fundamentals of programming - · pdf filefundamentals of programming course structure ......

Fundamentals of Programming

Budditha HettigeDepartment of Computer Science

Fundamentals of Programming

Course Structure• Lectures

– 30 Hours

• Practical /Tutorials

– 30 hours

• Assignment (30%)

– Practical Test (10 marks)

– Quizzes 4 (Get maximum 2 ) (10 x2 = 20 marks )

– Total 30%

• Final Examination (70 %)

– 4 Questions (3 hours) (70%)

• Reference:– https://budditha.wordpress.com/

7/11/2015 Budditha Hettige (budditha@yahoo.com) 2

Course Structure

• Introduction

• Steps to Computer Programming

• Introduction to Java

• Input and output

• Variables

• Selections (if, switch)

• Loops (for, while, do-while)

• Methods• To-Down Design• Arrays

• Console application

• Menu driven application development3Budditha Hettige (budditha@yahoo.com)

Introduction to Programming

Why people use machines?

Machines• Café Machine make a tea

• ATM machine money transaction

• Calculator solve equation

• Each Machine has …

– Input

– Output

– Process

6Budditha Hettige (budditha@yahoo.com)

input Process Output

Café Machine

• Input– Sugar

– Water

– Coffee

– Milk

• Output– Tea

• Process– ????

Output

Process

ATM machine

• Input– ???

• Output– ???

• Process– ???

Calculator

• Input– ???

• Output– ???

• Process– ???

Process of a Machine

• Work through the instructions given to it– Read

– Write

– Do some calculations

– Go to next instruction

• The sequence of instructions is call a

Program

• Program is a story to tell some task to others

What is a Programming?

• Programming is the way to give instructions

• Each program has– Start

– Some work

– End

• Program is given/execute through the machine understood language

A Computer

• Machine that can solve problems for

people by carrying out instructions given to it

• The sequence of instructions is called Program

• The language machine can understand is called machine language

Machine Language

• Machine language is a set of instructions

executed directly by a computer's central processing unit (CPU)

Machine Language contd..

• Advantages– Machine can directly access (Electronic circuit)

– High Speed

• Disadvantages– Human cannot identify

– Machine depended

(Hardware depended)

Computer Language(s)

• Artificial Languages

• Human readable

• Ex: C/C++, Java

Programming Language(Ln)

Machine Language (L0)

Translator/ Interpreter

Machine

Programming

Language(Ln)

Machine Language

Interpretation

• Each instruction in L1 can execute through the relevant L0 instructions directly

• Program is call interpreter

• Two languages are needed to closely

• Sinhala – English

• Sinhala - Pali

Translator (L1 L0)

1. Replace each instruction written in L1 in to LO

2. Program now execute new program

3. Program is called compiler/ translator

Compilers

• Translate high-level language to machine language

• Input (Source code)– The original program in a high level language

• Output (Object code/ Machine Code)– The translated version in machine language

• Example– C++ compiler, JAVA Compiler etc.

Programming steps

• Compilers. A compiler translates the source code to target code

• Preprocessor—adds to or modifies the contents of the source file before the compiler begins processing the code

• Linker—combines the compiler-generated machine code with precompiled library code orcompiled code from other sources to make a complete executable program

Programming language

generations

This classification is used to indicate increasing power of programming styles

1. First-generation programming languages

2. Second-generation programming languages

3. Third-generation programming languages

4. Fourth-generation programming languages

5. Fifth-generation programming languages

First-generation programming

language (1GL)• Is a machine-level programming language

• Translator isn’t used to compile

• The instructions in 1GL are made of binary numbers, represented by 1s and 0s

• Advantage

– The code can run very fast and very efficiently

because the instructions are executed directly by the CPU

• Disadvantage

– When an error occurs, the code is not as easy to fix

Second-generation

programming language(2GL)

• Assembly language.

