gcse pe: skeletal s knowledge rganiser
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ONE: Key Vocabulary
Word Definition
AbductionMovement away from the midline of the body.
AdductionMovement towards the midline of the body.
ExtensionA straightening movement around a joint e.g. increase in angle
FlexionA bending movement around a joint in a limb e.g. decrease in angle
RotationThe turning of a body part about its long axis as if on a pivot.
Circumduction
The circular movement of a joint. It is a movement pattern that combines flexion, extension, adduction, and abduction.
Synovial joint
An area where two or more bones meet within a joint capsule and allows a wide range of movement to occur.
Articulating bones
Bones that move relative to each other at a joint.
CartilageA tough, elastic, fibrous connective tissue.
LigamentA short band of tough and flexible tissue connects bone to bone and stabilise the joint.
TendonA tendon is a tough yet flexible band of fibrous tissue which joins muscle to bone.
THREE: …TWO: Core Questions
Question Answer
Identify four
functions of the
skeletal system
Blood production, movement,
protection, shape, support,
mineral storage
Give the function
of cartilage
Covers the ends of bones
providing smooth, friction free
surface
Describe how the
skeleton ‘protects’
Bones help to protect vital
organs e.g. heart and lungs
Describe how the
skeleton allows
‘movement’
Bones provide a surface for
muscles / tendons to attach to
OR provide lever systems OR
muscles pull bones when they
contract OR has joints that
allow the body to move
What is the
difference
between the axial
and appendicular
skeleton?
Axial – central part of the
skeleton, the main source of
support & protection
(cranium, vertebrae, ribs,
sternum)
Appendicular– includes
bones that support movement
(arms, legs)
Movement at a
hinge jointFlexion & extension
Movement at a
ball and socket
joint
Flexion, extension, rotation,
abduction, adduction and
circumduction
GCSE PE: SKELETAL SYSTEM KNOWLEDGE ORGANISER
skull
mandibleclavicle
scapula
humerus
ribselbow
vertebrae
pelvis
radius
ulna
sacrum
carpalsmetacarpals
phalanges
femur
patella
tibia
fibula
tarsalsmetatarsals
phalanges
ONE: Key Vocabulary
Word Definition
Antagonistic muscle action
A pair of muscles that work together to produce movement with one muscle contracting whilst the other muscle relaxes. e.g. the upper arm, as the arm flexes the bicep contracts and the triceps relaxes.
AgonistThe muscle that works to create the movement.
AntagonistThe muscle that works in the opposite way of the agonist.
Fixator
A muscle which acts as the stabiliser and helps the agonist work effectively of one part of the body during movement of another part.
FatigueMuscle tiredness when the body has a lack of energy.
Muscle fibre types
There are three types of muscle fibre that make up the skeletal muscles
Type I
Slow twitch fibres suited to low intensity
aerobic work. They can be used
continuously for long periods without
fatigue e.g. long distance running
Type IIaFast twitch fibres suited to high
intensity anaerobic work e.g. 400m
Type IIx
Fast twitch fibres that generate a much
greater force than other fibre types.
They fatigue very quickly e.g. 100m
THREE: …TWO: Core Questions
Question Answer
Explain how a pair of
muscles work
together during
exercise to allow
movement
Muscles work together as
an antagonistic pair
Prime mover / agonist
Relax / antagonist
Fixator
Name all 11 muscles
in the body
Deltoid, pectorals, biceps,
abdominals, quadriceps,
trapezius, triceps, latissimus
dorsi, gluteals, hamstring,
gastrocnemius
What movement is a
combination of
abduction,
adduction, extension
or flexion and
rotation
Circumduction
What is the
difference between
origin and insertion?
Origin – this is the end of
the muscle attached to a
bone that is stable, e.g.
scapula. The point of origin
remains still when
contraction occurs.
Insertion – this is the end of
the muscle attached to the
bone that actively moves
(e.g. the biceps insertion is
on the radius).
GCSE PE: MUSCULAR SYSTEM KNOWLEDGE ORGANISER
quadriceps
gastrocnemius
hamstringGluteus maximus
abs
biceps
pectorals
deltoid
trapezius
Latissimus
dorsi
scapulaOrigin
bicep tricep
humerus
insertion
ulna
radius
load
phalanges
metacarpals
carpals
ONE: Key Vocabulary
Word Definition
Frontal plane
An imaginary line which divides the body from front to back vertically.
