from vineyard ipm to re-thinking viticultural system study and
Post on 04-Feb-2022
8 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
From vineyard IPM to re-thinking
viticultural system
study and management
Johann Baumgärtner
Centre for the Analysis of Agro-ecological Systems (CASAS), Kensington, CA, USA Senior Advisor to the Millennium Institute (MI), Washington, DC, USA, and the BioEconomy Foundation, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
INTRODUCTION
PURPOSE
To review
important issues in viticultural system study and management with scientific bases and illustrative examples
To evaluate if
a) the current methodology is able to meet the challenges or
b) a fundamental re-thinking of study and management should be undertaken
CHALLENGES
Gliessman (1998, 2007): agriculture is
undercutting its own foundations
Power (2010): agriculture is evaluated through
production, services and disservices
EU Common Agricultural Policy (CAP):
sustainability is at the core of solutions
Rivera-Ferre et al. (2013): between human
development and human rights narratives
IAASTD: agriculture is at the crossroads
Issue 1 IPM: the promise
Definition
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a pest management system that, in the context of the associated environment and the population dynamics of the pest species, utilizes all suitable techniques and methods in as compatible manner as possible and maintains the pest populations at levels below those causing economic injury (Food and Agriculture Organization’s (FAO) Panel of Experts on Integrated Pest Control (1967).
Introduction of
systems analysis, modelling and computer science technology (Huffaker and Croft, 1976).
Managed
ecosystem
Recommendation
algorithm Grower
Weather Economic
environment
Pest management system
Actions Monitoring data
Recommendations
Flint and van den Bosch, 1981
Issue 2 Uncertainties with limits and opportunities
(Shea et al., 2002)
Uncertainties about density estimates
Visual estimates with high CV’s
Pheromone traps and beating trays
Uncertainties about underlying
system behaviour
Non-linear properties and variability
of parameter estimates
single species models
pests and crop interactions
(pest A > pest B)
biological pest control
Uncertainties about the environment
Relevant organisms are poikilotherms, the representation of body temperatures is associated with random and systematic errors
Carbohydrate
pool Nitrogen pool
Reserves
Vegetative plant units
Reproductive plant units
Photosynthesis Nitrogen uptake
Yield Pests
A B
Survival of Potato tuber moth eggs after 24 hours, S1 (1) is the survival that produces a damage equal to the economic
threshold (Roux and Baumgärtner, 1998)
Problem
Uncertainties translate into risks
Solution
adaptive management (AM)
Systematic process for continually improving management policies and practices by
learning from the outcomes of previous policies and practices (Comiskey et al., 2000).
Appropriate for complex problems high in uncertainty (McFadden et al., 2010).
Paradigm for management under uncertainty and continuous improvement (Holling, 1978).
Issue 3 Multidimensional aspects
Hierarchy theory
levels = units of analysis that are located at different positions on a scale.
Scale theory
scale = the spatial, temporal, quantitative, or
analytical dimensions used to measure and
study any phenomenon.
Scale-dependent patterns = change in either
the resolution (grain) or the range (extent)
of measurements
e.g. Taylor’s (1991) power law that scales
the variance with the mean density
VINEYARD
Policy makers
Extensionists
Growers
Others (e.g. administrators, special interest groups)
Surroundings
Farm
Region or country
Region or
continent
SPACE INSTITUTIONS
MANAGEMENT OBJECTS
TIME
Long term dynamics
Multiannual dynamics
Growing season Single species populations
Multiple pest community within cropping system
Multiple pest community
Multidimensional aspects
Hierarchy theory
levels = units of analysis that are located at different positions on a scale.
Scale theory
scale = the spatial, temporal, quantitative, or
analytical dimensions used to measure and
study any phenomenon.
Scale-dependent patterns = change in either
the resolution (grain) or the range (extent)
of measurements
e.g. Taylor’s (1991) power law that scales
the variance with the mean density
VINEYARD
Policy makers
Extensionists
Growers
Others (e.g. administrators, special interest groups)
Surroundings
Farm
Region or country
Region or
continent
SPACE INSTITUTIONS
MANAGEMENT OBJECTS
TIME
Long term dynamics
Multiannual dynamics
Growing season Single species populations
Multiple pest community within cropping system
Multiple pest community
Issue 4 Ecosystem service provision
Givord (2000) states that if we are to take full advantage of the potential of the rural world and recognize the socio-economic but also historical and cultural
importance of agriculture in rural Europe, the multifunctional nature of European agriculture must be maintained
Ecosystem service provision
Valuation methods differ for private and public services: the marginal value of private goods can generally be derived from market prices, whereas marginal values of public goods have to be established using non-market valuation techniques (Hein et al. 2006).