• Properties

– The code can be read and written by a programmer

– The language is specific to a particular processor family and environment

• Used in kernels and device drivers

Third-generation programming

languages (3GL)• Languages are more programmer-friendly

• Example

– C, C++, C#, Java, BASIC and Pascal

• Support structured programming.

• Must be translated into machine language by a compiler or interpreter

• Advantages

– Easier to read, write, and maintain

Fourth-generation programming

languages(4GL)• Designed to reduce programming effort

• Consist of – Set of libraries

– CRUD generators

– Report generators

– DBMS

– Visual design tool and integration API

• Different types of 4GLs– Table-driven (codeless) programming

• PowerBuilder

– Data management• SAS, SPSS

– Report-generator programming languages • Oracle Developer Suite

Fifth-generation programming

language(5GL)

• Based on solving problems using constraints given to

the program, rather than using an algorithm written by a programmer

• Use mainly in Artificial Intelligence research

• Example– Prolog, OPS5, and Mercury

Selecting a suitable Computer

Language

• Readability

• How easy to write the program in this particular language?

• Reliability

• How much would it cost to develop using a given language?

• How complicated the syntax going to be?

• Does the language have standards for greater readability?

Example

• Assembly Language Program– Device drivers, Virus

• C / C++ Program– Device drivers , DLLs

• JAVA / Visual C++ Program– Desktop applications, Web Applications

• Prolog– AI based applications, Games, Translators

Exercise

• To solve the following problems, identify the input, output and the process

Find the area of a room

Search a place of a city

Calculate grade for the given mark

Get some amount from ATM machine

input Process Output

Stages of Computer

Programming1. Planning

2. Analysis

3. Design

4. Implementation

5. Testing

6. Maintenance and update

Planning

• Identify scope of the project

• Estimate the work involved

• Create a project schedule

• Begins with requirements that define the software to be developed.

• The project plan can be used to describe the task

Analysis

• Is a complete description of the behavior of a system

• Consist of – Functional requirements

– Non-functional requirements

• Methods– Interview

– Questionnaires

– Observation etc.

Software Design

• Software design is a process of problem-solving and planning for a software solution

• Types– Top down

– Bottom up

– Module design

• Use to describe– Algorithm

– Flowchart

– Pseudo code

Design process

Design cont.…

• Flowchart:– is a type of diagram that

represents an algorithm or process

– Gives diagrammatic

representation solution to a given problem

– Use in analyzing, designing,

documenting or managing a process or program

Flowchart- building blocks

Flowchart-building blocks

contd...

Example

• Draw a flow chart to display total of the two numbers

Example

• Draw a flow chart to identify correct login for the following interface

Implementation

• Is a realization of a technical specification or

algorithm as a program, software component through computer programming

• May exist for a given specification or standard– Example World Wide Web Consortium-recommended

specifications

• After implement– Source code, together with documentation to make

the code more readable.

Program Testing

• is an investigation conducted to provide

information about the quality of the product

• A primary purpose of testing is to detect software failures

• Test– White box test

– Black box test

Program Maintenance and

Update

• Is the modification of a software product after delivery to correct faults

• Maintenance may span for 20 years, whereas development may be 1-2 year

• User guide, Maintenance manual need to provides

• Example– Windows XP (Development few years, Maintenance ….)

– Provides set of software updates patches etc.

The Characteristics of a Good

Computer ProgramReliability:

The program should provide correct results at all times and should be free from errors.

Maintainability:

The existing program should be able to change or modify to meet new requirements.

Portability:

The program should be able to transfer to a different computer system.

Readability:

The program must be readable and understandable with the help of documentation.

Performance:

The program should handle the task more quickly and efficiently.

