gaines midwest processors-12-3-13-final
Post on 17-Dec-2014
431 Views
Preview:
DESCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPT
Bee Issues in Agriculture and Potential Impacts on the
Processing Industry
Hannah Gaines Day and Claudio GrattonDepartment of Entomology
University of Wisconsin-Madison
Thiamethoxam ImidaclopridClothianidin
Is the US next?
What makes systemic pesticides different?
Traditional pesticides
Traditional pesticides
Traditional pesticides
Traditional pesticides
X
Traditional pesticides
Traditional pesticides
Systemic pesticides
Systemic pesticides
Systemic pesticides
Systemic pesticides
X
Systemic pesticides
Systemic pesticides
Systemic pesticides
Systemic pesticides
• Benefits– Very effective– Less toxic to birds and mammals– Effective longer
Systemic pesticides
• Benefits– Very effective– Less toxic to birds and mammals– Effective longer
• Drawbacks– Present in nectar and pollen– Remain in environment longer– Toxic to bees
• 85% of all flowering plants (Ollerton et al. 2011)
• 35% of global crop production (Klein et al. 2007)
R. Winfree
How important are bees?
One in every three bites you eat is dependent on insect pollination.
DIRECTLY
One in every three bites you eat is dependent on insect pollination.
INDIRECTLY
With bees
Without bees
Pollinators
• Birds, bats, bees, moths, butterflies• Bees are the MOST IMPORTANT pollinators
– Actively collect pollen– Floral constancy– Branched hairs
Result of poor pollination
Bees and Midwest agriculture
Crop pollination by honey bees
Photo: USDA-ARS/Scott Bauer
www.gallery.photo.net
Native bees are also great crop pollinators
• Active earlier in season and day
• Collect both pollen and nectar
• Buzz pollination• No rental fees• Keep honey bees
moving• Not susceptible to
honey bee diseases
Solitary bee life cycleSpring
Summer
Fall
Winter
(Photos: Dennis Briggs)
Bee diversity in Wisconsin
• Cranberry ~180 species (H. Gaines Day, unpubl.)
• Pickling cucumber ~60 species (Lowenstein et al. 2012)
• Apple ~70 species (R. Mallinger, unpubl.)
Photo: Bob Hammond, CSU Coop Ext
Photo: Rachael WinfreeWinfree, R. et al.. 2008. Wild bee pollinators provide the majority of crop visitation across land-use gradients in New Jersey and Pennsylvania, USA. Journal of Applied Ecology 45:793-802.
Native bees and crop pollination
Fruit set increases with bee diversity
Klein et al. 2003
Bees are in decline worldwide
© Derrick Ditchburn© Johanna James-Heinz
© Jodi DeLong
© Peter Schroeder
Causes of bee decline
• Mites, disease, pesticide exposure
Photo: USDA-ARS/Scott Bauer
vanEngelsdorp et al. (in prep)
Honey bee rental rates (CA)
1995-2005
Honey bee rental rates (CA)
1995-2005, plus almonds, 2006-20082006
2007
2008
Colony Collapse Disorder
• Disease/pathogen?• Viruses?• Pests?• Stress?• Not cell phones or Bt
crops (Duan et al. 2008)
• Poor diet?• Insecticide exposure?
Colony Collapse Disorder
• Disease/pathogen?• Viruses?• Pests?• Stress?• Not cell phones or Bt
crops (Duan et al. 2008)
• Poor diet?• Insecticide exposure?
Honey bee decline and diet (Alaux et al. 2010)
=
Honey bee decline and diet (Alaux et al. 2010)
• Bees diet is made of pollen and nectar• Diverse diet = healthier bees, stronger immune
system
Honey bee decline and diet (Alaux et al. 2010)
=
Modern agricultural landscapes are food deserts for bees.
Even small flower patches can provide vital floral resources for bees
Honey bee decline and pesticides
• 118 different pesticides found in honey bee hives (Mullin et al. 2010)
Honey bee decline and pesticides
Risk = toxicity x exposure
Honey bee decline and pesticides
Risk = toxicity x exposure
Honey bee decline and pesticides
• Lethal effects• Sub-lethal effects
Honey bee decline and pesticides
• Synergism between chemicals– Combinations of pesticides more toxic
Honey bee decline and pesticides
• Synergism between chemicals– Combinations of pesticides more toxic
• Unexpected effects of “safe” chemicals– Inerts, Fungicides, Insect Growth Regulators (IGRs)
Honey bee decline and pesticides
Risk = toxicity x exposure
Honey bee decline and pesticides
• Multiple routes of exposure (Krupke et al. 2012)
– Planter dust, contaminated soil
Honey bee decline and pesticides
• Multiple routes of exposure (Krupke et al. 2012)
– Planter dust, contaminated soil– Weedy flowers near treated fields
Honey bee decline and pesticides
• Multiple routes of exposure (Krupke et al. 2012)
– Planter dust, contaminated soil– Weedy flowers near treated fields– Contaminated pollen and nectar
Purdue extension Photo: Bob Hammond, CSU Coop Ext
Honey bee decline and pesticides
• Multiple routes of exposure (Krupke et al. 2012)
– Planter dust, contaminated soil– Weedy flowers near treated fields– Contaminated pollen and nectar– Contaminated water
How are we addressing these issues?
• Research• New EPA labeling• Corn Dust Research Consortium
– Industry, government, university, non-profit– Develop new lubricants and polymers to reduce
dust and contamination in dust
Why do these issues matter to you?
• Pollinator-dependent crops• Your actions have broader effects than the
field boundaries• Everyone needs to eat
Purdue extension
What can you do to help?
• Identify and preserve native bees and bee habitat already present on your farm.
© NRCS Lynn Betts
What can you do to help?
• Identify and preserve native bees and bee habitat already present on your farm.
• Provide flowers and nesting resources.
K. UllmannPhoto: Bob Hammond, CO Coop Ext
What can you do to help?
• Identify and preserve native bees and bee habitat already present on your farm.
• Provide flowers and nesting resources.• Adjust current practices to protect bees.
– Spray timing, drift, chemistries
Small actions by many people can make a big change.
Further resources
The Xerces Society (www.xerces.org)
Further resources
The Xerces Society (www.xerces.org)
Further resources
Gratton Lab at UW-Madisonhttp://gratton.entomology.wisc.edu/
My contact information:Email: hgaines@gmail.comCell: 774-392-0498
top related