grammar the basics

Grammar: The BasicsDESINGED BY

Sunil KumarResearch Scholar/ Food Production FacultyInstitute of Hotel and Tourism Management,MAHARSHI DAYANAND UNIVERSITY, ROHTAKHaryana- 124001 INDIA Ph. No. 09996000499email:  skihm86@yahoo.com , balhara86@gmail.com  linkedin:- in.linkedin.com/in/ihmsunilkumarfacebook: www.facebook.com/ihmsunilkumar webpage: chefsunilkumar.tripod.com 

This or That ?

A vase or two faces?

Which image do you see?

A young girl’s face or an old woman’s face?

Sentences Construction

Objective

Understand the difference between SVO / SOV

Use the rule effectively for Sentence construction

Sentence Structure

Subject +Verb+Object

I + eat + food

Subject +Object +Verb

I + food + eat

Gamer Grammar

Objective

Identify the commonly made mistakes while

speaking in English

To increase fluency in English

Building Blocks

Parts of Parts of

SpeechSpeech

AdjectiveAdjective

AdverbAdverbPrepositionPreposition

ConjunctionConjunction VerbVerb

InterjectionInterjection

NounNounPronounPronoun

Parts Of Speech

Noun

Noun: is a word used as the name, animal, place, or thing.

Person: man, woman, teacher, John, Mary Place: home, office, town, countryside Animal: dog, cat, horse, monkey Thing: book, pen, room, tree

Parts Of Speech

Noun

Types Of Nouns Common Noun Proper Noun Collective Noun Abstract Noun Countable / Uncountable Nouns

Parts Of Speech

Noun

Common Noun

Is a name given in common to

every person or thing of the

same class or kind.

E.g.City, man, boat, and radio

Parts Of Speech

Noun

Proper NounName of a specific person, place

or thing.

E.g.

Eiffel Tower, India,

Mr. Will Smith, Nokia

Parts Of Speech

Noun

Collective NounName of a number ( or collection) of persons or things taken together and spoken of as a whole.

E.g. A Crowd -a collection of people An Army - collection of soldiers

Parts Of Speech

Noun

Abstract NounIs usually the name of a quality, action, or state.

E.g. Quality - kindness, darkness, honesty Action - laughter, theft State - sleep, sickness

Parts Of Speech

Noun

Countable Noun (or countables) are the names of objects, people, etc. that we can count.

E.g. book, pen, apple, boy

Uncountable noun (or uncountables) are the names of things which cannot count.

E.g. milk, sugar, gold, oil

Parts Of Speech

Noun

Lisa works as a programmer at Microsoft.

Let's have lunch at McDonalds. Mc Donalds Mc Donalds

Parts Of Speech

Noun

The sun sheds it’s beams on rich and poor alike.

Edward was a great king. The rose smells sweet. A flock of sheep is passing by. George was a brave soldier.

Name, Place, Animal, Thing

Fun time Lets play Name, Place, Animal, Thing with a difference

Proper Noun

Common Noun

Collective Noun

Abstract Noun

Peter Postman Poultry Prayer

Parts Of Speech

Pronoun

Pronoun: is a word used instead of a noun.

E.g. Tim is absent, because he is ill. This book is mine. It is doubtful whether he will come for the party. Bob is a kind boy. He has lent his bicycle to Alice.

Parts Of Speech

Pronoun

E.g. Do you think Mary is pretty? I think Mary is

beautiful.

With pronouns, we can say:

Do you think Mary is pretty? I think she is beautiful.

Parts Of Speech

Pronoun

Personal Pronoun: I, we, you, he, (she, it), are called Personal Pronouns because they stand for three persons.

E.g. The person speaking –This is my book The person spoken to – Those are your books The person spoken of- That is her book

Parts Of Speech

Pronoun

Indefinite Pronoun Refers to noun that are indefinite.

E.g. One evening a beggar came to my door. Somebody stole the mangoes.

Anybody

Each

Either

None

Someone

One

Few

Parts Of Speech

Pronoun

Relative Pronoun- such as that, who, which, whose and whom which give extra information about the subject.

E.g. The woman who interviewed me was very

friendly. I can't stand dogs that bark loudly.

