forestry study guide presentation by mrs. kraushaar march 2008

FORESTRYFORESTRY

Study Guide PresentationStudy Guide Presentation

ByBy

Mrs. Kraushaar March 2008Mrs. Kraushaar March 2008

TREESTREES

Identify 7 common PA treesIdentify 7 common PA trees Characteristic to knowCharacteristic to know

LeavesLeaves FruitFruit BarkBark TwigsTwigs General Info: Ecological & Economical General Info: Ecological & Economical

ImportanceImportance

WHAT TREE??? WHAT TREE???

SUGAR MAPLESUGAR MAPLE

SUGAR MAPLESUGAR MAPLE

Leaves: Opposite, simple, 5-lobed with a few large teeth

Twigs: Reddish brown to light brown. Buds brown and sharp-pointed.

Fruit: Horseshoe-shaped with wings almost parallel, maturing in autumn, sometimes persisting into winter.

Bark: Gray-brown, smooth on young trunks, older trunks fissured with long, irregular flakes.

SUGAR MAPLESUGAR MAPLE

Also called rock maple for its hard wood Important timber tree is found on moist wooded

slopes throughout PA, reaching heights of 60’-80’ The wood is used for furniture, musical instruments

and flooring, and the sap is collected for maple syrup production.

Birds and rodents eat the seeds. Deer, squirrels, porcupine and other mammals browse the twigs, buds, and bark.

Very Shade Tolerant

WHAT TREE???WHAT TREE???

WHITE ASHWHITE ASH

Leaves: Opposite; compound; about 10” long; with five to nine leaflets, each 3” to 5” long, short stalked, silvery beneath

Twigs: Stout, usually smooth, gray-brown with a few pale lenticels and a white, waxy coating which is easily rubbed off (called a bloom.) Buds rusty to dark brown, blunt with adjoining leaf scars half-circular and notched at the top.

WHITE ASHWHITE ASH

Fruit: A winged seed, called a samara, usually 1” – 2” long and ¼” wide, shaped like a canoe paddle with a rounded tip and hanging in clusters

Bark: Gray-brown, evenly furrowed into diamond shaped areas separated by narrow interlacing ridges, slightly scaly on very old trees.

WHITE ASHWHITE ASH

General: A large tree, often up to 80’ or more; a long-straight trunk commonly found on rich soils. Used for baseball bats, handles, agricultural tools, and furniture. The juice from the leaf has been reported to relieve mosquito bite itching. Fall foliage ranges from brilliant yellow to dark maroon.

WHAT TREE???WHAT TREE???

EASTERN HEMLOCKEASTERN HEMLOCK

Leaves: Evergreen needles occur singly, appearing two ranked on twigs, flattened, about ½” long, dark green and glossy above, light green with two-white lines below

Twigs: Slender, tough, yellowish-brown to grayish brown. Buds egg-shaped, 1/16” long, reddish-brown.

Fruit: Cones ¾” long, egg shaped, hanging singly from the tips of the twigs. Under each scale are two small, winged seeds.

EASTERN HEMLOCKEASTERN HEMLOCK

Bark: Flaky on young trees, gray-brown to red-brown; thick and roughly grooved when older.

General: A large, long-lived tree, important for construction timber and tannic acid for tanning leather. Found in cool, moist woods throughout PA Official state tree of Pennsylvania Ruffed grouse, wild turkey, and songbirds find food and

shelter in this tree. Deer browse it heavily when deep snow makes other foods scarce.

WHAT TREE???WHAT TREE???

WHITE PINEWHITE PINE

Leaves: Evergreen needles in clusters of five; soft & flexible;3-sided, 2 ½ -5” long, and bluish-green. The only pine native to Pennsylvania with five needles per bundle.

Twigs: Slender, flexible, with rusty hairs when young, later smooth. Buds egg shaped, usually less than ½” long, gray brown.

WHITE PINEWHITE PINE

Fruit: Cones 5”-8” long, without prickles, slightly curved, resinous; each scale usually bears two winged seeds as do all our native pines.

Bark: Young trunks and branches greenish-brown, later darker, grooved, and scaly.

