grinding technologies
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Innovation and optimisationin cement grinding
Martin Schneider, Düsseldorf, Germany
CSI / TERI / ECRA Forum
New Delhi, 19/20 September 2008
Electrical energy demand for cement production
• Extraction and blending 5 %
• Raw material grinding 24 %
• Raw material homogenisation 6 %
• Clinker production 22 %
• Cement grinding 38 %
• Conveying, packing, loading 5 %
100 %
total demand ~ 110 kWh/tcement
more than60 % forgrinding
processes!
Grinding and its impact on quality
Cement grinding as an example:
quality parameters:
• workability
• water demand
• strength
• durability of concrete
Particle size distribution in RRSB-diagram
Description of cement fineness with RRSB position parameterand slope:
1.05 to 1.1Horomill
1.0 to 1.1high pressuregrinding rolls
0.85 to 1.1vertical rollermill
0.85 to 1.1ball mill
slopegrindingsystem
example: cement from ball mill, n = 0,88
Specific energy consumption of different grindingsystems
VRM (60 %)
Ball mill (100 %)
Horomill® (70 %)
HPGR (50 %)spec
ific
ener
gyco
nsum
ptio
n
specific surface
Evolution of comminution technologies
Chronology:
Manual comminution
Hammer mechanism (ca. 1512)
Edge runner (ca. 1800)
Ball mill (ca. 1890)
Vertical roller mill (ca. 1930)
High pressure grinding rolls (ca. 1985)
Horomill®
Manual comminution (16th century)
from: Georg Agricola, „De Re Metallica“
Hammer mechanism (16/17th century)
from: Georg Agricola, „De Re Metallica“
Edge runner (18/19th century)
from: Johann Georg Krünitz, „Ökonomisch-technologische Encyclopädie“
Evolution of comminution technologies
F
Comminution mechanisms in differentgrinding systems
F’
FF’
F
friction
F
F
compression
vimpact
ball mill
FF F
VRM
HPGR
Comminution mechanisms in the ball mill
F’
FF’
F
friction F
F
compression
vimpact
ball mill
Ball mill for dry grinding
Coarse grinding chamberLifter plate lining100 mm – 60 mm balls
Fine grinding chamberClassifying plate lining50 mm - 15 mm balls
Intermediate diaphragm
Discharge diaphragm
Ball mill
Advantages
• combined drying and grinding
• reliable - long service life
• wide PSD
• high fineness
• good for abrasive materials
Disadvantages
• for high moistureexternal dryingnecessary
• high energy demand
• no explicit stress area
still widely used in cement plants
Potentials for ball mills
Exact adjustment of grinding media and linings to requirement
separator adjustment
���� optimisation of mill and separator
Grinding systems for efficient comminution
Objectives
• Lower grinding energy demand than ball mills
• Comminution to a large extent by using thecompression
• Comminution in an explicit “compression zone”
Principle design of vertical roller mills
FF Fgrinding table
gear box
grits
grinding roller
separator
mill feed
air or hot gas
air and fines
rejects
Vertical roller mills for raw material grinding
• Combined drying, grinding and separation
• Energy consumption 60 - 70 % comparedto a ball mill
• Moisture contents up to 25 %
• Compared to a ball mill 10 to 20 % highercapital costs
• Used in 90 % of all new plants as raw mill
• Throughput up to 840 t/h, feed size upto 200 mm
• Installed power up to 7 000 kW, grindingtable diameter up to 6 700 mm
Vertical roller mill for cement and slag grinding
• Energy consumption:
70 % of a ball mill for cement
50 % of a ball mill for slag
• Fineness:max. 4 500 cm²/g for cement
max. 6 000 cm²/g for slag
• Moisture required for stabilising thegrinding bed – less influence oncement quality
• Low wear costs
• Throughput up to 300 t/h
High pressure grinding rolls
Compacted cakes
Feed material
Fixed roller
Floating roller
Grindingpressure
• Defined grinding area
• Feed up to 60 mm
• Grinding pressure from50 to 400 MPa
• Compacted cakes upto 40% fines andcoarse particles
High pressure grinding rolls – main features
• First application 1984
• Today worldwide more than600 mills in operation