This, That

These, Those

Who, Whom

Whose, Which

What

Parts Of Speech

Pronoun

Reflexive Pronoun Pronouns combined with –self or

–selves to emphasize the subject of the verb.

E.g.

I hurt myself.

Myself

Yourself

Himself

Ourselves

Themselves

Parts Of Speech

Pronoun

Person and Number Subjective Possessive Subjective

First Person Singular I Mine Me

First Person Plural We Ours Us

Second Person Singular You Yours You

Second Person Plural You Yours You

Third Person Singular He / she / it His / hers / its Him / her / it

Third Person Plural They Theirs They

Lie detector

Lets have some fun

I love Chinese

Food

I am born in New York

I love scuba diving

Parts Of Speech

Adjectives

An adjective is a word that tells us more about a noun, pronoun or another adjective. An adjective "qualifies" or "modifies" a noun. Adjectives can be used before a noun or after certain verbs. We can often use two or more adjectives together.

E.g. A big car I like Chinese food It is a tough decision A beautiful young French lady

Parts Of Speech

Adjectives

Adjective Patterns: Adjectives can come before noun: a new car Adjectives can come after verbs: such as be, become,

seem, look, etc.: that car looks fast They can be modified by adverbs: a very expensive car

Name Chain Fun Time

Hi! I’m Witty

William

Hi! This is my friend

Witty William And I am Energetic

Esther

Hi! That’s Witty William, this is

Energetic Esther and I am Helpful Henry

Parts Of Speech

Verb

Verb: is a word that tells something about a person or thing.

E.g. The sun shines brightly. Harry laughs.

Parts Of Speech

Verb

Types of Verbs Auxiliary Verbs Regular Verbs Irregular Verbs Modal Verbs

Parts Of Speech

Verb

Auxiliary Verb: ‘To Do’, ‘Be’ and ‘Have’ are the English auxiliary verbs / helping verbs used in a negative structure, a question or to show tenses.

Modal Verb: Modal verbs are used to express ideas such as possibility, intention, obligation and necessity.

E.g.

Can, Could, May, Might, Will, Would, Shall, Should

Parts Of Speech

Verb

Regular Verb: A regular verb is one that follows the pattern of taking -ed for the past simple and past participles.

E.g. walk / walked / walked

Irregular Verb: An irregular verb is one that does not take the -ed ending for the Past Simple and Past Simple forms. Some verbs do not change.

Parts Of Speech

Verb

Irregular VerbsBase Form Past Tense Past Participle

Shut Read

Shut Read

Shut Read

Sit Build

Sat Built

Sat Built

Know See

Knew Saw

Known Seen

Types of Verbs

Parts Of Speech

Verb

Characteristics of Verbs Verbs usually come after the subject of the sentence.

E.g. Chris paints well.

Verbs must agree in person (first, second, etc.) and number (singular and plural) with the subject of the sentence.

E.g. She sings sweetly.

They sing sweetly.

Parts Of Speech

Adverb

Adverb - An adverb is a word that tells us more about a verb. An adverb "qualifies" or "modifies" a verb. But adverbs can also modify adjectives, or even other adverbs.

E.g. The man ran quickly. Tara is really beautiful. The Cell phone works very well.

Parts Of Speech

Adverb

Characteristics of Adverb1. Function

The main job of an adverb is to modify (give more information about) verbs, adjectives and other adverbs.Modify a verb:- John speaks loudly. (How does John speak?)- Mary lives locally. (Where does Mary live?)- She never smokes. (When does she smoke?)(In the following examples, the adverb is in red and the word that it modifies is in purple.)

Parts Of Speech

Adverb

2. Form Many adverbs end in -ly.

E.g. quickly, softly, strongly, honestly, interestingly. But not all words that end in -ly are adverbs.

E.g. "Friendly", is an adjective. Some adverbs have no particular form.

E.g. well, fast, very, never, always, often, still

Parts Of Speech

Adverb

3. PositionAdverbs have three main positions in the sentence: Front (before the subject):

- Now we will study adverbs.

Middle (between the subject and the main verb):- We often study adverbs.

End (after the verb or object):- We study adverbs carefully.

Dumbverb

Lets have some fun Enact the given adverbs while the class guesses the

same.

