definition through induced field
Btot(R) = Bext + Bind(R)
σ(R) = − ∂Bind(R)∂Bext
� 1
• Strong effect of chemical bonding
Hydrogen atoms: H-bonds
=⇒ NMR spectroscopy:
unique characterization
of local microscopic structure (liquid water)
6
Chemical shielding tensor
σ(R) = −
∂Bind
x (R)∂Bext
x
∂Bindx (R)
∂Bexty
∂Bindx (R)
∂Bextz
∂Bindy (R)
∂Bextx
∂Bindy (R)
∂Bexty
∂Bindy (R)
∂Bextz
∂Bindz (R)
∂Bextx
∂Bindz (R)
∂Bexty
∂Bindz (R)
∂Bextz
• Tensor is not symmetric
=⇒ symmetrization =⇒ diagonalization =⇒ Eigenvalues
• Isotropic shielding: Tr σ(R)
• Isotropic chemical shift: δ(R) = TrσTMS − Trσ(R)
7
First principles calculations: Electronic structure
Methods
• Hartree-Fock
• Møller-Plesset
Perturbation Theory
• Highly correlated methods
CI, coupled cluster, . . .
• Density functional theory
Basis sets
• Slater-type functions:
Y ml exp−r/a0
• Gaussian-type functions:
Y ml exp−(αr)2
• Plane waves:
exp ig · r
8
Kohn-Sham density functional theory (DFT)
Central quantity: electronic density, total energy functional
No empirical parameters
EKS[{ϕi}] = −12
∑i
∫d3r 〈ϕi|∇2|ϕi〉
+12
∫d3r d3r′
ρ(r)ρ(r′)|r− r′|
+∑at
qat
∫d3r
ρ(r)|r−Rat|
+ Exc[ρ]
ρ(r) =∑
i
|ϕi(r)|2
9
DFT: Variational principle
• Variational principle: selfconsistent Kohn-Sham equations
〈ϕi|ϕj〉 = δij
δ
δ ϕi(r)(EKS[ϕ]− Λkj〈ϕj|ϕk〉) = 0
H[ρ] |ϕi〉 = εi|ϕi〉
Iterative total energy minimization
• DFT: Invariant of orbital rotation
ψi = Uij ϕj
E [ϕ] = E [ψ]
10
Perturbation theory
External perturbation changes the state of the system
Expansions in powers of the perturbation (λ):
H 7→ H(0) + λH(1) + λ2H(2) + . . .
ϕ 7→ ϕ(0) + λϕ(1) + . . .
E 7→ E(0) + λE(1) + λ2E(2) + . . .
11
Perturbation theory in DFT
Perturbation expansion
E[ϕ] = E(0)[ϕ] + λ Eλ
[ϕ] + . . .
ϕ = ϕ(0) + λ ϕλ + . . .
ρλ(r) = 2 <[ϕ
(0)i (r) ϕλ
i (r)]
H = H(0) + λ Hλ + HC[ρλ]
+ . . .
E[ϕ] = E(0)[ϕ] + λ Eλ
[ϕ(0)]+
12λ2 E(2)
[ϕ] . . .