Storage saving:

The program should be written with the least number of instructions

Steps to Computer programming

• Identify Input, Output and process

• Make a design

• Use suitable programming language and implement your system

• Test your program

Activity

• You are required to design a software solution for a

small library explain each steps of the software

development

1. Identify requirements

2. Write project proposal

3. Make Complete Design

4. Implement a solution

5. Test solution

Design

Another Approach

Software Quality

Questions

Tools & Tips for

Computer programming

• Source code Editor– TextPad, Notepad

• Compiler– JAVA Compiler, C++ compiler

• Language Knowledge

• Logical thinking ability

Programming with IDE

• IDE : integrated design environment

• consists of– source code editor

– compiler and/or an interpreter

– build automation tools

– Debugger

– Construction of a GUI

– Class browser

– Object inspector

– Etc.

Programming IDEs

• Eclipse

Eclipse is a multi-language software development environment

http://www.eclipse.org/

• Code:blockshttp://www.codeblocks.org/

• Netbeanshttp://netbeans.org/

• Microsoft Visual Studio

http://www.microsoft.com/visualstudio/en-us

Exercise

• Download Netbeans IDE and install it

• Download:

http://netbeans.org/

Budditha Hettige (budditha@yahoo.com) 53

INTRODUCTION TO JAVA

PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE

547/11/2015 Budditha Hettige (budditha@yahoo.com)

Introduction to Java

• Is a programming language created by James

Gosling from Sun Microsystems in 1991

• Is a general-purpose, class-based, object-oriented

Programming language

• is intended to let application developers

“write once, run anywhere.”

• URL : http://www.oracle.com/

Java cont…

• Java programming language consists

– Java compiler:

Java compiler translates Java coding into

byte-code

– Java virtual machine(JVM)

Java virtual machine interprets this byte-code and runs the program

– Java class libraries

Java Class Library is a set of dynamically loadable libraries that Java applications can call at run time

Java Virtual Machine (JVM)

Architecture

JAVA Source File(.java)

JAVA Bite code(.class)

Java Compiler

Java Virtual Machine

Memory Manager

Byte code Verifier

Interpreter

Java API

JAVA Vs C++

Java Compiler

Java VM

C++ Source File(.cpp)

Executable program(.exe)

C++ Compiler

Operating system can

directly execute

JAVA VM can directly execute

Programming

• Task

– Design

– Implement

– Compile and RUN

Characteristics

Java has the following properties

• Platform independent

• Object-orientated programming language

• Strongly-typed programming language

• Interpreted and compiled language

• Automatic memory management

Platform independent

• Can Run on any Platform

– Windows

– Linux

– MaC OS

Java Compiler

Java VM

Object-orientated programming

language

• Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm that represents concepts as "objects" that have data fields (State) and methods (Behavior)

• What is an Objects?

– Object is a software bundle of related state and behavior

– Characteristics: state and behavior

– Example (Person)

• State (Name, NIC, height)

• Behavior (Speech, Sleep, eat)

– Object is an instance of a class (instance is a specific realization of any object)

What is a class?

• A Java class is a group of Java methods and

variables

• Example (Person)

– State (Name, NIC, height)

– Behavior (Speech, Sleep, eat)

class Person

Requirements for Class name

• Class name must begin with letter of the alphabet

• Contains only letters, digits, underscores or dollar

• Cannot be a language reserved keywords (public,

class etc)

• Name cannot be following values (true, false or null)

Java Class name standard

• Begin with uppercase letter

• No spaces

• Emphasizes new word with an initial uppercase letter

• Example

– EmployeRecords

– Student

– FirstExample

– SampleProgram

Java Keywords

Install JAVA

• Download Java Development Kit (JDK)

– http://www.oracle.com

• RUN Installation setup

• SET PATH for the JAVA

• Test JAVA is working

Simple Java Program• A class with a main Method

public class FirstProgram{

public static void main(String[] args) {

System.out.println("Hello");}

Operating System

FirstProgram

Main MethodOutput

A class without a main Methodpublic class FirstProgram{

Operating System Can not Execute the program

Operating System

FirstProgram

Your first Java program

• Open a text editor (text pad, Notepad etc.)