Viticultural ecosystem
Cultural service
Regulation service
Production service
Disservice
Direct use
values
Indirect use
values
Option values
Non-use value
Carbon sequestration
Erosion control
Pest control
Climate regulation
Biodiversity and nature
conservation
Heritage, study site, attractive landscape provision
Pest control
Grapes Leaves Organic residues
Loss of habitat for biodiversity
Nutrient run-off
Sedimentation
Pesticide poisoning
Ecosystem good and service provision, the Willamette Partnership, Oregon, USA, introduces ecosystem service markets driven by regulatory requirements but implemented with market dynamics and economic incentives
Issue 5 Agroecological and ecosocial system sustainability
Ecosystem
Ecosocial sustainability refers to a complex adaptive system that includes humans
Ecosocial sustainability has ecological, economic
and social dimensions in that ecological, economic and social capitals and their costs can be defined
Agroecological sustainability refers to an ecosystem that maintains the resource base upon which it depends, relies on a minimum of artificial inputs from outside,
manages pest and diseases through internal regulating mechanisms, and is able to recover from the
disturbances caused by cultivation and harvest
External actors Internal actors
The Sustainable Winegrowing Program of California’s Napa Valley wine industry relies on principles of environmentally soundness, economically feasibility and socially equitability
Complexity theory and sustainability sciences
Mitchell (2011) Kates (2011)
Issue 6 Integration of viticultural systems into sustainable rural development
ecological
dimension
economic
dimension
social
dimension
Navigation is the positioning and directing of the systems in a multidimensional space. A navigator of a
social-ecological system focus on changes during a voyage with unknown destination
Sala et al. (2013) integrate viticulture into the National Sustainable Development Strategy of Romania. Diversity and variability and high-tech culture and wine making technologies should pave the way to global markets.
Review of issues
1 The promise of IPM
2 Uncertainties with limits and opportunities
3 Multidimensional aspects
4 Ecosystem service provision
5 Agroecological and ecosocial
system sustainability
6 Integration of viticultural systems into sustainable rural development
Historical progress in viticultural system study and management ?
Representation of different perpectives (contexts) for study and management of viticultural systems
(Waltner-Toews et al., 2003)
Post-normal science characterized by “radical uncertainty” and “plurality of legitimate
perspectives” (Rivera- Ferre et al., 2013)
Re-thinking viticultural systems study and management
Likely,
Future work within the different issues
may produce incremental gains in knowledge and management skills.
Possibly,
Re-thinking of study and management
holds to promise to produce the leaps
(Rivera-Ferre et al., 2013)
Sufficient to address the challenges ?
Philosophy = thinking about thinking
(Honderich, 2005)
Re-thinking viticultural systems study and management: ethics
Moral value systems
Consequential (utilitarian) and deontological (duty-based) based moral systems (Huppenbauer & Bleisch, 2011).
A utilitarian system valuates decisions and actions on the basis of their consequences, and the decisions and actions should aim at the greatest possible utility for the greatest possible number of humans
In a duty-based or deontological system, ethics is based on moral principles concerning decisions, actions or goods with intrinsic value.
Commodification of good and services
if everything is up for sale:
in a society with widening gaps between rich and poor, the sting of inequality sharpens,
many good things in life become corrupted or degraded.
Sandel, M.J. 2013. What money can’t buy. The moral limits of markets. Penguin books, London, UK, 244 p.
There is little reason for disregarding the deontological value system in study and
management of ecosocial systems
Re-thinking viticultural systems study and management: overcoming epistemological limitations
Generally,
Denial of reality
is responsible for the ‘nose diving’ of philosophy and part of physics (Deutsch and Ekert, 2012)
Spefically,
Logical positivism
experimental approaches >> abstract laws and fundamental principles for supporting scientific claims
narrow methodology applied in agricultural research
Instrumentalism
Some technologies have an instrumental value just to the extent that it lends itself, fortuitously or by design, effectively to the achievement of some desired or valued purpose
Promotion of pesticides rather than investments into studies on pesticide effects in population systems dynamics
Promotion of genetically modified organisms rather than investments into the revision of genetics (genome integrity, epigenetics)
Promotion of heavy machinery rather than investments into studies enhancing energetic sustainability
Philosophical relativism
Philosophical relativism emphasizes cultural differences in knowledge acquisition
Re-establishment of an interrelationship with reality might Create a common
denominator Facilitate stakeholder
collaboration
Thank you !
So that I may perceive whatever holds The world together in ist inmost folds
(Faust in Göthe, 1806)
top related