geological storage of co2, for ccs - ukccsrc · stuart.haszeldine@ed.ac.uk what is known evaluation...

Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk

Scottish Carbon Capture & Storage Murchison House, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3LA Telephone +44 (0)131 650 0270 www.sccs.org.uk

Geological storage of CO2, for CCS

Professor Stuart Haszeldine SCCS

University of Edinburgh

MIT,%Boston,%21%Oct2015%

What%is%known%What%is%being%worked%on%

What%is%needed%

Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk

What is Known

evaluation state of storage

and operations

Geological storage of CO2, for CCS: MIT Boston, 21Oct2015 2

Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk

Storage is secure

Geological storage of CO2, for CCS: MIT Boston, 21Oct2015 3

“%the%full%use%of%all%safe%and%cost%effec:ve%technologies,%including%CCS,%will%be%encouraged%by%the%climate%agreement%“%%

Suppor4ng%Evidence:%www.sccs.org.uk/cop21=suppor4ng=evidence%

Scien4sts%only,%not%industry%43%signatories%Europe,%USA%&%Canada,%Asia,%China,%South%America%

Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk

Decades of secure injection & monitoring

Geological storage of CO2, for CCS: MIT Boston, 21Oct2015 4

CO2=EOR%1972,%%eg%Scurry%County,%Texas,%Rangeley,%Weyburn%….%

Sleipner:%CO2%climate%mi4ga4on%%1996,%North%Sea%

Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk

Handling a problem Snohvit pressure buildup

Geological storage of CO2, for CCS: MIT Boston, 21Oct2015 5

CO2%injec4on%into%channel%sands%below%gas%reservoir%%!%range%of%possibility%predicted%Pressure%rising%aTer%3%months.%Borehole%treatment.%S4ll%rising%to%limit%at%36%months.%%%

Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk

Snohvit: Driving a volvo properly

Geological storage of CO2, for CCS: MIT Boston, 21Oct2015 6

Plan%A%fault%compartment%:%go%to%

larger%Plan%B%

Snohvit%:%opera4ng%with%Plan%B%%

Sto% Sto%

Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk

Global%:%storage%ready%?%

7%Geological storage of CO2, for CCS: MIT Boston, 21Oct2015%www.GlobalCCS%Ins:tute.com%

Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk

Approaches to storage evaluation

Geological storage of CO2, for CCS: MIT Boston, 21Oct2015 8

Volume%%Calcula:on%of%reservoir%volume%in%basin%Percentage%reservoir%is%porosity%Closed%structures%V%open%aquifers%?%%Pressure%limited%Calcula:on%of%reservoir%volume%in%basin%Reservoir%is%100%%closed%box%Extra%volume%injec:on%before%Fracking%%Dynamic%modelling%Model%reservoir%in%3D%Assign%internal%proper:es%Assign%external%boundaries%System%interac:on%B/H,%supply%rate%

IPCC%CCS%%Special%Report%%2005%

Szulczewski%et%al%%PNAS%2012%

CO2Mul4Store%SCCS%Report%%2015%

Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk

Basin scale storage 1014

nm-100km

Geological storage of CO2, for CCS: MIT Boston, 21Oct2015 9

100%yr%CO2%%dura4on%

%156%Gt%CO2%%

%Limited%by%transient%pressure%

Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk

What UK is being doing now

Making CCS commercial one site at a time

Geological storage of CO2, for CCS: MIT Boston, 21Oct2015 10

Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk

Static capacity to dynamic model

Geological storage of CO2, for CCS: MIT Boston, 21Oct2015 11

UK%offshore%is%35%%of%EU%storage%%60%=%80%Gt%CO2%Mapped%by%SCCS%2009%%Confirmed%by%ETI%UKSAP%and%TCE%&%BGS%in%2014%%%www.CO2Stored.co.uk%

Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk

UK%digital%database%:%CO2Stored%

12%Geological storage of CO2, for CCS: MIT Boston, 21Oct2015%

UK%CO2Stored%database%Captain%sandstone%Goldeneye%reservoir%

Maps%of%sandbodies%Aquifer%storage,%Chosen%by%database%user%

Goldeneye%

Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk

Captain sandstone could store 1,200 Mt CO2

Geological storage of CO2, for CCS: MIT Boston, 21Oct2015 13

Seabed%subcrop,%%Regional%dip%2%degrees%east%%at%shallow%depth,%%1%degree%east%deeper%%