WHITE PINEWHITE PINE

General: Eastern white pines are large trees. Usually reach 50- 90’ high. “Penn’s Woods” once saw white pines reaching 150’ and more. It is one of the most valuable softwood timber trees, found in moist or dry woodlands throughout the state, and often planted as an ornamental in large open areas. Many types of wildlife feed on the seeds and soft needles. The inner bark is the preferred winter food of the porcupine; deer browse the twigs.

WHAT TREE???WHAT TREE???

NORWAY SPRUCENORWAY SPRUCE

Leaves: Evergreen, stiff,1/2 to 1” long. Needles are 4-angled, but somewhat flattened, with a sharp-pointed tip, shiny green.

Twig: Slender to medium in size, lacking hair, orangish brown. Needles are borne on woody pegs.

Fruit: Cones are very large, cylindrical, 4 to 6 inches long, with stiff scales that are irregularly toothed. Turning brown and maturing September to November.

Bark: Red-brown and scaly, later turning gray with flaking scales or plates.

Flower: Males yellow-brown in large groups; females upright, purple.

NORWAY SPRUCENORWAY SPRUCE

General: A European species that has become a valuable naturalized member of our forests, and extensively planted as an ornamental. A large tree with a dense conical crown. Branchlets on older trees droop. Wood used chiefly for paper pulp, boxes, crates, and lumber.

WHAT TREE???WHAT TREE???

RED PINERED PINE

Leaves: Evergreen needles in clusters of two, slender,4”-6” long, dark green, borne in dense tufts at the ends of branchlets; snap easily when bent double.

Twigs: Stout, ridged, yellow brown to red-brown, buds egg-shaped, about ½” long, brown at first and later silvery.

RED PINERED PINE Fruit: A cone, about 2” long, without prickles, nearly

stalkless, remains attached until the following year. Bark: Comparatively smooth, reddish-brown. General: Like White pine, this medium to large sized

tree develops one horizontal whorl of side branches each year. A valuable softwood timber tree in the northern part of the State, its wood is used chiefly for construction lumber. Native on dry slopes in Luzerne, Wyoming, Tioga, and Centre counties and planted extensively by the Bureau of Forestry and the Pennsylvania Game Commission. Songbirds, mice and chipmunks feed on the seeds.

WHAT TREE???WHAT TREE???

Wild Black CherryWild Black Cherry

Leaves: Alternate, simple, 2-5” long; narrow with tapering tip, shiny above, paler below and usually with one or more small glands at the base; margins with short in-curved teeth which distinguish it from other cherries.

Twigs: Smooth, reddish brown, marked with numerous pale, round lenticles; often covered with a thin gray coating which rubs off easily. Buds smooth, shiny, sharp pointed, reddish-brown tinged with green. When broken, very bitter smelling.

Wild Black CherryWild Black Cherry

Fruit: Round, black with a purplish tint; 1/3-1/2” in diameter, containing a single, round, stony seed. Arranged in hanging clusters. Flowers white, blooms in June.

General: Commonly 50-70’ high, this species grows throughout the state. It thrives infertile alluvial soil, but also grows well on dry slopes. The hard reddish-brown wood is highly prized for quality furniture and interior trim. Many game birds, song birds, and mammals, including black bear, eat the fruit and seeds. When burned it gives off nice color and aroma.

QUESTIONSQUESTIONS

WHAT IS THE MOST WHAT IS THE MOST COMMON PA TREE?COMMON PA TREE?

ANSWERANSWER

RED MAPLERED MAPLE

QUESTIONQUESTION

What is the most common What is the most common type of forest in PA? type of forest in PA?

ANSWERANSWER

OAK-HICKORY TYPEOAK-HICKORY TYPE

QUESTIONQUESTION

What are the other two types of What are the other two types of forests found in PA?forests found in PA?

ANSWERANSWER

Maple-Beech-BirchMaple-Beech-Birch

Oak-PineOak-Pine

TREE GROWTHTREE GROWTH

Five partsFive parts HeartwoodHeartwood SapwoodSapwood CambiumCambium Inner barkInner bark Outer barkOuter bark

TREE TREE GROWTHROWTH

Heartwood: dead part of tree in center; : dead part of tree in center; consists of cellulose held together by linguinconsists of cellulose held together by linguin

Sapwood: New wood; Living part that carries : New wood; Living part that carries water and nutrients up from the roots (xylem)water and nutrients up from the roots (xylem)

Cambium: Growing part of the trunk; : Growing part of the trunk; produces new bark and wood annually produces new bark and wood annually

TREE GROWTHTREE GROWTH

Inner BarkInner Bark: Transports food from the leaves : Transports food from the leaves to rest of tree (Phloem); lives a short while and to rest of tree (Phloem); lives a short while and then turns to corkthen turns to cork

Outer BarkOuter Bark: Protection from outside world; : Protection from outside world; helps keep the tree from losing moisture and helps keep the tree from losing moisture and protects from cold and heat. protects from cold and heat.