E.g. Harry and Sally dance gracefully.

Parts Of Speech

Prepositions

Prepositions: are words that we can use to indicate time, place and space.

PREPOSITIONS

Period/Point of TimeDuring

ThroughoutAt

PositionIn, Under, Over, Beside,

Between, Opposite,Among, Between

DirectionTowards

PastAround

Parts Of Speech

Prepositions

Commonly used PrepositionsAboard About Above Across After

Against Along Among Around At

Before Behind Below Beneath Beside

Between Beyond By Down During

Except For From Into Like

Of On Over Since To

Within In Up Over Off

Towards Under Until Upon With

Parts Of Speech

Prepositions

We went to school on Monday.

My plane stopped at Washington and New Jersey and arrived in New York two hours late.

Lord of the Ad world

Fun Time

Identify slogans with Prepositions in them

E.g.

Lets go in an ALTO – Maruti

King of good times - Kingfisher Kingfisher

Parts Of Speech

Conjunctions

Coordinating Conjunctions - are used to join two parts of a sentence

that are grammatically equal. The two

parts may be single words or clauses.

E.g. Jack and Jill went up the hill.

The water was warm but I didn't go swimming.

F – For

A – And

N – Nor

B – But

O – Or

Y – Yet

S - So

Parts Of Speech

Conjunctions

Subordinating conjunctions - A word or words used to

connect unequal parts of a sentence.

E.g.

I went swimming, although it was cold.

Since, Because,

If, After, Until,

Although, Before,

As Though, Though,

When, Unless

As

Parts Of Speech

Conjunctions

Correlative Conjunctions – A pair of conjunctions used to show a comparison. (They are also known as paired conjunctions)

E.g.

Not only is she rich, but also intelligent.

Both-and

Either-or

Neither-nor

Since-therefore

If-then

Not only-but also

Conjingle Fun time

And

Also

ButNor

SoFor

Parts Of Speech

Interjection

Interjection: is a big name for a little word. Interjections are short exclamations like Hello!, Bravo!, Alas! or Ah! They have no real grammatical value but we use them quite often, usually more in speaking than in writing. When interjections are inserted into a sentence, they have no grammatical connection to the sentence. An interjection is followed by an exclamation mark (!) when written.

Alas !

Parts Of Speech

Interjection

E.g. "Hey ! look at that!"

(calling attention ) "Hi ! What's new?"

(expressing greeting ) "Well ! what did he say?"

(introducing a remark )

Well ! what did he

say?

Hi ! What's new?

Subjects and Verbs

Objective

Identify the correct usage of Subject and Verb in a sentence

Identify the correct usage of Subjects and Verbs while speaking in English

Subjects and Verbs

Verb: The part of speech that expresses action, or state of being.

Subject: The part which names the person or thing we are speaking about in a sentence.

Subjects and Verbs

Subject and Verb Agreement

The Verb agrees with the Subject in Number and

Person

E.g. Sam and Harry are friends.

Subjects and Verbs

Harry Potter is an interesting book.

Every boy and girl is ready to run for the marathon.

Harry Potter

Articles

Objective

Identify the mechanisms to use articles appropriately.

Articles

Articles: are Determiners.

Types Of Articles

Indefinite – A / AN Definite – THE

Articles

Indefinite Article (A) A dog is a faithful animal.

A man is known by the company he keeps

Articles

Indefinite Article (AN)

An Apple

An Honest Man

Articles

Definite Article ( THE)

Lets go to the Golf Club.

The Solar System.

Articles

Lets have fun

Identify articles in the songs

(Clips to be added)

Tenses

Objective

Identify the correct usage of Tense in a sentence

Identify the correct usage of Tense while speaking in English

Tenses

The Tense of a verb shows the time of action or event.

Verb tenses are tools that English speakers use to express time in language.

Tenses

There are three main Tenses:

Present Tense: a verb that refers to the present time. E.g. I write a letter.

Past Tense: a verb that refers to the past time.

E.g. I wrote a letter.

Future Tense: a verb that refers to the future time. E.g. I will write a letter.