Modelling%by%Dr%C%McDermo^,%UoEdinburgh,%Prof%E%Mackay%Heriot_Wa^%Univ%%

Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk

Goldeneye field and Captain sandstone: seismic

Geological storage of CO2, for CCS: MIT Boston, 21Oct2015 14

Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk

Reservoir model

Geological storage of CO2, for CCS: MIT Boston, 21Oct2015 15

hcp://www.sccs.org.uk/images/exper4se/reports/co2mul4store/SCCS=CO2=MULTISTORE=Report.pdf%

The%model:%West%to%east%163%km,%84km%North_south,%%extends%to%4340m%below%seabed%Site%A%at%2,500m%below%seabed%%

Modelling%by%Dr%C%McDermo^,%UoEdinburgh,%Prof%E%Mackay%Heriot_Wa^%Univ%%

Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk Geological storage of CO2, for CCS: MIT Boston, 21Oct2015 16

!10

!8

!6

!4

!2

0

2

4

6

8

10

10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000 80000 90000 100000

pressure&(M

Pa)

distance&along&path&(m)

well201120162021202620362046

Site AAtlanticCromarty<;;; Site&B&;;;>

Pressure increase, inject Site A only

Modelling%by%Dr%C%McDermo^,%UoEdinburgh,%Prof%E%Mackay%Heriot_Wa^%Univ%%

26%MPa%original%

Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk Geological storage of CO2, for CCS: MIT Boston, 21Oct2015 17

!10

!8

!6

!4

!2

0

2

4

6

8

10

10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000 80000 90000 100000

pressure&(M

Pa)

distance&along&path&(m)

well201120162021202620362046

Site AAtlanticCromarty<;;; Site&B&;;;>

Pressure increase Site A and site B

Injec4on%rate%limited%to%SiteA%10%MPa%increase.%Site%B%increases%Site%A%pressure%

Pressure%increase%across%45km%in%5%yr%

Modelling%by%Dr%C%McDermo^,%UoEdinburgh,%Prof%E%Mackay%Heriot_Wa^%Univ%%

Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk

Pressure leaks to underburden & adds storage

Geological storage of CO2, for CCS: MIT Boston, 21Oct2015 18

If%under=burden%is%open%for%800m%thickness%–%more%porespace%Then%overpressure%reduced%by%%1.5%MPa,%in%30yr%injec4on%

Increases%site%B%storage%capacity%by%20%%

Sensi:ve%to%volume%of%underburden,%not%to%permeability.%Small%flow%leak,%large%area%

With%800m%extra%porespace%below,%then%less%pressure%increase%

Modelling%by%Dr%C%McDermo^,%UoEdinburgh,%Prof%E%Mackay%Heriot_Wa^%Univ%%

Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk

Regional pressure management of storage

•  360 Mt CO2 does not connect, but the pressure waves do. • 2 x 6 Mt/yr x 30 yr, pressure moves down and sideways •  Open underburden boundary, increases storage by 20% in 30yr life •  Understanding connections ensures Site B is not damaged by Site A •  Regulators and Developers need to share information more than h/c

19 Geological storage of CO2, for CCS: MIT Boston, 21Oct2015

Storage%tonnage%is%a%pathway.%Wait,%inject%even%more%CO2%…%

www.sccs.org.uk/exper:se/reports/co2mul:store_joint_industry_project%

Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk

What is still to do

Geological storage of CO2, for CCS: MIT Boston, 21Oct2015 20

Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk

Sleipner / Utsira CO2 flow physics

Geological storage of CO2, for CCS: MIT Boston, 21Oct2015 21

Modelling%is%accurate,%but%not%predic4ve%of%shape%and%loca4on%Seismic%monitoring%detects%3,000%m3,%%%2100%tonnes%CO2%

Darcy%flow%Cone%fill%

Capillary%%flow%Flat%backfill%

Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk

Sleipner, Utsira sand : rapid ascent, fractured seal ?

Geological storage of CO2, for CCS: MIT Boston, 21Oct2015 22

Cavanagh%&%Haszeldine%2014%Int%J%GHGC%

Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk

How effective is residual saturation trapping ?