12
Perturbation theory in DFT
• unperturbed wavefunctions ϕ(0) known:
min{ϕ}
E [ϕ] ⇐⇒ min{ϕ(1)}
E(2)[ϕ(0), ϕ(1)
]
E(2) = ϕ(1) δ2E(0)
δϕ δϕϕ(1) +
δEλ
δϕϕ(1)
• orthogonality 〈ϕ(0)j |ϕ(1)
k 〉 = 0 ∀ j, k
13
Perturbation theory in DFT
Iterative calculation(H(0) δij − ε
(0)ij
)ϕλ
j + HC[ρλ]
ϕ(0)i = −Hλ ϕ
(0)i
Formal solution
ϕλi = Gij Hλ ϕ
(0)j
14
Magnetic field perturbation
• Magnetic field perturbation: vector potential A
A = −12
(r−Rg)×B
Hλ = − e
mp · A
= ihe
2mB · (r−Rg)× ∇
• Cyclic variable: gauge origin Rg
• Perturbation Hamiltonian purely imaginary =⇒ ρλ = 0
15
Magnetic field perturbation
Resulting electronic current density:
jr′ =e
2m
[π|r′〉〈r′|+ |r′〉〈r′|π
]jr′ =
e
2m
[(p− eA)|r′〉〈r′|+ |r′〉〈r′|(p− eA)
]j(r′) =
∑k
〈ϕ(0)k | j(2)r′ |ϕ(0)
k 〉+ 2 〈ϕ(0)k | j(1)r′ |ϕ(1)
k 〉
= jdia(r′) + jpara(r′)
Dia- and paramagnetic contributions:
zero and first order wavefunctions
16
The Gauge origin problem
• Gauge origin Rg theoretically not relevant
• In practice: very important: jdia(r′) ∝ R2g
• GIAO: Gauge Including Atomic Orbitals
• IGLO: Individual Gauges for Localized Orbitals
• CSGT: Continuous Set of Gauge Transformations: Rg = r′
• IGAIM: Individual Gauges for Atoms In Molecules
17
Magnetic field under periodic boundary conditions
• Basis set: plane waves
(approach from condensed matter physics)
• Single unit cell (window)
taken as a representative for the full crystal
• All quantities defined in reciprocal space (periodic operators)
• Position operator r not periodic
• non-periodic perturbation Hamiltonian Hλ
18
PBC: Individual r-operators for localized orbitals
• Localized Wannier orbitals ϕi via unitary rotation:
ϕi = Uij ψj
orbital centers of charge di
• Idea:
Individual
position
operators
a(x)
^a
r (x)b
b(x)
(x)
ϕ
r (x)
ϕ
L0 2Ld db a
19
Magnetic fields in electronic structure
• Variational principle 7→ electronic response orbitals
• Perturbation Hamiltonian Hλ: A = −12 (r−Rg)×B
• Response orbitals 7→ electronic ring currents
• Ring currents 7→ NMR chemical shielding
• Reference to standard 7→ NMR chemical shift
20
Electronic current density
jk(r′) = 〈ϕ(0)k | jr′
(|ϕ(α)
k 〉 − |ϕ(β)k 〉+ |ϕ(∆)
k 〉)
jr′ =e
2m
[p|r′〉〈r′|+ |r′〉〈r′|p
]
modulus of current |j|
B-field along Oz
21
Current and induced magnetic field in graphite
Electronic current density |j| Induced magnetic field BzIdentification of atom-centered and aromatic current densities
Nucleus independent chemical shift maps
22
Isolated molecules
• Isolated organic molecules, 1H and 13C chemical shifts
• Comparison with Gaussian 98 calculation,
(converged basis set DFT/BLYP)
23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
σH[ppm] - exp
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
σH[p
pm] -
cal
c
Gaussian (DFT)this workMPL method
C6H6
C2H4
C2H2
C2H6
H2O
CH4
40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
σC [ppm] - exp
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
σC [p
pm]
- c
alc
Gaussian (DFT)this workMPL method
C6H6
C2H6
C2H2
C2H4
CH4
23
Example system: Water cluster
• Water cluster: water molecule
surrounded by 6 neighbors
• Strong hydrogen bonding,
nonsymmetric geometry
24
Example system: Water cluster
• Hydrogen bonding effects
strongly affect the proton
chemical shieldings
• Large range of
individual shieldings
25
Extended system: liquid water
• Most important solvent on earth
• Complex, dynamic hydrogen
bonding
• Configuration: single snapshot
from molecular dynamics
• Complex hydrogen bonding,
strong electrostatic effects
• NMR experiment: average over
entire phase space
