fundamentals of information systems, fifth edition chapter 3 database systems and business...

Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition

Chapter 3 Database Systems and Business

Intelligence

Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition 2

Principles and Learning Objectives

• Data management and modeling are key aspects of organizing data and information– Define general data management concepts and

terms, highlighting the advantages of the database approach to data management

– Describe the relational database model and outline its basic features

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Principles and Learning Objectives (continued)

• A well-designed and well-managed database is an extremely valuable tool in supporting decision making– Identify the common functions performed by all

database management systems, and identify popular database management systems

• The number and types of database applications will continue to evolve and yield real business benefits– Identify and briefly discuss current database

applications

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Data Management

• Without data and the ability to process it an organization could not successfully complete most business activities

• For data to be transformed into useful information, it must first be organized in a meaningful way

The Hierarchy of Data

• Bit – Circuit that is either on or off – Eight bits = one byte

• Character– Basic building block of information

• Field– Name, number, or combination of characters that

describes an aspect of a business object or activity

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The Hierarchy of Data (continued)

• Record– Collection of related data fields

• File– Collection of related records

• Database– Collection of integrated and related files

• Hierarchy of data– Bits, characters, fields, records, files, and databases

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The Hierarchy of Data (continued)

Data Entities, Attributes, and Keys

• Entity– Generalized class of people, places, or things for

which data is collected, stored, and maintained

• Attribute– Characteristic of an entity

• Data item– Value of an attribute

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Data Entities, Attributes, and Keys (continued)

• Key– Field or set of fields in a record that is used to

identify the record

• Primary key– Field or set of fields that uniquely identifies the

record

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Data Entities, Attributes, and Keys (continued)

The Database Approach

• Traditional approach to database management – Separate data files are created and stored for each

application program

• Database approach to database management– Multiple application programs share a pool of related

data

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Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition 12

The Database Approach (continued)

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The Database Approach (continued)

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Data Modeling and Database Characteristics

• When building a database, consider:– Content: What data should be collected, at what

cost?– Access: What data should be provided to which

users and when?– Logical structure: How should data be arranged to

make sense to a given user?– Physical organization: Where should data be

physically located?

Data Modeling

• Building a database requires two types of designs– Logical design

• Abstract model of how data should be structured and arranged to meet an organization’s information needs

– Physical design• Fine-tunes the logical database design for

performance and cost considerations

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Data Modeling (continued)

• Planned data redundancy– Improves system performance

• Data model– Diagram of data entities and their relationships

• Enterprise data modeling– Data modeling done at the level of the entire

enterprise

• Entity-relationship (ER) diagrams– Data models that use basic graphical symbols to show

the organization of and relationships between data

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Data Modeling (continued)

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The Relational Database Model

• Relational model– Describes data using a standard tabular format– Data elements are placed in two-dimensional tables,

called relations, the logical equivalent of files

• Domain– Allowable values for data attributes

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The Relational Database Model (continued)

Manipulating Data

• Selecting– Eliminates rows according to criteria

• Projecting– Eliminates columns in a table

• Joining– Combines two or more tables

• Linking– Combines two or more tables using common data

attributes

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Manipulating Data (continued)

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Manipulating Data (continued)

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Database Management Systems (DBMS)

• Group of programs used as an interface between a database and application programs or a database and the user

• Used to manage all kinds of data for all kinds of purposes

Overview of Database Types

• Flat file– Simple database program whose records have no

relationship to one another

• Single user– Only one person can use the database at a time

• Multiple user– Allows dozens or hundreds of people to access the

same database system at the same time– Examples: Oracle, Sybase, and IBM

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Providing a User View

• Schema– Logical and physical structure of the data and

relationships among the data in the database – Can be part of the database or a separate schema

file

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Creating and Modifying the Database

• Data definition language (DDL)– Collection of instructions/commands that define and

describe data and data relationships in a database– Allows database creator to describe the data and the

data relationships that are to be contained in the schema

• Data dictionary– Detailed description of all the data used in the

database

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Creating and Modifying the Database (continued)

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Creating and Modifying the Database (continued)