Geological storage of CO2, for CCS: MIT Boston, 21Oct2015 23

Compila4on%of%experimental%and%data%models.%%13%%=%61%%up%to%95%%CO2%retained%

Recent%Laboratory%measures%(Andrew%Bijeljic,%Blunt%%Int%J%GHG%C%2014)%Carbonates%%%13%=20%%Sandstones%%32%%%

Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk

Site, Complex and overburden

Geological storage of CO2, for CCS: MIT Boston, 21Oct2015 24

At%Goldeneye%storage%for%Peterhead,%to%Site%is%a%depleted%gas%field%3km%below%sealevel.%%This%is%extremely%well%%understood%from%Shell’s%opera:onal%history%of%gas%extrac:on%%The%reservoir%(in%the%Site)%will%be%under_filled%%There%are%3%rock%seals%between%reservoir%and%seabed.%And%a%1,000m%thick%chalk%aquifer,%to%dissolve%and%disperse%CO2.%These%will%retain%CO2%within%the%Complex.%%

The%overburden%is%not%predictable%and%is%not%included%in%containment%

Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk

Potential rapid escape routes

Geological storage of CO2, for CCS: MIT Boston, 21Oct2015 25

Gas%paleo=chimneys%at%Sleipner%Nicoll%2010%PhD%UoEdinburgh%

Sub=glacial%tunnel%valleys%

Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk

How much global carbon storage: priority space ?

Geological storage of CO2, for CCS: MIT Boston, 21Oct2015 26

PRESENT%DAY%EXTRACTION%–%Priori4es%for%storage%%industry%process%10%,%Gas%extrac4on%20%%Coal%extrac4on%50%,%Shale%UCG%Hydrate%10%%

Sco^%Haszeldine%2014%Nature%Climate%Change%

Gas%extrac4on%–%creates%space%Coal%and%unconven4onal%extrac4on%–%uses%space%Oil%and%gas%fields%are%:ny%–%secure%startup%Aquifers%–%how%to%evaluate%long%dura:on%capacity%?%

Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk

What is still to do : storage market

Geological storage of CO2, for CCS: MIT Boston, 21Oct2015 27

Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk

Make%a%Cer4ficate,%which%enforces%storage%

28%Geological storage of CO2, for CCS: MIT Boston, 21Oct2015%

Environmental%cer4ficate%IMPLICITLY%levied%at%border%–%fuels%and%goods.%%Refunded%on%PROOF%of%matching%storage%tonnage%within%EU28%

Big%Carbon%then%competes%to%develop%reliable%storage,%and%reduce%costs%%

EU_Allowance%taxes%consumers,%%Only%works%on%part%of%the%economy%Does%not%engage%producers%in%storage,%or%embedded%energy%%Remedy%:%STORAGE%MARKET%:%%via%Extrac4on%and%Obliga4on%Carbon%cer4ficates%No%taxes,%No%payments,%just%obliga4ons%or%Environmental%fines%for%bad%behaviour%

SCCS%WP_2015_04%

Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk

Taxing%carbon%raises%money%

29%Geological storage of CO2, for CCS: MIT Boston, 21Oct2015%

But%doesn’t%spend%it%on%mi4ga4on%or%storage%

UK%North%Sea:%oil%and%gas%direct%tax%revenue%1980%–%2010%2009%money%

£%10%Bn%/yr%

Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk

Paying%for%CCS:%Carbon%prices%

30%Geological storage of CO2, for CCS: MIT Boston, 21Oct2015%

Cavanagh%Ringrose%2014%%Energy%Procedia%GHGT_12%

Regional%and%corporate%carbon%prices%exist,%but%seldom%seem%to%produce%behaviour%change%–%and%NO%ac4on%on%storage%

Car%tax%UK%$300%/t%CO2%

EU%2015%

UK%Green%Deal%$200%/t%CO2%

Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk 31

UK CCS – ready to go… almost

Legal%&%storage%rights%

Regula4on%

Science%Technology%

Investors%finance%business%

%%

Poli:cs→%Confidence→%Demand→%Profit→%%

%%

Geological storage of CO2, for CCS: MIT Boston, 21Oct2015

Stuart.Haszeldine@ed.ac.uk

Summary

Geological storage of CO2, for CCS: MIT Boston, 21Oct2015 32

•%Storage%evalua:on%:%%Sta:c%–%pressure%limited%–%dynamic.%Total%storage%depends%on%pathways%and%rates%%•%Large%regions%can%be%quickly%and%accurately%appraised%with%hydrocarbon%legacy%data%%•%Overburden%is%poorly%known.%Imperfect%modelling%of%CO2%movement%!%regulator%problems%in%open%aquifers%%•%%Carbon%pricing%or%tax%doesn’t%enact%CO2%storage.%Cer:ficates,%Mandates,%Standards%are%needed%instead%%