TensesSimple Present Simple Past

Future ContinuousPast ContinuousPresent Continuous

Future PerfectPast PerfectPresent Perfect

Present Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous Future Perfect Continuous

Simple Future

I study English everyday.

IS / AM / ARE + verb in ING

I am studying English now.

WAS / WERE + verb in INGI was studying English when you

called yesterday.

HAS / HAVE + P.PI have studied English in several

different countries.

HAS / HAVE + BEEN + verb in ING

I have been studying English for five years.

Two years ago, I studied English in England.

HAD + P.P.I had studied a little English before

I moved to the U.S.

HAD + BEEN + verb in INGI had been studying English for five years before I moved to the U.S.

I will be studying English next year.

SHALL / WILL + BE + verb in ING

I will be studying English when you arrive tonight.

SHALL / WILL + BE + verb in ING

I will be studying English when you arrive tonight.

SHALL / WILL + HAS / HAVE + BEEN + verb in ING

I will have been studying English for over two hours by the time you

arrive.

Tense Tenses

Fun Time

Group B write a story in the Past

Group C write a story in the Future

Group A write a story in the Present

Question Tags

Objective

To aid formulating appropriate questions.

To learn to convert ideas or sentences into questions.

Question Tags

Question tags are a grammatical structure in which a statement or idea is turned into a question by adding an interrogative fragment

( tag ).

Their pattern is ‘auxiliary + n’t + subject’, if the statement is ‘positive’ and ‘auxiliary + subject’, if the statement is ‘negative’.

Question Tags

E.g.

Positive Sentence He has left already, hasn’t he? Andrew came to school yesterday, didn’t he?

Negative Sentence He doesn’t like tea, does he? John can’t speak English fluently, can he?

Question Tags Lets have some fun

Peanut Butter

New York

Madonna

Direct And Indirect Speech

Objective

To understand the two ways of relating and quoting what someone has said.

Direct And Indirect Speech

In Direct Speech the original speaker’s exact words are given and indicated by quotation marks (“ ”)

E.g. “I don’t know what to do,” said Dean.

In Indirect Speech the exact meaning of the speaker’s words are given, but the exact words are not directly quoted.

E.g. Dean said that he didn’t know what to do.

Direct And Indirect Speech

Some pointers to convert Direct Speech into Indirect

Speech and vice – versa.

If the main verb is in the past tense, the present tense verbs in that sentence must be changed to past tense.

First and second person pronouns must be changed to third person pronouns.

Direct And Indirect Speech

Voice

Objective

To create awareness that using the Passive Voice sounds more objective.

Voice

Active Voice: The verb is active, when the subject (agent) does the action (verb) to something (object).

E.g. The doctor wrote a prescription.

Passive Voice: The verb is passive,

when the subject takes the action upon itself.

E.g. The prescription was written by the doctor.

Voice

The refreshments are going to be prepared by Karen.

That skyscraper was built in 1934.

Grammar is taught to us by Ratna.

By whom was this done?

Jane is helped by Fred.

Passive Voice

Karen is going to prepare the refreshments.

They built that skyscraper in 1934.

Ratna teaches us grammar.

Who did this?

Fred helps Jane.

Active Voice

The refreshments are going to be prepared by Karen.

That skyscraper was built in 1934.

Grammar is taught to us by Ratna.

By whom was this done?

Jane is helped by Fred.

Passive Voice

Karen is going to prepare the refreshments.

They built that skyscraper in 1934.

Ratna teaches us grammar.

Who did this?

Fred helps Jane.

Active Voice

Creativity Unlimited

Sell a refrigerator to an Eskimo

News Time

Aftermath of 9/11 gets film focus

Charles and Camilla's wedding day

Beckham family affairs are fair game for the public

Joseph Ratzinger is the new Pope

Movie Time

Thank YouDESINGED BY

Sunil KumarResearch Scholar/ Food Production FacultyInstitute of Hotel and Tourism Management,MAHARSHI DAYANAND UNIVERSITY, ROHTAKHaryana- 124001 INDIA Ph. No. 09996000499email:  skihm86@yahoo.com , balhara86@gmail.com  linkedin:- in.linkedin.com/in/ihmsunilkumarfacebook: www.facebook.com/ihmsunilkumar webpage: chefsunilkumar.tripod.com