QUESTIONQUESTION

What factors affect tree What factors affect tree growth? growth?

ANSWERANSWER

Water: lack of or abundance ofWater: lack of or abundance of

Sunlight: too little or too muchSunlight: too little or too much

Temperature: too hot or too coldTemperature: too hot or too cold

QUESTIONQUESTION

What provides for better What provides for better forest management?forest management?

ANSWERANSWER

THINNINGTHINNING

QUESTIONQUESTION

What % of PA is What % of PA is covered by forest? covered by forest?

ANSWERANSWER

Approximately 58%Approximately 58%

QUESTIONQUESTION

What do we call the What do we call the forest of PA?forest of PA?

ANSWERANSWER

PENN’S WOODSPENN’S WOODS

Management Practices Management Practices

Types of Forest Management PracticesTypes of Forest Management Practices Shelter wood CuttingShelter wood Cutting Select CuttingSelect Cutting Seed TreeSeed Tree Clear CuttingClear Cutting Diameter Limit Diameter Limit

Management PracticesManagement Practices

Shelter wood CuttingShelter wood Cutting: used for shade : used for shade tolerant treestolerant trees a cutting system designed to stimulate a cutting system designed to stimulate

reproduction by removing all overstory trees. reproduction by removing all overstory trees. This is achieved by a series of cuts spaced This is achieved by a series of cuts spaced several years apart. Gradual reduction of stand several years apart. Gradual reduction of stand density protects understory trees and provides a density protects understory trees and provides a seed source for stand regeneration seed source for stand regeneration

Management PracticesManagement Practices

Select CuttingSelect Cutting: Used for Shade Tolerant trees: Used for Shade Tolerant trees a regeneration cut designed to create and a regeneration cut designed to create and

perpetuate an uneven-aged stand. Trees may be perpetuate an uneven-aged stand. Trees may be removed singly or in small groups. A well removed singly or in small groups. A well designed selection cut removes trees of lesser designed selection cut removes trees of lesser quality and trees in all diameter classes along with quality and trees in all diameter classes along with merchantable and mature high-quality sawlog merchantable and mature high-quality sawlog trees.trees.

Management PracticesManagement Practices

Seed Tree CuttingSeed Tree Cutting: Shade Tolerant Trees: Shade Tolerant Trees a mature tree left standing in a harvest cut to a mature tree left standing in a harvest cut to

provide seed for regeneration of the cut-over stand provide seed for regeneration of the cut-over stand

Management PracticesManagement Practices

Clear CuttingClear Cutting: Shade Intolerant: Shade Intolerant aa type of regeneration or harvest cut which type of regeneration or harvest cut which

removes all trees from a stand. A new stand removes all trees from a stand. A new stand develops from stored seed, seed from adjacent develops from stored seed, seed from adjacent stands, sprouts, or advance regeneration stands, sprouts, or advance regeneration

Management PracticesManagement Practices

Diameter CuttingDiameter Cutting: Shade Intolerant: Shade Intolerant Cutting trees depending on a specific diameter. Cutting trees depending on a specific diameter.

Not a recommended practice by PA foresters but Not a recommended practice by PA foresters but the most common type of cutting in our area. the most common type of cutting in our area.

QUESTIONQUESTION

Who owns the majority Who owns the majority of Penn’s Woods?of Penn’s Woods?

ANSWERANSWER

70 % of Penn’s Woods are 70 % of Penn’s Woods are owned by private property owned by private property owners. owners.