• Type the following sample

• Save program as “FirstProgram.java”

public class FirstProgram

public static void main(String[] args)

System.out.println("Hello World");

Compile and RUN

• Using command prompt go to the place where in

your java file

• To Compile: type javac <space><fileName>

Javac FirstProgram.java

• To Run: type java<space><fileName>

Java FirstProgram

First Java program

public class FirstProgram

System.out.println("Hello World");

Flow chart

Display“Hello World”

Print Output on Command window

• Function

– System.out.println(“Some Text”);

– System.out.print(“Some Text”);

• Examplepublic class FirstProgram{

public static void main(String[] args) {

System.out.println("Hello World");}

Escape Sequences• A character preceded by a backslash (\) is an escape

sequence

• has special meaning to the compiler

Escape Sequence Description

\t Insert a tab in the text at this point.

\b Insert a backspace in the text at this point.

\n Insert a newline in the text at this point.

\r Insert a carriage return in the text at this point.

\f Insert a formfeed in the text at this point.

\' Insert a single quote character in the text at this point.

\" Insert a double quote character in the text at this point.

\\ Insert a backslash character in the text at this point.

ASCII art with JAVA• ASCII art is a graphic design technique that uses computers for

presentation and consists of pictures pieced together from the

95 printable (from a total of 128) characters defined by the

ASCII Standard from

System.out.println(" @ @ @ ");

System.out.println(" @ @ @ @ ");

System.out.println(" @ @ @ ");

System.out.println(" \\|/ ");

System.out.println(" | | | ");

System.out.println(" ( ) ");

System.out.println(" ^^^^^ ");

Exercise1. Why JAVA is Platform independent?

2. What is a class ?

3. What is JAVA Runtime Environment (JRE) ?

4. What is JAVA Class file?

5. Create a JAVA Program to display the following

output

EMPLOYEE DETAILS

---------------------------------------

1. Employee NO : HIT1001

2. Name : Mr. A. B. Gamage

3. Age : 30

4. Salary : 23507.50

5. Married : Y

6. Car (Y/N) : N

---------------------------------------7/11/2015 Budditha Hettige (budditha@yahoo.com)

Exercise

• Write a Java program to display the following

output.

budditha@yahoo.com

Exercise

• Write a Java program to calculate and display total

amount of the given unit price and quantity of an

budditha@yahoo.com

Data Types

• Use various variables to store various information

• Variables are reserved memory locations to store

values

• When you create a variable you reserve some

space in memory

• Based on the data type of a variable, the operating

system allocates memory and decides what can be

stored in the reserved memory

budditha@yahoo.com

Activity

• How to change items in the two bottle

Java Data types

• The eight primitive data types supported by the Java

programming language

81Budditha Hettige (budditha@yahoo.com)7/11/2015

Data types

Limits of integer in java

Default values

• The default values for the above data type

Data Type Default Value (for fields)

byte 0

short 0

long 0L

float 0.0f

double 0.0d

char '\u0000'

String (or any object) null

boolean false

Budditha Hettige (budditha@yahoo.com)7/11/2015

ASCII Code for the characters

Data type selection

budditha@yahoo.com

Memory Allocation

budditha@yahoo.com

Java Variables

• Declaration

– DataType <space> VaribaleName

• Example:

– Int count;

– Int studentAge = 0;

– float GPA = 3.56

Variable name( rules)

budditha@yahoo.com

• Can use only letters, digits and underscore

• The first character must be a simple letter

• Case sensitive

• Cannot use keywords

• No limits on length

Local, Instance & Class Variables

budditha@yahoo.com

classData

localAge

Variables in a program

budditha@yahoo.com

Exercise

• Write a Java program to calculate and display total

amount of the given unit price and quantity of an

• Solution

– What are the input(s)

– What are the output(s)

– How many variable are required

– What is the process

budditha@yahoo.com

Answer

Constant variables

• Constants are declared like variables with

the addition of the static final keywords

static final double PI = 3.14159;

Once declared and initialized, a constant

can be used like a variable

• A constant may not be reassigned

Type Casting

• A way to convert a variable from one data type to

another data type

• Use cast operator

– (type_name) expression

– (int) float_value

budditha@yahoo.com

Java Memory concept

• Variable names correspond to location in the computer’s

memory

• Every variable has a name, a type, a size and a value

• A memory cell is never empty. But its initial contents may

be meaningless to your program.

