gender roles and gender role socialization - winthropfaculty.winthrop.edu/solomonj/spring 2012/socl...
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Chapter 3
Refers to the physical and biological attributes of men and women
Includes:Chromosomal◦ xx and xy
Hormonal◦ Testosterone, Estrogen
◦ And…
Anatomical
Gender :SocialPsychological Cultural ◦ Masculinity and Femininity
Gender reflects societal attitudes and behavioral expectationsGender identity :◦An individual’s view of herself or himself
as feminine or masculine
Generally, sex is considered to be an ascribed status
Gender is an achieved status
Examples of gender characteristics?
What physical, emotional, or other characteristics are considered “Masculine” or “Feminine”?
Gender Roles– Expectations regarding proper:– Behavior– Attitudes– Activities of males and females– Gender roles in work– How we react to othershttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0nIXUjz
yMe0
Gender role socialization is “...a lifelong process whereby people learn:ValuesAttitudesMotivationsBehavior
Considered appropriate to each sex by their culture”
Children learn proper behavior for girls and boys through:
Parents/family
Media
Peer groups
School
1. No sissy-stuff – men distance themselves from anything feminine.
2. Big wheel - men should be occupationally or financially successful.
3. Sturdy oak - men should be confident and self-reliant.
4. Give ‘em hell -men should do what is necessary to “make it”
Women offer emotional support.Ideal woman is:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iYhCn0jf46UAttractiveNot too competitiveGood listenerAdaptableGood mothersPut needs of others firstSuperwoman - successful at a career and a good wife/motherhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wjg_pmdX8no&feature=related
http://www.pinkisforboys.org/2/post/2012/01/gender-in-baby-cards-1960-video.html
Women give birth and nurse children, it is natural to provide careNatural division of labor◦ Women more involved in domestic activities ◦ Preparing meals◦ Maintaining a home
MenFinancial support for familyOther economically dominant roles
Parsons and Bales:Women--Expressive rolesMen-- Instrumental roles
Pre-industrial society=division of labor based on gender.◦ Women nursed and cared for children◦ Men responsible for material needs
Industrialization made traditional division of labor less functional◦ Belief system remains
Focus-Gender inequalityMen dominate womenGreater control over:EconomicPoliticalSocial resources
No incentive for those in power to give it up or share it.
Continued domination by males--Requires belief system that supports gender inequality
Two beliefs
1. Women are inferior outside the home
2. Women are more valuable in the home
Gender and gender roles learned through socialization
Women socialized into expressive roles
Men socialized into instrumental roles
◦Micro level of behavior (research results)
Men more likely than women to:
Change topic of conversations
Ignore topics chosen by women
Minimize ideas of women
Interrupt women
Rubin, Provenzano, and Luria, 1974
First 24 hours after birth
Parents described girls & boys differently
No actual differences between them
Boy babies thought to be more alert, stronger, and firmer
Girl babies described as less attentive, weaker, and more fragile
All newborns are fragile, weak, and generally inattentive
Jacklin, 1984Boys given blocks and toolsGirls given dolls and easy bake ovens
McHale et al., 1990Boys mow lawnGirls do dishes and babysit
Jacklin, 1984-parents give:Boys toys that encourage invention & manipulation
Girls toys emphasize caring & imitation
McHale et al., 1990Parents assign boys maintenance choresGive girls domestic tasks
Peers
School
Media
In a typical day, 47% of babies and toddlers ages 0 through 1 watch TV or DVDsThose who watch spend an average of nearly two hours (1:54) doing so
Nearly one in three (30%) has a TV in their bedroom (Knowledge Networks survey of 1,384 parents of children ages 0 to 8 years old, May 27-June 15, 2011 )
In 2005, among children ages 6-23 months, 19% had a TV in bedrooms.
Current study: 6- to 23-month-olds in the current study, 29% have a TV in their bedroom.
Two-thirds (65%) of 0- to 8-year-olds watch TV at least once every day
◦37% of 0-1 year-olds
◦73% of 2- to 4-year-olds
◦72% of 5- to 8-year-olds
1. How did the media affect your gender socialization?
2. Do video games socialize children?◦How?
3. How do movies socialize children? ◦What are the messages?◦Examples?
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