from ‘industry 4.0’ to ‘work 4.0’ - the german experience · s,mulang an iterave...
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From ‘Industry 4.0’ to ‘Work 4.0’ - The German experience
Queen’sInterna,onalIns,tuteonSocialPolicyQIISPKingstonOntario,16August2018
Mo@va@on
• Germandebateabout‘Industry4.0’• Produc,vityandcompe,,venessconcerns• Employmentrestructuringawayfrommedium-skilledmanufacturing/polariza,on
• Linkingtechnologicalinnova,onandsocialinnova,on(‘technology-centricvs.human-centricscenarios’)
Risk of Automa@bility of Jobs
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Jobsatriskofsignificantchange Jobsathighriskofautoma,on
Quelle:OECDEmploymentOutlook(2016),calcula,onsbasedontheSurveyofAdultSkills(PIAAC)2012.
Labor market polariza@on in Europe, 1995-2015
4 Source:OECDEmploymentOutlook2017,Figure3.A1.
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Lowskill Middleskill Highskill
Challenges • Forecastednumberofjobslikelytoremainroughlysimilaroverthenextdecade;star,ngpointofdebateisamoderateoverallimpactofthedigitaltransforma,onontheemploymentlevel.
• However,acoupleofissuesarise:1. Profoundstructuralandoccupa-onalchangesinsupplyanddemandof
labour:strongerdemandforhighlyskilledworkers,outlookformediumskilledgroups(voca,onaltraining)ismoreambiguous,riskofjoblossesandpolariza,on.
2. Rela,onbetweenGermany‘sdiversifiedqualityproduc,on(manufacturing)withincrementalinnova-onandthe(rather)disrup,veworldofdigitalworkandonlineplaborms.
3. Collec-vebargainingandco-determina-onatfirmlevelmighthelporganizechange,butscopeofbothisdeclining.
4. Dynamiclabourdemandmeetsincreasinglydiverse+olderworkforce.
5. Focusonpoten,alerosionofsocialinsurancefunding,inpar,cularifself-employment/plabormworkgrows.
Consulta@on process on ‘Work 4.0’
• Dialogueini,atedbygovernment,withsocialpartnersandexperts
• Keyelement:exploringneedsandpossibili,esofrenewedlabourmarket,HRandsocialpolicies,basedonbroadstakeholderpar,cipa,on,s,mula,nganitera,vepolicymakingprocess.
• Mainleitmo,ves:balancedmixofdifferentformsofflexibility;labourmarketpar,cipa,onandmobility,includinglifelonglearning;work-lifebalanceandhealthyworkingcondi,ons;effec,vesocialprotec,on…
Structure of the dialogue • Timing:Ø InauguralconferenceApril2015:ques,onsraisedina‘GreenPaper’.
Ø Mid-termconferenceMarch2016.Ø ClosingconferenceNovember2016:drag‘WhitePaper’• Involvementofvarietyofstakeholders:workscouncils/tradeunions,companies/employersassocia,ons,otherinterestgroups,thinktanks,experts
• Twotypesofformats:• 1.Expertdialogue:permanentexpertgroupandseveralexpertworkshops,specificworking,medialogue;consulta,onswithself-employed;commissionedresearch
• 2.Publicdialogue:viasocialmedia,surveys,filmfes,val• Final‚WhitePaperWork4.0‘early2017
Main axes of debate • Lifelonglearning:essen,alinordertokeepupwithrapidlyevolvingtechnologicaldevelopments.Addi,onal(digital)qualifica,onswillbecompulsoryinalmostallsectorsandoccupa,ons.Aspira,onforalegalrighttocon,nuingvoca,onaleduca,onandtraining.
• Flexibilityatwork,working-me:greaterself-determina,on,balancenecessarybetweenconflic,nginterests.Protec,onfromover,me+breakdownoftheboundariesonworkisessen,al.Nego,atedworking,memodelsandflexibilitycompromisesareincreasinglyimportant.
• Health:healthandsafetymustreflectdigitaltransforma,on+demographicchange,thereforenecessarytofocusmoreonpsychologicalstrainofwork.
• Socialprotec-on,selfemployment:linesbetweenemploymentandself-employedworkareblurring,reasonabletoincludeself-employedindividualsinthestatutorypensioninsurancesystemalongsideemployees.Incaseofanincreaseinplabormworkand‘new’self-employment,newprotec,onstrategieswouldhavetobedeveloped,tailoredinpar,culartoemployee-likeself-employedworkers.
Posi@ons of main actors
• Tradeunions:Extensiveinterestinthesubjectmakerandwelcomegovernmentalinterest.Mainfocusona)employmentstatusb)socialprotec,onc)earningsd)co-determina,onandadvocacy.Tradeunionsseestrongregulatoryneeds.
• Employers:Recognizetheimportanceandpossibili,es.Exis,ngregula,onsaregenerallydeemedsufficient.
• Government:Essen,altoinvestinboos,ngskillsandimprovingindividualprospectsforadvancementatanearlystage.Balancemustbestruckbetweenconflic,nginterestsandgoals.Tosuccessfullycopewithdigitalstructuralchange,thenego,a,onprocessesbetweenthesocialpartnersandatfirm-levelneedtobestrengthened.Appropriatetoincludeself-employedindividualsinthestatutorypensioninsurancesystemalongsideemployees.
Some policy ideas – as stated in White Paper
• ‚Employmentinsurance‘allowingformorepreventa,veuseofunemploymentissuranceinpar,cularforlifelinglearning–maybealsoPersonalAc,vityAccount(budget)foryoungpeople
• Legisla,ononrighttochooseworking-meandopeningclausesinworking,melaw
• Socialinsurancefortheself-employed,inpar,cularold-agepensions
• Stabiliza,onofsocialpartnership,collec,vebargainingandco-determina,on;generallybindingcollec-veagreementinthesocialsector
• Regularrepor-ngonchangingworldofwork
Concrete steps undertaken
• Supportandexchangeoninnova-veworkprac-cesatfirmlevel,e.g.mobileworking,flexibleworking,me,neworganiza,onalmodels…(‘Experimen,erräume’)
• Coali-onagreement2018–mainpointsrelatedtoWork4.0topics:
1. Moresystema,ccon,nuoustrainingofemployed–“Na,onaleWeiterbildungsstrategie”
2. Socialprotec,onofself-employed–inclusioninpublicold-agepensioninsurance
3. Openingclauseinworking,melegisla,on
Insights with hindsight • Mainissuesdebatedinthe‘Work4.0’contextarelong-standingtopicsoflabormarketandsocialpolicy,butnewframing,mo,vatedbytechnologicalchange/automa,on,andlinkingtosocialinnova-on
• Generalopennesstocollectandassessevidenceoncurrentdevelopments,allowforexperimentsanddesignpoten,ally‘innova,ve’policysolu,ons
• ‘Flexible’tripar-teapproachatdifferentlevelseemsfeasibleduetosharedinterestinproduc,vity,innova,onandjobs–insomefieldsmorethaninothers,however
• Importantissue:avoiddominanceof‘oldinterests‘–whilefindingformatsforar-cula-onandnego-a-oninnew,lessorganizedsectors
• Remarkablegapbetweenpublicaken,on,discourseandconcretepolicies–maybecorrespondingtoincrementalchangesinthelabourmarketandinpolicymaking
Werner Eichhorst IZA
IZA, P.O. Box 7240 53072 Bonn, Germany
Phone: +49 (0) 228 - 38 94 – 531 Fax: +49 (0) 228 - 38 94 - 510
E-mail: eichhorst@iza.org
http://www.iza.org
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