• The current contents of a memory cell are destroyed

whenever new information is placed in that cell.

• Java has Total control about variables

• Programmer’s No need to think much

budditha@yahoo.com

Input / Output

Input from Keyboard

• Use Scanner

– import java.util.Scanner;

• Create a Scanner object to Scan input from command window

– Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);

• Read value from keyboard

– nextInt() interger

– nextLine () String

– nextFloat() float

– nextDouble ()double

• Example

– value = input.nextInt();

Example

• Create a JAVA Program that read data from key

bard and display the result as follows

EMPLOYEE DETAILS

---------------------------------------

1. Employee NO : HIT1001

2. Name : Mr. A. B. Gamage

2. Age : 30

3. Salary : 23507.50

4. Married : Y

5. Car (Y/N) : N

---------------------------------------

Exercise

• Write a Java program to read two numbers from

keyboard and display the Average.

budditha@yahoo.com

Solutionimport java.util.Scanner;

public class FundamantalApp

Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);

int value1, value2;

float avg;

System.out.println("Enter value1 :");

value1 = input.nextInt();

System.out.println("Enter value1 :");

value2 = input.nextInt();

avg = (value1 + value2)/2;

System.out.println("Average is "+ avg);

Examples:

• Create a java program to calculate area of a room.

Answer

Example

• Create a java program to calculate area of the

following figure

Answer

Exercise

Create a Java program to calculate and display total

amount of given unit price and quantity of the some

budditha@yahoo.com

Answer

budditha@yahoo.com

Java Formatting

• System.out.format("%f, %1$+020.10f %n", Math.PI);

Example

Write a C++ program which will convert a weight in KG

to pounds and ounces.

( 1 Kg = 2.2046 pounds)

budditha@yahoo.com

Example

• Write a C++ program which will convert a Celsius

temperature into Fahrenheit

budditha@yahoo.com

Operators

Example

Budditha Hettige (budditha@yahoo.com)

What is the output of the Variable y

Java Operators• Assignment operator

– (=)

• Arithmetic operators

– ( +, -, *, /, % )

• Compound assignment

– (+=, -=, *=, /=, %=, >>=, <<=, &=, ^=, |=)

• Increment and decrement

– (++, --)

• Relational and comparison operators

– ( ==, !=, >, <, >=, <= )

• Logical operators

– ( !, &&, || )

• Conditional ternary operator

– ( ? )

• Comma operator

– ( , )

Java Operators

Binary Operators

• The binary operators take two arguments as

operands

Left Operand

RightOperand

Operator

Unary Operators

The unary operators take one arguments as operand

Operand Operator

Assignment operator (=)

• The assignment operator assigns a value to a

variable.

Arithmetic operators( +, -, *, /, % )

• The five arithmetical operations supported by C++

Compound assignment

(+=, -=, *=, /=, %=, >>=, <<=, &=, ^=, |=)

Combined assignment operators

• Each arithmetic operator has a corresponding

assignment operator.

Operator EffectL = Left Operator

R = Right Operator

+= Assign (L + R) to L

-= Assign (L - R) to L

*= Assign (L * R) to L

/= Assign (L / R) to L

%= Assign (L % R) to L

Example

Unary Operators

The unary operators take one arguments

- unary minus (negation)

+ unary plus

-- decrement

++ increment

Unary Operators

• The unary minus (-) makes a positive number into a

negative number and a negative number into a

positive number.

• The unary plus (+) does not change the number.

• The decrement operator (--) decrements the value of

its operand by 1.

• The increment operator (++) increments the value of

its operand by 1.

The prefix version (++x or --x)

• Comes before the operand, as in ++x

• First increments or decrements the variable by 1

and then uses the value of the variable.

meansChange xThen assign to yy = 6, x = 6.