Sagittal plane
An imaginary line which divides the body vertically into left and right sides.
Transverse plane
An imaginary line which divides the body horizontally from front to back.
Frontal axis of rotation
An imaginary line which passes through the body horizontally from left to right, allowing flexion and extension.
Longitudinal axis of rotation
An imaginary line which passes through the body from front to back, allowing abduction and adduction.
Transverse axis of rotation
Allows only forward and backward movement (flexion and extension) in the sagittal plane around this axis.
1st ClassLevers
A lever in which the fulcrum is positioned between the load and the effort.
2nd ClassLever
A class 2 lever has the load and the effort on the same side of the fulcrum, with the load nearer the fulcrum.
3rd ClassLever
The effort is placed between the load and the fulcrum, and the effort must travel a shorter distance and be greater than the load.
Mechanical advantage
A second class lever allows a large load to be moved with a small amount of effort.
THREE: …TWO: Core Questions
Question Answer
What is a plane of
movement?
All movements performed
by the body are carried out
across three dimensions.
These dimensions are the
planes of movement and
divide the body using
imaginary lines.
What is an axis of
rotation?
Movements of the body can
occur around three axes.
Every joint movement is
carried out in a plane about
an axis which is imaginary
straight lines that rotate the
body.
What class of lever is
most common in
body?
3rd class lever
What are the four
parts to a lever?
Lever arm (bone)
Fulcrum (joints)
Effort (muscle)
Load (action)
Identify a practical
example for each
type of lever
1st class – neck
2nd class – ankle
3rd class – elbow, shoulder,
knee, hip
GCSE PE: MOVEMENT ANALYSIS KNOWLEDGE ORGANISER
2nd Class Lever
1st Class Lever
3rd Class Lever
Planes
Axes
Sagittal axis Transverse axis
Longitudinal axis
ONE: Key Vocabulary
Word Definition
Aerobic exercise
Use of oxygen for the duration of the exercise. Usually at moderate intensity at a continuous rate e.g. long distance running.
Anaerobic exercise
Exercise which does not allow for the predominant usage of oxygen. Usually high or very high intensity for a short period of time e.g. sprinting up a hill.
Blood vessels
Tubular structures that carry blood around our bodies.
Heart rate
Number of heart beats per minute.
Stroke volume
The amount of blood pumped out of the heart (left ventricle - to the body) during each contraction.
Cardiac output
Cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate. The volume of blood pumped per minute by each ventricle of the heart.
Breathing rate
The number of breaths taken in a minute.
Tidal volume
The amount of air which enters the lungs during normal inhalation at rest.
Minute ventilation
The volume of gas inhaled or exhaled from the lungs per minute.
Gaseous exchange
The movement of gases taking place at the alveoli and capillaries.
THREE: …TWO: Core Questions
Question Answer
Identify the order of
the pathway of air.
Nose/mouth, trachea,
bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
Double circulatory system
The human body has two circulatory loops in which blood circulates. One is oxygenated, and the other is deoxygenated. Systemic –the circulatory loop that controls blood flow from the heart to the rest of the working muscles and organs. Pulmonary - the circulatory loop that controls blood flow from the heart to the lungs.
Identify three
characteristics of
veins
Carry blood back to the
heart (away from body or
away from lungs), thinner
and less elastic walls, have
valves to prevent backflow
of blood
Identify three
characteristics of
arteries
Have thick walls, carry blood
at high pressure away from
heart (to body or to lungs),
have no valves, have more
elastic walls, arterioles
Identify three
characteristics of
capillaries
Small, allow carbon dioxide,
water & waste products to
pass through, thin walls
GCSE PE: CARDIO-RESPIRATORY SYSTEM KNOWLEDGE ORGANISER
nosemouth
trachealungsrightbronchi
diaphragmalveoli
bronchioles
larynx
pharynx
Left bronchi
ONE: Key Vocabulary
Word Definition
Capilliarisation
The development of blood capillaries in the body which increases through long term effects of exercise.
HypertrophyThe increase in size of skeletal or cardiac muscle.