Storing and Retrieving Data

• One function of a DBMS is:– To be an interface between an application program

and the database

• Concurrency control– Method of dealing with a situation in which two or

more people need to access the same record in a database at the same time

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Storing and Retrieving Data (continued)

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Manipulating Data and Generating Reports

• Query-by-example (QBE)– Visual approach to developing database queries or

requests

• Data manipulation language (DML)– Commands that manipulate the data in a database

• Structured Query Language (SQL)– Standardized data manipulation language– Lets programmers learn one powerful query

language and use it on systems ranging from PCs to the largest mainframe computers

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Manipulating Data and Generating Reports (continued)

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Database Administration

• Database administrator (DBA) should: – Have a clear understanding of the fundamental

business of the organization – Be proficient in the use of selected database

management systems – Stay abreast of emerging technologies and new

design approaches

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Popular Database Management Systems

• Popular DBMSs for end users– Microsoft Access and FileMaker Pro

• Emerging software– Database as a Service (DaaS) or Database 2.0– Database administration is provided by the service

provider

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Special-Purpose Database Systems

• Specialized database packages – Israeli Holocaust Database– Morphbank– iTunes Store music and video catalog

Selecting a Database Management System

• Important characteristics of databases: – Database size– Database cost– Concurrent users– Performance– Integration– Vendor

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Using Databases with Other Software

• Database management systems are often used with other software packages or the Internet

• Front-end application– Directly interacts with users

• Back-end application– Interacts with applications

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Database Applications

• Manipulate content of a database to produce useful information

• Common manipulations– Searching, filtering, synthesizing, and assimilating

data

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Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition 39

Linking Databases to the Internet

• Semantic Web– Developing a seamless integration of traditional

databases with the Internet– Allows people to access and manipulate a number of

traditional databases at the same time through the Internet

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Data Warehouses, Data Marts, and Data Mining

• Data warehouse– Holds business information from many sources in

the enterprise

• Data mart– Subset of a data warehouse

• Data mining– Information-analysis tool for discovering patterns and

relationships in a data warehouse– Predictive analysis: Combines historical data with

assumptions about future conditions

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Data Warehouses, Data Marts, and Data Mining (continued)

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Data Warehouses, Data Marts, and Data Mining (continued)

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Business Intelligence

• Gathering the right information in a timely manner and usable form and analyzing it to have a positive impact on business

• Competitive intelligence– Limited to information about competitors and the

ways that knowledge affects strategy, tactics, and operations

• Counterintelligence – Steps an organization takes to protect information

sought by “hostile” intelligence gatherers

Distributed Databases

• Data may be spread across several smaller databases connected via telecommunications devices

• Give corporations and other organizations more flexibility in how databases are organized and used

• Replicated database– Holds a duplicate set of frequently used data

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Distributed Databases (continued)

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Online Analytical Processing (OLAP)

• Software that allows users to explore data from a number of perspectives

• Provides top-down, query-driven data analysis

• Requires repetitive testing of user originated theories

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Online Analytical Processing (OLAP) (continued)

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Object-Relational Database Management Systems

• Object-oriented database– Database that stores both data and its processing

instructions• Object-oriented database management system

(OODBMS)– Programs that manipulate an object-oriented

database and provide a user interface and connections to other application programs

• Object-relational database management system (ORDBMS)– Capable of manipulating audio, video, and graphical

data

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Visual, Audio, and Other Database Systems

• Virtual database systems– Allow different databases to work together as a

unified database system

• Spatial data technology – Use of a database to store and access data

according to the locations it describes

Summary

• Data– Organized into a hierarchy that builds from the

smallest element to the largest

• Traditional file-oriented applications – Often characterized by program-data dependence

• Data model – Map or diagram of entities and their relationships

• DBMS– Group of programs used as an interface between a

database and its users and other applications

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Summary (continued)

• After a DBMS has been installed– It can be accessed, modified, and queried via a data

manipulation language

• Data warehouse– Relational database management systems

specifically designed to support management decision making

• Business intelligence – Getting enough of the right information in a timely

manner and usable form