The postfix version (x++ or x--)

• Comes after the operand, as in x++

• Uses the current value of the variable and then

increment or decrements the variable by 1.

meansAssign z to y.Then change z.y is 5, z is 6.

Relational and comparison operators

• The result of such an operation is either true or false

(i.e., a Boolean value)

Example

Logical Operators

• To combine or modify existing expressions.

&& AND

| | OR

• Example

a > 5 && b > 5

ch == ‘y’ | | ch == ‘Y’

!valid

!(x > 5)

Conditional ternary operator ( ? )

• The conditional operator evaluates an expression,

returning one value if that expression evaluates to

true, and a different one if the expression evaluates

as false.

• Syntax is:

condition ? result1 : result2

Bitwise operators

( &, |, ^, ~, <<, >> )

Bitwise operators modify variables considering the bit

patterns that represent the values they store.

Precedence of operators

Selections

Exercise

• Write a Java program to read an examination mark

from keyboard and print “pass” if mark >= 40.

Budditha Hettige (buditha@yahoo.com)

Java Selection (if Statement)

• One-Way (if) Selection

Syntaxif (expression)

{statement(s)

• Statement executed if value of expression true

If m>=40

Java Selection (if Statement)• Two-Way (if...else)

if (expression)

statement1;

statement2;

• If expression true, statement1 executed, otherwise statement2 executed

if-then-else Statement

• Syntaxif (Condition) {

statement(s)

else {

statement(s)

• Example

Exercise

Write a C++ program

to print the biggest

number of the two

given numbers

Exercise

Write a C++ program

to print the biggest

number of the three

given numbers

Exercise

• Write a C++ program to print the grade for a given

1000 40 60 75

Solution 1

Nested if and if...else Statements

• Nesting: one control statement in another

• Syntax of nested if...else statements:

if (condition1)

statement1;

else if (condition2)

statement2;

else if (condition-n)

statement-n;

else statement-z;

Answer with Nested if

Exercise

Write a Java program

to print the grade for a

given marks

DebugDebugging is a methodical process of finding and

reducing the number of bugs, or defects

• Programming errors are called bugs

• Programming errors may be

– Compiler errors

– Runtime errors

– Logical errors

• Going through the code, examining it and looking for

something wrong in the implementation (bugs) and

correcting them is called debugging

Debugging Options

• Make break points

– Right click on statement and add break point

• Add watches to see the values of the variables

– Click Debug – Debugging window - Watches

Debugging cont.…

• Start debugging (Press F8)

• Debug Commands

– F8 – Start / Continue

– F7 – Next Line

– Shift+F8 Stop

Exercise

• Write a C++ program that reads month as an integer

and print the name of the month

• Draw a flowchart to describe your solution

• Debug your code and find execution path for the

following

– Month = 1;

– Month = 12;

– Month = 6;

SwitchRun with number of possible execution paths

A switch works with the byte, short, char, and intprimitive data types

Switch

• switch structure: alternate to if...else

• Example 1:

switch(x) {

case x1: statements1;

break;

case x2: statements2;

break;

default: statements4;

break;

Exercise 5.6

• Write a C++ program that reads month as an integer

and print the name of a month.

(Use Switch)

Exercise 5.7

• Draw a flowchart to above program

Exercise

• Write a Java program that reads day as an integer (1-7)and print the name

– Use only if-else statement and implement your solution

– Use switch statement and implement your solution

• Draw flowcharts to above two programs

• Compare performance of the two methods (if and Switch)

– Use debug and find the execution path

Exercise

• Write a JAVA program that reads day as an integer

(1-7)and print the name

Exercise

• Write a Java program to display a given date as the

following formats.

Your program should read date as the three inputs

(day, month and year) and generates the output

forms.