Lactic acid
A waste product produced in the muscle tissues during strenuous exercise where the anaerobic energy system is in use.
Rate of recovery
The speed at which the body returns back to normal after exercise.
Redistribution of blood flow /Vascular shunt
When you exercise the blood is diverted from inactive areas to the muscles that are being used. This action is completed through vasodilation and vasoconstriction
Vasodilation
Widening of the diameter of a
blood vessel to increase blood
flow
Vasoconstriction
Narrowing of the diameter of a
blood vessel to decrease blood
flow
Anticipatory
rise
Raising of the heart rate before
exercise begins. Caused by
adrenaline
THREE: …TWO: Core Questions
Question Answer
Identify three long
term effects of
exercise
Change in body shape,
muscle/cardiac
hypertrophy, increase
muscularstrength,
increase muscular
endurance, lower resting
heart rate, improved
flexibility, improved
muscular endurance
Identify three short
term effects of
exercise
Increased heart rate,
increase stroke volume,
increased cardiac output,
sweaty, red face, increase
in breathing rate,
increased tidal volume,
increased minute
ventilation, fatigue,
nausea, headaches,
aching, DOMS, cramp
What is bradycardia?
A resting heart rate of fewer
than 60 beats per minute
(BPM)
Increased heart rate and
increased stroke volume
leads to…
Increased cardiac output
What is adrenaline?
Is a hormone that is released
to prepare the body for
‘fight or fl ight’
GCSE PE: EFFECTS OF EXERCISE KNOWLEDGE ORGANISER
ONE: Key Vocabulary
Word Definition
Muscular endurance
The ability to move your body and muscles repeatedly without fatiguing. Sit-up test
Cardiovascular endurance
The ability to continue exertion while getting energy from the aerobic system used to supply the body with energy. Also referred to as stamina. Multi-stage fitness test/Cooper Run
AgilityThe ability to change direction at speed; nimbleness. Illinois agilitytest
FlexibilityRange of movement available around a joint. Sit and reach test
SpeedThe ability to move quickly across the ground or move limbs rapidly through movements. 30 meter sprint
StrengthThe maximum force a muscle/group of muscles can apply against a resistance. Hand grip dynamometer
CoordinationThe ability to use different parts of
the body together. Wall bonce test.
Balance
The maintenance of the centre of
mass over the base of support. Stork
stand
PowerThe product of strength x speed.
Vertical jump test.
Flexibility The range of movement at a joint
Reaction
time
The time taken to initiate a response
to a stimulus to starting a response.
Ruler drop test
THREE: …TWO: Core Questions
Question Answer
Give three reasons for
fitness testing
motivate, monitor
improvement, set goals,
inform training, provide
variety to training
What is VO2 Max?
The maximum amount
of oxygen an individual
can take in and use in
one minute
Give five examples of
cardiovascular
endurance activities
Long distance running,
aerobics, 200m swim,
cross-country skiing,
treadmill for 20 mins,
marathon The following data is taken
from a 20-year-old male
taking the Cooper Run
Test. Calculate the
percentage increase in his
score
September: 2,400 meters
December – 2,500 meters
4%
What is meant by the term
validity?
Whether or not the test
measures what it claims to
measure
What is meant by the term
reliability?
The level of which a fitness
test produces stable and
consistent results
GCSE PE: COMPONENTS OF FITNESS KNOWLEDGE ORGANISER
ONE: Key Vocabulary
Word Definition
Warm up
Preparatory exercises done to prepare the body and mind for physical activity. Gradual reduction in intensity, maintain breathing and heart rate, stretching
Cool down
The act of allowing physiological activity to return to normal gradually after strenuous exercise by engaging in less strenuous exercise.Gradual pulse raising activity, stretching, skill activity, mental preparation
FITT
FITT outlines the key components of an effective exercise program: Frequency – the number of times exercise takes place Intensity –how hard and intense the exercise is Time– how long you exercise for Type -the kind of exercise that takes place.
SpecificityThe training must be matched to the needs of the sporting activity and individual.
ProgressionGradual increases in exercise in order for the body to adapt through overload.
OverloadA greater than normal stress that is applied on the body for training adaptations to take place.
ReversibilityAny adaptation that takes place as a result of training will be lost if you stop training.
