gerard ’t hooft
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Stockholm, August 27, 2004
Gerard ’t Hooft
Utrecht University
The Nature of
Sir James Clark Maxwell
1831-1879- Statistical Mechanics- Thermodynamics
- Improved the mathematical formulation of Michael Faraday’s theories of electricity and magnetic lines of force ...
The electro-magnetic force
Albert Einstein
1879 – 19551905: - Photo-electric effect - Special Relativity - Brownian motion; statistical mechanics1915: General relativity (gravitation)
/ 0v c 7 /8Special Relativity
Quantum Mechanics
QuantumMechanics
SpecialRelativity +
=Elementary Particle Physics
( = High Energy Physics = Quantum Field Theory )
anti- leptons
photon Leptons
e
anti- baryons
mesons
o
SL KK
KK
baryons
anti-
o
o
NP
Hadrons
21 spin
spin 1
0spin
21 spin
23 spin
1969
This is only 4 % of the matter in theUniverse ! (See Licia verde’s talk)
e
the forcesthe ELECTRO MAGNETIC force
the STRONG force
the WEAK force
Forces:
Known from experiment
The Yang-Mills Field
C.N. Yang and R.L. Mills, 1954
proton neutron
Yang - Mills quanta
-o
-
+o
o+
+ o
Multiplets
According to the Yang-Mills-theory
P N
o
A oA A
Nucleons
pions
Yang-Millsbosons
21spin
0spin
1spin
Peter Higgs
Breaking Rotational Symmetry
THIS becomes an essential degree
of freedom ...And THIS is theHiggs degree of
Freedom
… turning the gauge
force carriers massive !
St. Weinberg
S.L. Glashow
A. Salam
Weinberg Model
e
1 2 RIGHTspin
W
oZ
W
1spin
Weinberg’s lepton model
Leptons Gauge bosons
0Hspin 0
Higgs
ee
1 2 LEFTspin
e
e
1 2 RIGHTspin
e
1 2 LEFTspin
Anti –Leptons
Proton Lambda Antiproton
Pi-plus Pi-zero
The hadronic particles …
The Yang-Mills Color Field
Quantum Chromo Dynamics
Quark speciesquarks
s
u
d
u u
d d
s s
Antiquarks
c c c
u
d
s
u u
d d
s s
up
down
c c c charm
strange
tb
t tb b
t
b
tt
b b
top
bottom
weak
strong
Graviton
Generation I Generation IIThe Standard Model
Gauge Bosons
0Z W
W
g
c cc
Higgs
Generation III
b b
tt t
b
Leptons ee
Quarksu
d ssd
uu
sd
Total cross sections
CESR
DORIS
PEPPETRA
TRISTAN
hadronse e
e e
e e
Gravitation
The fourth force:
1 22
M MF G
R
1510 m
1810 m
2110 m
2410 m
2710 m
3010 m
3310 m
The highway across
the desert
Today’sLimit …
GUTs
3510 mPlanck length :
e
Further unificationSU(4) x SU(2) x SU(2)
ru gu bu SO(10)
erd gd bd
rd gd bd e
ru gu bu e
3 generations
The SuperString Theory
A Black Hole
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