32 water molecules atρ=1g/cm3, under periodicboundary conditions
26
Supercritical water: hydrogen bond network
8/2002
CPCHFT 110 (8) 643 – 724 (2002) · ISSN 1439-4235 · Vol. 3 · No. 8 · August 16, 2002 D55711
Concept: Conductance Calculations for Real Nanosystems(F. Grossmann)
Highlight: Terahertz Biosensing Technology(X.-C. Zhang)
Conference Report: Femtochemistry V(M. Chergui)
2001 Physics
NOBEL LECTURE
in this issue
• ab-initio MD:
3×9ps, 32 molecules
P.L. Silvestrelli et al.,
Chem.Phys.Lett. 277, 478 (1997)
M. Boero et al.,
Phys.Rev.Lett. 85, 3245 (2000)
• NMR sampling:
3×30 configurations
3×2000 proton shifts
• Experimental data:
N. Matubayashi et al.,
Phys.Rev.Lett. 78, 2573 (1997)
27
Supercritical water: chemical shift distributions
-2-101234567891011121314δH
[ppm]
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
-2-101234567891011121314δH
[ppm]
05
101520253035404550556065
-2-101234567891011121314δH
[ppm]
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
ρ=1 g/cm3, T=303K ρ=0.73 g/cm3, T=653K ρ=0.32 g/cm3, T=647K
• Standard conditions: broad Gaussian distribution,
continuous presence of hydrogen bonding
• Supercritical states: narrow distribution,
hydrogen bonding “tails”
28
Supercritical water: gas – liquid shift
• Qualitatively reduced
hydrogen bond network in
supercritical water
• Excellent agreement with
experiment
• Slight overestimation of
H-bond strength at T◦−
BLYP overbinding ?
Insufficient relaxation ?
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1ρ [g / cm
3]
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
δH
[pp
m]
calculated δliq (this work)
calculated δliq (MPL)
experimental δliq
=⇒ confirmation of simulation
29
Ice Ih: gas – solid shift
• Ice Ih: hexagonal lattice with
structural disorder
• 16 molecules unit cell,
full relaxation
• Experimental/computed
HNMR shifts [ppm]:
Exp Exp MPL this work
7.4 9.7 8.0 6.6
30
Crystalline imidazole
18 14 10[ppm]
6 2 0 −2
(a)
(b)
(c)
experimental
calculated
(crystal)
calculated
(molecule)
• Molecular hydrogen-bonded crystal
• Very good reproduction
of experimental spectrum
• HNMR: π-electron – proton interactions, mobile imidazole
31
Crystalline Imidazole-PEO
• Imidazole – [Ethyleneoxide]2 – Imidazole
• Strongly hydrogen bonded dimers,
complex packing structure
• Anisotropic proton conductivity (fuel cell membranes)
32
Crystalline Imidazole-PEO: NMR spectra
top: experimentalmiddle: calculated (crystal)
bottom: calculated (molecule)
• Particular hydrogen bonding:
two types of high-field resonances,
intra-pair / inter-pair
• Partly amorphous regions (10ppm):
mobile Imidazole-PEO molecules
• Packing effect at 0ppm
• Quantitative reproduction
of experimental spectrum
33
Chromophore crystal: yellow dye
• Material for photographic films
• Unusual CH· · ·O bond
unusual packing effects
• 244 atoms / unit cell
34
Chromophore NMR spectrum
top: experimentalbottom: calculated
• Full resolution of experimental spectrum,
unique assignment of resonances
• Strong packing effects
from aromatic ring currents:
CH3 · · · Ar, ArH · · · Ar
• H-bonding too weak (9ppm):
insufficient geometry optimization,
temperature effects
• Starting point for polycrystalline phase
35
Conclusion
• NMR chemical shifts from ab-initio calculations
• Gas-phase, liquid, amorphous and crystalline systems
• Assignment of experimental shift peaks to specific atoms
• Verification of conformational possibilities by their NMR pattern
Strong dependency on geometric parameters (bonds, angles, . . . )
• Quantification of hydrogen bonding
36
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