– Option 1: 21.05.2001

– Option 2: 21.05.01

– Option 3: 21 st May 2001

Answer

1. Print a day

2. Print (st/nd/rd/th)

3. Print month

4. Print year

Exercise

• Write a Java program to print the bill for an item bought by a customer from a shop.

– The program should ask unit price and quantity of an item and calculate the total cost

– If item quantity greater than 10 give one item free

– Add 3.5 % discount for the total if total cost grater than 2500.

– The bill should contain all the above information and amount of money tendered and the correct amount of change.

Exercise

• Write a JAVA program to find the roots of the quadratic equation 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 = 𝟎 where xrepresents a variable or an unknown, and a, b, and c are constants.

• Hint: The following equation shows the solutions of the quadratic equation

• Read more on quadratic equation: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadratic_equation

LoopsLoops have as purpose to repeat a

statement a certain number of times or while a condition is fulfilled.

Repetitions: Loops

• A loop is a sequence of instruction s that is

continually repeated until a certain condition is

reached.

• The statement may be repeated

– For a specific number of items

– For an indeterminate number of times, depending

on the truth or falsity of some condition.

• C++ provides three types of loops

– for loops (1- n times)

• Repeat a section of code known number of times

– while loops (0 – more times)

• Loop is used to repeat a specific block of code an unknown number of times

– do while loops (1 – more times)

• A do while loop is a control flow statement that executes a block of code at least once, and then repeatedly executes the block

Repeat some work

• Do some repeated work

– Initialization (Start number)

– Condition (do repeat action until satisfy some condition)

– Update (Next Value)

• Example

– Initialization Start with 1

– Condition Count up to 50

– Update Count 1 by 1

For Loop• Syntax

for (initialization; condition; update)

statement(s)

• ExampleInitialization

Update

Condition

Exercise

Write a Java program to find the

factorial of a given number

Example:

Nested for Loops

• A loop can be nested inside of another loop

• Syntaxfor ( init; condition; increment )

for ( init; condition; increment )

statement(s);

Exercise

• Write a Java program to display the following

Multiplication table

Exercise

1. Write a Java program to print the

following figure

a) * b) 1

*** 123

**** 1234

***** 12345

While Loop

• Allows the repetition of a statement based on the

truth value of a condition

• Can run 0 to infinite times

While Loop

• Syntax

while (Condition)

statement(s)

• ExampleInitialization

Condition

Update

Exercise

• Write a Java

program to find

the factorial of a

given number

(Use While loop)

Exercise

• Write a Java program

to accept numbers

until the user enters a

999 and output the

sum of the given

numbers

Exercise

Create a java program to identify the given number is Palindrome number or not.

– Read number as an integer

– Find the number is Palindrome or not

– Print the results

Hint:A palindromic number or numeral palindrome is a number that remains the same when its digits are reversed. Like 16461

Answers

Do-while Loop

• do…while loop also depends on a condition, but

unlike while loop, its condition is evaluated at the

bottom of the loop, after the body has already

executed.

Do-while Loop

• Syntaxdo

statement(s)

while (condition);

Example

Update

Condition

Initialization

Loops comparison

For while do-while

Exercise

Accept numbers until the

user enters a 999 and

output the average of the

given numbers

Exercise

• Using do-while loop, create a java program to

display the selected option in the following menu;

[1] Enter data

[2] Print data

[3] Exit the program

do-while

Switch

Answer

Exercise

Write a Java program to read N number of integers

and find the total and average.

• N is an input 1, 2, 3….. N

• Use for, while and do-while loops

• Draw 3 flow chart for the above 3 programs

Exercise

Write a Java program to compute the gross pay for an

employee. An employee is paid at hourly rate for the

first 40 hours worked in a week. Any hours worked in

excess of 40 hours are paid at the overtime rate of one

and half times that. Your program should print the pay

sheets of all the employees.

Functions

Methods

Exercise

• Create a Java program to display the following

wordArt.(MAM)

Functions

• Functions are a basic building block for writing Java programs.

