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Grassland Restoration at KNZ LTER: Current research and future initiativesSara G. Baer, Department of Plant Biology & Center for Ecology
Southern Illinois University, Carbondale
Integration of LTER Research at KNZ
Fire
Grazing
Climate
Spatial and TemporalHeterogeneity
Tallgrass Prairie• Genes• Organisms• Populations• Communities• Ecosystems• Landscapes
Plot-LevelMechanistic Studies
BelowgroundExp. Plots
Irrigation Transects
P AdditionExperiment
Mycorrhizae &Soil C Exp $
LINX IIStudies $
Climate Change
Climate GradientStudies
Flux TowersCO2, H20 $
ExperimentalStream Studies $
RainfallManipulations $
Management IssuesBison/Cattle Grazing $
Restoration $
Land Use / LandCover Change $
Water Quality $
Invasive Species
Extending the InferenceOf Konza Studies
Cross-Site, Network & International Studies $
New LTER Initiatives
Season of Fire
Fire Reversal Exp.
Insect Biodiversityand Ecology $
Bud BankDemography $
EcologicalGenomics $
Integration of RestorationRestoration Research at KNZ
Fire
Grazing
Climate
Spatial and TemporalHeterogeneity
Tallgrass Prairie• Genes• Organisms• Populations• Communities• Ecosystems• Landscapes
Plot-LevelMechanistic Studies
BelowgroundExp. Plots
Irrigation Transects
P AdditionExperiment
Mycorrhizae &Soil C Exp $
LINX IIStudies $
Climate Change
Climate GradientStudies
Flux TowersCO2, H20 $
ExperimentalStream Studies $
RainfallManipulations $
Management IssuesBison/Cattle Grazing $
Restoration $
Land Use / LandCover Change $
Water Quality $
Invasive Species
Extending the InferenceOf Konza Studies
Cross-Site, NetworkInternational Studies
New LTER Initiatives
Season of Fire
Fire Reversal Exp.
Insect Biodiversityand Ecology $
Bud BankDemography $
EcologicalGenomics $
LongLong--term Restorationterm Restoration Research at KNZ
Fire
Grazing
Climate
Spatial and TemporalHeterogeneity
Tallgrass Prairie• Genes• Organisms• Populations• Communities• Ecosystems• Landscapes
Plot-LevelMechanistic Studies
HeterogeneityPlots$ NSF
Climate Change
Climate GradientStudies
Flux TowersCO2, H20 $
ExperimentalStream Studies $
RainfallManipulations $
Management IssuesBison/Cattle Grazing $
Restoration $
Land Use / LandCover Change $
Water Quality $
Invasive Species
Extending the InferenceOf Konza Studies
Cross-Site, Network & International Studies $
New LTER Initiatives
Season of Fire
Fire Reversal Exp.
