grammar book
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Grammar BookKatia Jepson
Table of Contents1. Nationalities2. Steam Changers3. Para4. Object Pronoun Placements5. IOP6. Gustar7. Affirmative & Negative Words8. Superlatives9. Reflexives10. Affirmative tu commands + irregulars + pronoun
placement11. Negative tu commands + irregulars + pronoun placement12. Sequencing events
Pronoun Placement
1. Attach the pronoun to the infinitive2. Attach the pronoun to a progressive tense3. Attach the pronoun to an affirmative command4. Place the pronoun before a conjugated verb
Para• Generally means ‘for’ • The following include all uses of ‘para’:
Use Spanish English
In order to Llamaré para confirmarlo.
I will call in order to confirm
Intended for Un regalo para su novia.
A present for her boyfriend. (intended for)
Destination Salen para Londres. They are leaving for London.
For length of time Necesito una habitacióon para 6 noches.
I need a room for 6 nights.
In time phrases to specify a future moment in time
Lo necesito para mañana.
I need it for tomorrow.
Comparison Es alto para su edad. He is tall for his age.
To be about to Está para llover. It is about to rain.
Stem Changing Verbs
e i e ie
u ue o ue
PedirpidopidesPido Piden
PensarpiensopiensasPiensa piensan
ContarCuentoCuentasCuenta Cuentan
JugarJuegoJuegasJuega Juegan
*The stem doesn’t
change in the nosotros
(we) or vosotros
(you) form.
Indirect Object Pronouns• Indirect object pronouns are nouns that tell to
whom/what or for whom/what. They replace or accompany indirect objects.
Singular Plural
Me -meTe -you (familiar)Le-you (formal),him, her
Nos-usOs-you (familiar)Les-you, then
Gustar• Use gustar to express what activities people like to do:
me gusta… nos gusta…te gusta… os gusta…le gusta… les gusta…
• When you talk about things that people like, change the form of gustar to match the singular or plural nouns for those things. Singular
me gusta la idea nos gusta la idea
te gusta la idea os gusta la ideale gusta la idea les gusta la idea
Plural
me gustan las personas nos gustan las personaste gustan las personas os gustan las personasle gustan las personas les gustan las personas
Affirmative Words Negative Words
Algo – somethingAlguien – someoneAlgún/alguno(a) – sameSiempre – alwaysTambién – also
Nada – nothingNadie – no oneNingún/ninguno(a) – none, not anyNunca – neverTampoco – neither, either
• Alguno and ninguno have different forms when used before masculine singular nouns.
alguno algún ninguno ningún• If a verb is proceeded by no, words that follow must be negative.
A double negative is required is required in Spanish when no precedes the verb.
No quiero nada. Carlos no quiere ninguno. • However, if a negative word, such as nunca or nadie, comes
before the verb, a second negative is not needed. Nadie quiere postre. Las chicas nunca comen en casa.
Superlatives-ísimo-ísimos-ísima-ísimas
These are the suffixes added to adjectives and averbs. It is equivalent to extremely or very before an adjective or adverb.
malo malísimomuchas muchísimomuchas muchísimo
Adjectives and adverbs ending in c, g, or z, change the spelling to qu, gu, and c respectively.
rico riquísimolarga larguísimofeliz felicísimo
Adjectives that end in –n or –r form by adding –císimo/a
joven jovencísimotrabajador
trabajadorcísimo
ReflexivesHow do you form these verbs?1. Conjugate the verb2. Add the reflexive
pronoun
• To describe people doing things for themselves, use reflexive verbs. Reflexive pronouns are used with the reflexive verbs to indicate that the subject of the sentence receives the action of the verb.
• In the reflexive construction, the subject is also the object.
• The subject, the pronoun, and the verb are all in the same form.
me noste osse se
Position1. In front of a conjugated
verb2. Attached to a gerund3. Attached to an infinitve4. Attached to an affirmative
commandPor ejemplo:1. Yo me levanto a las
ocho de la mañana.2. Ella se despierta muy
temprano.
Affirmative tú
commands
Simply drop the
‘s’
Can attach to direct object
pronoun ending
Caminar ¡Camina! ¡Camina en el parque!Comer ¡Come! ¡Come todo la hamburguesa!
*Notice it is a tú command, but ends like a 3rd house form.
Affirmative tú command
DiHazVePonSalSé TenVen
Infinitve
DecirHacerIrPonerSalirSerTenerVenir
Affirmative Tú CommandsGive instructions or commands to someone by using the Affirmative tú commands of regular verbs.
Irregular Affirmative Tú Commands Pronoun Placement
Remember that when you use a pronoun with an affirmative command, the pronoun attaches to the command.
ex: ¡Ponte otro camisa! When usingan object pronoun, attach the
pronoun to the end of the affirmative command.
ex: Cruza el parque ¡Cruzalo!
Negative Tú Commands
When you tell someone what not to do, use a negative command.
Negative tú commands
Put in ‘yo’ form
Change to opposite vowel ar e
er/ir a
Add an ‘s’
Infinitive yo form negative tú commandHablar hablo ¡No hables!Volver vuelvo ¡No vuelvas!
Tú negativeNo des/digas
No hagasNo nayas
No pongosNo salgasNo seas
No tengasNo vengas
Irregular Negative Tú Commands A few verbs have irregular negative tú commands. Notice that none of the yo forms of these verbs end in –o.
Dar (doy) No le des mi dirección a nadie.Estar (estoy) No estés triste.Ir (voy) No voyas a la tiende.Ser (soy) No seas mala.Pronoun Placement
Object pronouns precede the verbs in negative commands, just as with other conjugated verbs.
ex: ¡No lo uses! Don’t use it
Sequencing EventsPrimero
entonces
Luego/ después
Por fin
Antes de before
The mondays, tuesdays,
etc.
Por la mañana
then
after
Después de after
In/during the
morning
Los lunes, martes,
etc.
first
finally
Por la tarde
In/during the
afternoon
Por la noche
In/during the
evening
No specific time given
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