• Breaking a program up into separate functions, each of which performs a particular task, makes it easier to develop and debug a program

• Solution for code reuse

• Functions allow for breaking down the program into discrete units

• Use to modular Programing

Methods

• Is a group of statements that is executed when it

is called from some point of the program.

• Types

– Built-in: Build-in methods are part of the compiler

package, such as

• System.out.println( )

– User-defined: User-defined methods are created by you

• Format

Return type MethodName (Argument..)

Method Example 1

printMeMain

PrintMe

Method Example 2

printMe

PrintMe

Method Example 3

Scope of a variable

Example

• Create a Java Programs to do to the following

1. Read Celsius temperature and calculate the

Fahrenheit temperature

Celsius to Fahrenheit: (°C × 9/5) + 32 = °F

– A Method to read data from keyboard

– A Method to Calculate data

– A Method to Print Data

Methods

Complete Program

getValue

Claculate

printData

getValue

calculate

printData

Top-Down Design

getValue claculate printData

Bottom-up Design

getValue claculate printData

Modular Design

getValue

claculate

printData

Example

• Create a JAVA Program that reads 3 integer values

from keyboard and print total and average values.

• Hint:

– Draw a top down design

– Implement your solution

Arrays

What is Array

• An array, is a data structure consisting of a

collection of elements

• Each identified by at least one array index or key

• simplest type of data structure is a linear array, also

called one-dimensional array

Arrays

• An array is a container object that holds a fixed

number of values of a single type

Arrays contd.

• Declares an array of integers

– int[] anArray;

• Allocates memory for 10 integers

– anArray = new int[10];

• Initialize first element

– anArray[0] = 100;

• Display Values

– System.out.println(“E0”+ anArray[0]);

Example

• Write a Java program to store marks of 10 students

and print average mark ? Output of your program is

as follows

Student Marks

---------------------

Average 45.56

=====================

Budditha Hettige (budditha@yahoo.com) 2037/11/2015

Exercise

• Write a Java program that read 10 integer marks

(Range 0 to 100) form keyboard and print the result

sheet as shown below.

Write a Java program that read 10 integer marks (Range 0 to 100) form keyboard and print the result sheet as shown below.

ICT 126 2.0 Introduction to Computer Programming

------------------------------------------------

####### RESULT SHEET ######

------------------------------------------------

Index NO Marks

================================================

Find elements

• Find the largest and small mark of the above marks

Example (several arrays)

• Create 2 Arrays to store Student name and GPA

values of the 25 students in a class

• Enter all values and print results in the following

format

Student summary

---------------------

Saman Kumara 2.56

Ruwan Silva 1.94

Multiple Arrays

• Write a C++ program to store 10 student information

in class with considering name, age, height. Your

program should read 10 students information from

keyboard and display results as given below

name age height

--------------------------

saman 14 5.7

kamal 12 5.1

Console

Applications

Console Application

• Runs only console screen(Command window)

• NO GUI

• Use Low resources

• Use only key board action

Example

user interface

Example

Main Menu

Example 3 (contd.)

Action

Example 3 (contd.)

Summary

Example 4

• Create Java Application to calculate total price for

the sold items.

– Your program should run as a menu driven

application

– User can add items (any ) and print total, number

of items and discount

– User can total sales price for a day

– This program should run until user exit

Run Application Without Netbeans

RUN Application

Model Questions

fundamentals of programming - · pdf filefundamentals of programming course structure ......

Documents

bf533 linker man

linker jun 2012

systems programming - İtÜ · systems programming fatih...

dbpedia linker

machine independent linker

fundamentals of programming languages ii · pdf...

linker app 소개서

linker wisdom

cse 220: systems programming - the compiler and...

city linker dupla_tela

ms3d linker tool

gnu linker script

embedded programming for education, in blocks and...

dynamic linker

סולפ דיירטל ךירדמ · :linker blue 1.1.1...

bare-metal programming for...

the gnu linker

kinect programming for computer...

power-linker power-linker group co’s grounding system …...

linker and loader