Insect Biodiversityand Ecology $
Bud BankDemography $
EcologicalGenomics $
Stone
+C (sawdust)
+N
Control
+C + Stone
+N + Stone
PRAIRIE RESTORATIONExperimental DesignEstablished 19986 m
6 m
6 m
6 m
6 m
6 m 6 m 6 m6 m
Prairie Restoration: No Treatments10 m
50 m6 m
Block
62 m
70 m
2
6 m
2
Ric
hnes
s
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
Year
19981999
20002001
20022003
20042005
2006
Div
ersi
ty
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
Control PlotsMaximum HeterogeneityA test of the A test of the
“Environmental “Environmental Heterogeneity Heterogeneity Hypothesis”Hypothesis”
Land UseChanges
ClimateChange
NutrientEnrichment
BiologicalInvasions
Tallgrass Prairie EcosystemsStructureFunction
• Fire• Grazing• Land use legacies
• Rainfall timing and amount
• Temperature
• Elevated N deposition
• Species introductions
LTER V: Global Change and Grassland Dynamics
Contributions:
Diversity-Productivity Theory (Baer et al. 2003, Ecology)
Dominance-Diversity Relationships (Baer et al. 2004, Oecologia; Baer et al. 2005, Restoration Ecology)
Test Positive & Negative Feedback Hypotheses (Baer and Blair, sub. Ecology)
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Rel
ativ
e C
over
Pani
cum
virg
atum
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
Nutrient x Time, P < 0.05
Changes in Dominance over TimeChanges in Dominance over Time
Changes in Dominance over TimeChanges in Dominance over Time
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10P. v
irgat
um R
elat
ive
Cov
er (0
.25
m2 )
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8Ambient N Enriched NReduced N
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
A. g
erar
dii R
elat
ive
Cov
er (0
.25
m2 )
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Years Restored
Changes in Richness and DiversityChanges in Richness and Diversity
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Shan
non'
s D
iver
sity
(0.2
5 m
2 )0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0Ambient N Enriched NReduced N
Years Restored
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ric
hnes
s (S
peci
es/0
.25
m2 )
2
4
6
8
10
12
Years Restored
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Tota
l Soi
l C, 0
-10
cm (g
/m2 )
2000
2200
2400
2600
2800
3000
3200
3400Ambient NAmbient N SLR, r2 = 0.63, P<0.001Enriched-NEnriched N SLR, r2 = 0.80, P<0.001
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 82000
2200
2400
2600
2800
3000
3200
3400
3600
3800C-amended, SLR n.s.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8180
200
220
240
260
280
300C amendedAmbient N SLR, r2 = 0.79, P<0.001
Years of Grassland Establishent0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
180
200
220
240
260
280
300Ambient NAmbient N SLR, r2 = 0.65, P<0.001Enriched NEnriched N SLR, r2 = 0.72, P<0.001
Tota
l Soi
l N, 0
-10
cm (g
/m2 )
Total Soil C and N Accrual RatesTotal Soil C and N Accrual Rates
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Legu
me
Cov
er (%
)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Reduced-N Ambient-N Enriched-N
aa
b
a
b
c
Growing seasons1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Ln (L
egum
e C
over
+ 1
)
0
1
2
3
4
Reduced-N Soil
r2 = 0.73
P<0.0001
Interactions with Community StructureInteractions with Community Structure
New Initiatives during LTER VNew Initiatives during LTER V
Fire
Grazing
Climate
Spatial and TemporalHeterogeneity
Tallgrass Prairie• Genes• Organisms• Populations• Communities• Ecosystems• Landscapes
Plot-LevelMechanistic Studies
HeterogeneityPlots$ NSF
Seed SourceDominanceGradient $ LTER$ SIUC$ NSF
Climate Change
Climate GradientStudies
Flux TowersCO2, H20 $
ExperimentalStream Studies $
RainfallManipulations $
Management IssuesBison/Cattle Grazing $
Restoration $
Land Use / LandCover Change $
Water Quality $
Invasive Species
Extending the InferenceOf Konza Studies
Cross-Site, Network & International Studies $
New LTER Initiatives
Season of Fire
Fire Reversal Exp.
Insect Biodiversityand Ecology $
Bud BankDemography $
EcologicalGenomics $
Potential Species Pool
Species in Community
Abiotic Filters
Biotic Filters
Socio-Economic or Human Filter
Hobbs & Norton 1999
FilterFilter--Model of Community Assembly Model of Community Assembly
Human filters unique to restoration in community and Human filters unique to restoration in community and ecosystem assemblyecosystem assembly
Population source selection
(local vs. selected genotypes)
Seed compositionselection(grass:forb)
DesignDesignPool 2Pool 2
CultivarCultivar(selected)(selected)
NativeNative(non(non--selected)selected)
Spe
cies
Poo
lS
peci
es P
ool
DesignDesignPool 1Pool 1
DesignDesignPool 3Pool 3
Embedded dominance Embedded dominance removal treatmentsremoval treatments NSF $
Hierarchical Approach:MorphologyPhysiologyMutualismCompetitionDiversityProductivity Nutrient cycling
Intraspecific VariationCytologyRiley & Vogel 1982Keeler & Davis 1999
Genetic structureGustafson et al. 1999, 2001, 2004
EcophysiologySkeel & Gibson 1996,1998Baer et al. 2005
Population source selectionPopulation source selection(local vs. selected genotypes)(local vs. selected genotypes)
5 m
Seeds/m2
Grasses (3):Other spp. (15):
58515
52575
450150
300300
150450
97% 87% 75% 50% 25%
Native source population
Cultivar sourcepopulation
25 m
NSF $ & LTER $
Source Population Selection XSeed composition selection
Across a precipitation gradient
S p e c ie sA . g e ra rd ii S . n u ta n s S . s c o p a r iu m
BN
PP
(g/p
lant
/yr.)