THREE: …TWO: Core Questions
Question Answer
Continuous training
Training that involves activity without rest intervals. It can be performed at any intensity.
Fartlek training
Training which varies in intensity and duration and consists of bursts of intense effort alternating with less strenuous activity.
Interval trainingTraining that incorporates periods of exercise and rest.
Circuit training
Series of alternate exercises
performed at stations that focus
on different muscle groups.
Weight training
A method of training that uses
free weights or resistance
machines
Plyometrics
Involves jumping, bounding,
hopping exercise HIIT –exercise
that alternates between high
intensity and periods of
recovery.
Describe static
stretching
Training method that includes
stretching to improve flexibility
High Intensity
Interval Training
Interval training that involves
periods of high intensity
exercise followed by recovery
intervals
GCSE PE: PRINCIPLES OF TRAINING KNOWLEDGE ORGANISER
Which Method of Training is the Athlete Using?
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Which Method of Training is the Athlete Using?
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ONE: Key Vocabulary
Word Definition
HazardSomething that has the potential to
cause harm
RiskThe chance that someone will be
harmed by the hazard
Injury
Physical harm or damage to
someone's body caused by an
accident or an attack
Risk
Assessment
Techniques used to measure the
chances of an accident happening
Personal
protective
equipment
Equipment which is intended to be
worn or held by a person which
protects
Warm up
Preparatory exercises done to prepare the body and mind for physical activity. Gradual reduction in intensity, maintain breathing and heart rate, stretching
Cool down
The act of allowing physiological activity to return to normal gradually after strenuous exercise by engaging in less strenuous exercise.Gradual pulse raising activity, stretching, skill activity, mental preparation
THREE: …TWO: Core Questions
Question Answer
How do you prevent
injury in sport?
Warm up, correct
technique, appropriate
clothing, hydration,
taping/bracing
Describe the physical
benefits of a warm-up
Increased flexibility /
elasticity / pliability (of
muscles) OR increased
range of movement /
mobility
Increased pliability of
tendons / connective
tissue
Increased / more /
faster blood (flow) /
oxygen to muscles
Increased speed /
strength of contractions
Reduced risk of injury
Delays / reduces (build-
up of) lactic acid /
delays fatigue
Identify common sports
injuries
Head injury, spinal
injury, fractures,
dislocations, sprains,
strain, blister
GCSE PE: INJURY PREVENTION KNOWLEDGE ORGANISER
ONE: Key Vocabulary
Word Definition
EthnicityA state of belonging to a specific social group with common cultural or national traditions or beliefs.
Gender The state of being male or female.
Role models
Someone to be looked up to, (good role model) an example to follow.
School Due to bad PE experience at school/ unpleasant showers/kit/changing facilities
Low esteem
Low esteem/ lack of confidence/they don’t think they are good enough/fear of failure/embarrassment/bodyconsciousness
Religion Some ethnic groups don’t encourage sport for women
AttitudesFear among that they may be perceived as homosexual, attitude that sport is for males/ stereotyping
Peers Peer pressure/friends don’t participate
Community
Inadequate choice or provision or opportunity / e.g. lack of clubs/ lack of female sports leaders
Discrimination
The unfair treatment of individuals whereby opportunities are not available to all of the different social groups.
THREE: …
GCSE PE: ENGAGEMENT PATTERNS KNOWLEDGE ORGANISER
TWO: Core Questions
Question Answer
Describe the engagement patterns of the social group: Gender
Women have more body fat up to 30% more, women have 2/3 of the strength of men, flexibility tends to be greater in women, boys overtake women in height, weight and strength
Describe the engagement patterns of the social group: Age
Reaction time decreases as you get older, strength increases with age until 30s, young children cannot cope with difficult tasks, injury and disease are more common as you get older
Describe the engagement patterns of the social group: Disability
Adapted activities, adapted equipment, disability classifications, provision
Identify a range of factors that can affect engagement
Attitudes, role models, education, media coverage, familiarity, income, inclusiveness, religion, sexism, family commitments
Describe the engagement patterns of the social group: Family/friends
Peers may encourage you or discourage you from participation, parents often pay for travel, memberships, costs, peer pressure
Describe the engagement patterns of the social group: Race/religion/ culture
Women's boxing, single sex rules in sport, dress codes, head and hair codes e.g. Sikh faith, religious dietary guidelines
ONE: Key Vocabulary
Word Definition
Commercialisation
Links business and commerce into sport with a primary focus of profit which can lead to exploitation. Using sport with the sole intent to make money from doing so.
