four major types of biological macromolecules type of polymer monomers making up polymer example i....
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Four Major Types of Biological Macromolecules
Type of Polymer Monomers making up Polymer
Example
I. Carbohydrates (Polysaccharides)
MonosaccharidesSugars, Starch, Cellulose
II. Lipids Fatty acids and glycerol
Fats, steroids, cholesterol
III. Proteins Amino acidsEnzymes, structural components
IV. Nucleic Acids Nucleotides DNA, RNA
I. Carbohydrates
• Made from monomers called monosaccharides (simple sugars)– Short term energy– Glucose: most common, used directly in cellular
respiration to make ATP (energy)
Polysaccharides:Complex Carbohydrates
• 3 major types made from monomers of glucose:– Starch: energy storage in plants
– Glycogen: energy storage in animals
– Cellulose: structural molecules in plants
II. Lipids
• Not true polymers• Composed of mostly glycerol and fatty acids• Includes
– Fats: energy storage– Phospholipids: membranes– Steroids: hormones, cholesterol
H2C
H2C
H2C
H2C
H2C
H2C
CH2
CH2
CH
CH
CH2
CH2
Kink
Unsaturatedfatty acid
Saturatedfatty acid
Double bonds between carbons causekinks in hydrocarbons.
Double bonds, fewer H atoms
No Double bonds, maximum H atoms
Figure 4.8 A comparison of functional groups of female (estradiol) and male (testosterone) sex hormones
III. Proteins
• Made from monomers called amino acids• Very different structures, very different functions
H2NAminogroup
C
Side chain
R
H
CO
OH
Carboxylgroup
H2N
H
H
C C
O
OH
Carboxylgroup
N
H
CH3
C C
O
OHH2N
H
H
C
O
C N CC
HH
CH3
OH
O
Peptidebond
Aminogroup
H
H
H2O
+
Amino acids are joined together by a dehydration reaction
H
H H H H H HO O O H H O H H O
N C C N NC C C C
H CH3CH2
OH
N-terminus
N C C
CH2
C
O
OH
CH2
N C C
CHCH3H3C
CH2
OH
H H O
N C C
H H O
N C C
H H O
N C C
CH2
SH
OH
C-terminus
Many amino acids joined together = Polypeptide chain
Hydrogen bonds between amino acids leads to the secondary structure of a protein
Two common secondary structures are the -helix and -pleated sheet
Table 5.1 An Overview of Protein Functions
Ty pe Role Example
Enzymes Quickens chemical reactionsOver 1000 types ofenzymes exist
Hormones Chemical messengers Human Growth hormone
Transport Move other molecules Hemoglobin- moves O2
Contractile MovementMyosin & actin- allowmuscle contraction
ProtectiveHealing, defense againstpredators
Fibrinogen (blood clotting)Antibodies
Structural Mechanical supportKeratin (hair), collagen(cartilidge)
Storage Stores nutrients Ovalbumin (egg whites)
To xins Defense, predation Snake venom
Communication Cell signaling Receptors on cell surface
IV. Nucleic Acids
• Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) are made of monomers called nucleotides
OH 5’
HO – P --- O –CH2
OO 4’ 1’ 4'
3'
1'
3' 2' 2' H
CH2 HO
OH
O
O O
PA, G,T, or C
A, G,U, or C
OH OH OH
DNA Nucleotide RNA Nucleotide
Sugar Sugar
Phosphate group
Phosphate group
Nitrogenous base
Nitrogenous base
5´
5´ 3´
3´ 3´
3´5´
5´
T
G
C
T
T
T
C
G
A
C
T
G
T
T
G
A
C
G
A
A
G
C
G
T
A
A
C
A
C
A
T A
G C
GC
A T
TA
C G
G
A T
T A
C G
T A
A T
C G
A T
Cartoon ofbase pairing
Cartoon of double helix
Space-filling model ofdouble helix
3´5´
3´5´
Figure 3.17b
DNA is adouble helix.
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