Vertical Forest StratificationVertical Forest Stratification

CanopyCanopy

MidstoryMidstory

UnderstoryUnderstory

SubterraneanSubterranean

CROWN CLASSESCROWN CLASSES

DominantDominant: Above all other trees in the stand: Above all other trees in the stand Co-DominantCo-Dominant: In between lower and top of : In between lower and top of

canopycanopy IntermediateIntermediate: Lower than the Co-Dominants : Lower than the Co-Dominants

but higher than the lowest classbut higher than the lowest class SuppressedSuppressed: Lowest trees; do not get adequate : Lowest trees; do not get adequate

sunlight necessary for good growthsunlight necessary for good growth

Threats to ForestsThreats to Forests

Invasive SpeciesInvasive Species

Invasive PlantsInvasive Plants

WildfiresWildfires

Invasive Species in PAInvasive Species in PA Emerald Ash BoreEmerald Ash Bore: affects ash trees by eating the : affects ash trees by eating the

cambium layer of treecambium layer of tree Hemlock Wooly AdelgidHemlock Wooly Adelgid: destroys hemlocks by : destroys hemlocks by

sucking the sap out of the tree. Easily identified by sucking the sap out of the tree. Easily identified by the white wool like material left on branches of treethe white wool like material left on branches of tree

Gypsy Moth: Gypsy Moth: Caterpillars eat leaves and defoliate Caterpillars eat leaves and defoliate treestrees

Asian Long-horned beetleAsian Long-horned beetle: Affects mostly Maple : Affects mostly Maple trees by eating cambium layertrees by eating cambium layer

Bark BeetleBark Beetle:: Causes Dutch Elm disease. Beetle eats Causes Dutch Elm disease. Beetle eats cambium layercambium layer

Invasive PlantsInvasive Plants

Mile-A-Minute Weed: Mile-A-Minute Weed: Multiflora Rose:Multiflora Rose: Giant Ragweed:Giant Ragweed: Tree of Heaven:Tree of Heaven: Purple Loosestrife:Purple Loosestrife: Bush and Japanese Honeysuckle:Bush and Japanese Honeysuckle: Japanese Barberry: Japanese Barberry: Garlic Mustard:Garlic Mustard: Autumn Olive: Autumn Olive:

Wildfires in PAWildfires in PA

Wildfires Wildfires dodo occur in PA occur in PA Ninety-eight percent of our wildfires are caused by peopleNinety-eight percent of our wildfires are caused by people One of the major causes of forest fires in Pennsylvania is One of the major causes of forest fires in Pennsylvania is

debris burning debris burning our greatest danger of wildfires is in the spring months of our greatest danger of wildfires is in the spring months of

March, April and May, and the autumn months of October March, April and May, and the autumn months of October and November and November

Forest Measuring ToolsForest Measuring Tools

The Biltmore Stick:The Biltmore Stick:

Forest Measuring ToolsForest Measuring Tools

Forest Measuring ToolsForest Measuring Tools

ClinometerClinometer

What are PA trees harvested for? What are PA trees harvested for?

SawlogsSawlogs PulpwoodPulpwood Vaneer LogsVaneer Logs Baseball BatsBaseball Bats Cabin LogsCabin Logs Mine TimbersMine Timbers

What %???What %???

How is the tree used? How is the tree used?

Best Management PracticesBest Management Practices Some examples of BMPs include:Some examples of BMPs include: Creating a written management plan based on a resource Creating a written management plan based on a resource

inventory and landowner objectives.inventory and landowner objectives. Focus on protection of the residual stand rather than on the trees Focus on protection of the residual stand rather than on the trees

being removed. Retaining seed sources of species needed to being removed. Retaining seed sources of species needed to achieve long-term management objectives.achieve long-term management objectives.

Promoting regeneration by controlling competing ferns and Promoting regeneration by controlling competing ferns and grasses and protecting seeds, seedlings and sprouts from deer grasses and protecting seeds, seedlings and sprouts from deer and other wildlife.and other wildlife.

Minimizing soil compaction and rutting by matching operating Minimizing soil compaction and rutting by matching operating techniques, season of operation and equipment to soil types and techniques, season of operation and equipment to soil types and moisture levels.moisture levels.

Provide adequate riparian buffers between disturbed areas, such Provide adequate riparian buffers between disturbed areas, such as roads or landings, and streams or wetlands.as roads or landings, and streams or wetlands.

Protect cavity trees, snags and food-producing shrubs and vines Protect cavity trees, snags and food-producing shrubs and vines for wildlife.for wildlife.