Golden triangle
The links and relationship between sponsorship, sporting events and the media.
Media
Different forms of communication that can inform, educate and entertain people including social, internet, TV and newspapers.
SponsorshipThe giving of money or goods to performers in order to get good publicity and/or increase profit.
Unacceptable sponsorship
Sponsorship of sport when a sponsor's image or product appears to undermine the sporting message (e.g. tobacco, alcohol & fast food
Media pressure
The way the media may hound or intrude upon individuals.
Minority
Sports
Lesser known sports with lower
participation levels.
Sport
Players, teams, competitions,
tournaments, events, coaches,
transport
Role modelsSomeone to be looked up to, (good role model) an example to follow.
THREE: …TWO: Core Questions
Question Answer
What are the positive effects of sponsorship on the performer/sport?
Sponsorship deals, promotion, more prize money, improves profile and image of the sport
What are the negative effects of sponsorship on the performer/sport?
Withdrawal of sponsorship, change of dates of events, clothing and equipment restrictions, inequality
What are the positive effects of sponsorship for the sponsor?
Advertising, image, tax relief, research and development
What are the positive effects of the media on sport?
Promotes sport, raises popularity, increases participation, increased revenue, sponsorship, education
What are the negative affects of the media on sport?
Media pressure, TV directors influence, popularity, undermines officials, intrusion
How can the media
impact sport?
Demonstrating performance and participation,Undermining officials,Encouraging varietyBiased popularity,Edited coverage,Altered event timings, Limited attendance
GCSE PE: COMMERCIALISATION KNOWLEDGE ORGANISER
ONE: Key Vocabulary
Word Definition
Beta Blockers
A drug used to control heart rhythm and lower blood pressure.
Discrimination
The unfair treatment of individuals whereby opportunities are not available to all of the different social groups.
DevianceBehaviour that is either immoral or seriously breaks the rules and norms of the sport.
Gamesmanship
Where the laws of the game are interpreted in ways, which whilst not illegal, are not in the spirit of the game. Pushing the limits to gain unfair advantage.
Sportsmanship
Ethical, appropriate, polite and fair behaviour while participating in a game or athletic event; fair play.
SteroidsAnabolic steroids are synthetic hormones that enhance physical performance.
StimulantsDrugs used to raise physiological arousal in the body
Violence
Physical acts committed in sport that go beyond the accepted rules of play or the expected levels of contact within a contact sport.
EtiquetteThe unwritten rules concerning
player behaviour
THREE: …TWO: Core Questions
Question Answer
What are the
benefits &
negatives of using
stimulants?
Build muscle mass
Death, high blood pressure,
anxiety, strokes, irregular
heartbeat, addiction
What are the
benefits and
negatives of using
anabolic steroids?
Increase muscle strength, help
them train longer and harder
Liver damage, heart disease,
addiction, aggression, sexual
problems, kidney damage
What are the
benefits and
negatives of using
beta blockers?
Reduce heart rate, muscle
tension, and blood pressure,
reduces affects of adrenaline,
improve preciseness
Nausea, weakness, heart
problems
Are the following
scenarios
examples of
violence or
aggression/
assertiveness?
• A rugby player mistiming a
tackle & tackling in the air
• A strong shoulder charge in
football that sends the other
player flying
• A spear tackle in rugby
• A bouncer in cricket that hits
the batsman on the helmet
• Jostling for position in the
1500m and accidentally
tripping another athlete
• A boxer punching an
opponent after the bell
GCSE PE: ETHICAL ISSUES KNOWLEDGE ORGANISER
ONE: Key Vocabulary
Word Definition
Closed skil lSkil ls that are performed in a predictable environment e.g. a Player taking a l ine out in Rugby.
Complex skillA skil l which requires a lot of focus and decision making to perform.
Motor Skill
Learned actions or learned behaviours
with the intention of bringing about
predetermined results
Feedback
Information that is given to a performer either during or after their performance with the aim of improving future performances.