0 .0
0 .2
0 .4
0 .6
0 .8 N o n -c u lt iv a r C u lt iv a r
Source: P= 0.043
IntraspecificIntraspecific Variation in BNPPVariation in BNPPKonza vs. Cultivar SourcesKonza vs. Cultivar Sources
R. Klopf
R oot V o lum e in S urface 10 cm o f S o il
S pec iesA . ge ra rd ii S . nu tans S . scopa rium
cm3
0 .0
0 .2
0 .4
0 .6
0 .8
1 .0
1 .2
1 .4
1 .6
1 .8
2 .0
N on-cu ltivar C u ltiv a r
R oot Length in S urface 10 cm o f S o il
S peciesA . gerard ii S . nu tans S . scoparium
cm
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
N on-cu ltivar C u ltivar
Root Surface A rea in Surface 10 cm of Soil
SpeciesA. gerard ii S . nutans S. scoparium
cm2
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Non-cultivar Cultivar
P = 0.03P = 0.03P = 0.04
IntraspecificIntraspecific Variation in Root ArchitectureVariation in Root ArchitectureKonza vs. Cultivar SourcesKonza vs. Cultivar Sources
R. Klopf
Date
July 23 July 31 August 13
Net P
hoto
synt
hesi
s ( µ
mol
CO
2 m
-2 s
-1)
0
5
10
15
20
25 DeSoto MO Ecotype Aldous Camper
Date
July 23 July 31 August 13
Net
Pho
tosy
nthe
sis
( µm
ol C
O2
m-2
s-1
)
0
5
10
15
20
25 DeSoto MO Ecotype Rumsey Osage
a
bab
b
Date
July 23 July 31 August 13
Net P
hoto
synt
hesi
s ( µ
mol
CO
2 m
-2 s
-1)
0
5
10
15
20
25 DeSotoMO EcotypeKawRountree
a
bab
b
IntraspecificIntraspecific Variation in Net PhotosynthesisVariation in Net Photosynthesis
A. gerardii S. nutans S. scoparium
Allison Lambert
Seeded Dominance of C4 Grasses20 40 60 80 100R
ichn
ess
of S
eede
d S
peci
es (n
o./m
2 )
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16Kansas P<0.001 r2=0.53Illinois P<0.001 r2=0.71
Seeded Dominance of C4 Grasses20 40 60 80 100
Tota
l Cov
er o
f Pla
nted
Spe
cies
(%)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60KS, P<0.001, r2=0.47 IL, P=0.0201, r2=0.09
CrossCross--site Variation in Community Assemblysite Variation in Community Assembly
Ryan Campbell & Ryan Klopf
New Initiatives for LTER VINew Initiatives for LTER VI
Fire
Grazing
Climate
Spatial and TemporalHeterogeneity
Tallgrass Prairie• Genes• Organisms• Populations• Communities• Ecosystems• Landscapes
Plot-LevelMechanistic Studies
HeterogeneityPlots$ NSF
Seed SourceDominanceGradient $ LTER$ SIUC$ NSF
Climate Change
Climate GradientStudies
Flux TowersCO2, H20 $
ExperimentalStream Studies $
RainfallManipulations $
Management IssuesBison/Cattle Grazing $
Restoration $
Land Use / LandCover Change $
Water Quality $
Invasive Species
Extending the InferenceOf Konza Studies
Cross-Site, Network & International Studies $
New LTER Initiatives
Season of Fire
Fire Reversal Exp.