Guidance Given to aid the learning of a skil l.
Mental preparation
The rehearsal of a physical skill that takes place within the mind of the performer without any actual physical movement.
Open skil l
These are affected by the environment and are predominantly perceptual as they must be adapted to suit the environment. These skil ls are usually externally paced. e.g. a pass within a game situation in football.
Simple skil l
Consists of basic movement actions that are not difficult to perform with few decisions to make. e.g. A chest pass, a straight up and down jump.
Skilful movement
A fluent and coordinated movement which is efficient, technically accurate and aesthetically pleasing.
Skills continua
A method of categorising skills along a continuum, classified according to their level of difficulty.
THREE: …
Specific A specific goal, not a vague desire to improve Measurable There is standard to measure progress against Achievable The goal is agreed by both the performer and the coach Realistic It is possible to achieve Timed A specific time period gives the goal added focus
Write your own SMART target:Specific:
Measurable:
Achievable:
Realistic:
Timed:
What impact did this have?
TWO: Core Questions
Question Answer
Explain verbal
guidance
This involves using your sense of
hearing and could involve listening to
a coach give instructions.
Explain visual guidance
This involves the performer being
able to actually see something using
sight which could be a demonstration,
a video, YouTube clip or photograph,
chart, court markings.
Explain
mechanical
guidance
This involves the use of objects or aids
such as RoboGolfPro machine for
golfers to practice the golf swing,
floats in swim.
Explain manual
guidance
This is where the performer can be
assisted in a physical movement e.g.
supporting somebody do a gym vault.
Describe
knowledge of
results
This is feedback the performer gets
through the end result of a
performance e.g. the score, how
many runs made
Describe
knowledge of
performance
This is how the performer feels about
their actions from the performance
that has just taken place
Describe what
is meant by
positive
feedback
Feedback about what was good and
correct about a performance
Describe what
is meant by
negative
feedback
Feedback about what was bad or
incorrect about a performance
GCSE PE: SPORTS PSYCHOLOGY KNOWLEDGE ORGANISER
ONE: Key Vocabulary
Word Definition
Balanced diet
A diet that contains the correct proportions of carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and water necessary to maintain good health.
Energy balance
Energy input = energy expenditure. This equation must balance for your body weight to remain constant.
Exercise
Activity that requires physical effort. Usually carried out to sustain or bring about improvements to health or fitness.
FitnessYour ability to meet the physical demands placed on you by the environment.
HealthThe state of emotional, physical and social well-being.
Hydration
Having the appropriate level of water in the body for it to function optimally. When this level of water falls below optimal levels it is referred to as dehydration.
Obesity
The state of being very overweight, with a lot of excess body fat, usually classified using the BMI calculation of 30 or above.
Physical activity
Movement of the body by the skeletal muscles that requires energy expenditure.
Type 2 diabetes
A metabolic disorder that affects how your body handles glucose. Often associated with obesity and can be controlled through changes to your diet.
THREE: …
Label the seven components of a healthy diet:
50% carbohydrate30-35% Fat15-20% Protein
TWO: Core Questions
Question Answer
Identify five reasons for
having good physical
health and well being
Improves efficiency of body
systems, reduces risk of
i l lnesses, able to do everyday
tasks, helps avoid obesity,
improves heart function
Identify three reasons
for having good mental
health and well being
Reduces stress/tension, able
to control emotions, releases
serotonin
Identify four reasons for
having good social
health and well being
Cooperation, teamwork,
socialise, make friends
What is meant by a sedentary lifestyle and its consequences?
An inactive lifestyle, lack of
regular exercise, Weight
gain/obesity, heart disease,
diabetes, lethargy, poor
sleep, poor self esteem,
hypertension
How can obesity affect
performance, physical,
mental and social
health?
Lack of stamina, l imits agility,
flexibility, speed/power
Heart disease, heart attacks,
cancer, diabetes, Depression,
poor self esteem/low
confidence
Inability to socialise
What is meant by
carbo-loading?
Eating foods that are high in
starch to increase
carbohydrate reserves in the
muscles
GCSE PE: HEALTH, FITNESS & WELL-BEING KNOWLEDGE ORGANISER
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