Insect Biodiversityand Ecology $
Bud BankDemography $
EcologicalGenomics $
MAINTAIN
New Initiatives for LTER VINew Initiatives for LTER VI
Fire
Grazing
Climate
Spatial and TemporalHeterogeneity
Tallgrass Prairie• Genes• Organisms• Populations• Communities• Ecosystems• Landscapes
Plot-LevelMechanistic Studies
HeterogeneityPlots$ NSF
Seed SourceDominanceGradient $ LTER$ SIUC$ NSF
Climate Change
Climate GradientStudies
Flux TowersCO2, H20 $
ExperimentalStream Studies $
RainfallManipulations $
Management IssuesBison/Cattle Grazing $
Restoration $
Land Use / LandCover Change $
Water Quality $
Invasive Species
Extending the InferenceOf Konza Studies
Cross-Site, Network & International Studies $
New LTER Initiatives
Season of Fire
Fire Reversal Exp.
Insect Biodiversityand Ecology $
Bud BankDemography $
EcologicalGenomics $
INCREASE
MAINTAIN
New Initiatives for LTER VINew Initiatives for LTER VI
Fire
Grazing
Climate
Spatial and TemporalHeterogeneity
Tallgrass Prairie• Genes• Organisms• Populations• Communities• Ecosystems• Landscapes
Plot-LevelMechanistic Studies
HeterogeneityPlots$ NSF
Seed SourceDominanceGradient $ LTER$ SIUC$ NSF
Climate Change
Climate GradientStudies
Flux TowersCO2, H20 $
ExperimentalStream Studies $
RainfallManipulations $
Management IssuesBison/Cattle Grazing $
Restoration $
Land Use / LandCover Change $
Water Quality $
Invasive Species
Extending the InferenceOf Konza Studies
Cross-Site, Network & International Studies $
New LTER Initiatives
Season of Fire
Fire Reversal Exp.
Insect Biodiversityand Ecology $
Bud BankDemography $
EcologicalGenomics $
INCREASE
MAINTAININITIATE
Google Earth
Establish large-scale restoration plots with fire and grazing treatments TO:
1) Broaden tests of ecological drivers and community assembly theory.
2) Expand inference from WS studies to restored grasslands.
3) Further contribute to the managementobjective of KNZ LTER.
4) Foster collaboration, as larger plots more conducive to studying higher trophic levels.
5) Increase education and outreach.
6) Initiate cross-site studies along a climate gradient using the Grassland Grassland Restoration NetworkRestoration Network…
New Restoration InitiativeNew Restoration Initiative
Grassland Restoration Network“A consortium of restoration practitioners, scientists, and land managers interested in integrating the best science and management practices into large scale grassland restoration projects. “
Kankakee Sands(7,200 ac)
Midewin National Tallgrass Prairie
(19,165ac)
Nachusa(2,500 ac)
Sauk Prairie(77,000 ac)
Neal Smith Wildlife Refuge
(8,000 ac)
Rocky Mountain Arsenal
(8,000 ac)
Grand River Grasslands(70,000 ac)
Central Platte(1,000 ac)
Glacial Ridge(35,000 ac)
Nickel Preserve(15,000 ac)
1500 mm
1000 mm
635 mm
430 mm
Expanding Our Perception of RestorationExpanding Our Perception of Restoration
Degraded IntactEcosystem State
THRESHOLD
THRESHOLD
Ecos
yste
m A
ttrib
ute
FullyFunctional
Non-Functional
Requires physical modification
Requires biological modification
Requires improved management
Modified from Hobbs and Harris (2001)
Woodyremoval
Inter-seeding
PrescribedFire
WoodyEncroachment
Grassland
Grassland
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