• Throughput rates up to 1 300 t/h
• Grinding force from2 to 20 Mega-Newton
• Efficiency
1.8 to 3.5 times higher than ball mill
1.1 to 1.4 times higher than vertical roller mill
• cement finish grinding limited by PSD
Example:High pressure grinding rolls for raw material grinding
• Advantages:
- Energy consumption 50 % lower than ball mill
- Extremely low roller wear (min 0.25 g/t)
• Disadvantages:
- Drying capacity is limited to 4 % feed moisture
- Application only for non-abrasive raw materials, due towear of deglomerator
Application of high pressure grinding rolls for cementgrinding
Pregrinding Semi-finish grinding Finish grinding
Comminution by compression: operating principles
12°
6° 18°
Horomill®
HPGR
VRMSpeed:
Limited by centrifugationof material
Bed thickness:
Medium
Speed:
Limited to 1 - 1,5 m/sbecause of vibrations
Bed thickness:
Low
Speed:
Upper value not yet known
Bed thickness:
2 to 3 times HPGR
Operating principle of Horomill®
Horizontal roller mill (Horomill®)
For wet materials external dryer necessary
Wear costs comparable to build-up welded high pressuregrinding rolls
Raw material grinding
• Energy consumption 50 % compared to a ball mill
Cement grinding
• Max. cement fineness 4 000 cm²/g
• Energy consumption 70 % compared to a ball mill
Slag grinding
• Max. cement fineness 4 800 cm²/g
• Energy consumption 60 % compared to a ball mill
Technological parameters for different grinding systems
*) open - closed circuit
7050 to 6060 to 70100%specific energy
demand(closed circuit)
1.05 to 1.11.0 to 1.10.85 to 1.10.85 to 1.1 *)--RRSB slope
4 0004 0004 500> 6 000cm²/gproduct fineness
(Blaine)
Horomill®High pressuregrinding rolls
Verticalroller mill
Ball millUnitParameter
Comparison of different systems for cement grinding
Comparison of service lives of the grinding elements from differentgrinding systems when grinding granulated blastfurnace slag
3 to 6120 to 150g/tspecific wear
partial or complete hardfacing of theworking surfaces at intervals of 2 to 3 months
3 to 6aservice life of
grinding media
hardfacedroller
surfaceshardfaced rolls
hardfaced rollers,grinding table
lining,grinding balls
--wearing parts
< 4 800> 5 500> 6 000> 6 000cm²/gproduct fineness
(Blaine)
HoromillHigh pressuregrinding rolls
Verticalroller mill
Ball millUnitParameter
Comparison of different systems for slag grinding
Influence of grinding system on cement properties
Compressive strengthsof the B 3 000 clinkers
Phase contents of the < 20 µm fractionof the B 3 000 clinkers
Grinding the same clinker in a ball mill, a VRM and a HPGR
Slag grinding and properties of slag cement
Compressive strengths of theblastfurnace cements
Slag particle
0,10,1
1
1
10
10
100
100
1000
1000
10000
10000 100000
quartzlimestoneclinker
clinker
raw meal
single particle comminution
bulk comminution
spec
.siz
ere
duct
ion
ener
gy[k
Wh/
t]
particle size [µm]
Size reduction energy
Höffl, „Zerkleinerungs-und Klassiermaschinen“
Single particlecomminutionwith highestefficiency!
(target orientedstress)
Energy utilisation of compression and impacten
ergy
utili
satio
n�
SM
/WM
[cm
²/J]
mass specific work WM [J/g]
Impact
Compression
Pahl:„Zerkleinerungstechnik“
Higher efficiencyof comminution bycompression!
Throughput-speed-behaviour of different mill types
P/MM•
P/MM•
P/MM•
M•
M•
M•
1,0 2,0 3,00,0
1,00
~2,0
0
Spe
cific
pow
erde
man
d[k
Wh/
t]
Circumferential speed of the grinding track [m/s]
Thr
ough
put[
t/h]
oper
atin
gpo
int
Vertical roller mill
High pressure grinding rolls
Modified horizontal roller mill
• VRM: depends on grinding-table-diameter and number ofrollers
• HPGR: linear correlation onlyfor low circumferential speed ofrolls
• Modified horizontal roller mill:linear correlation also for highcircumferential speed (limit notyet known)
Direction of new developments
Example:limestone0...6 mm
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0
related grinding force
power demand
Bond index
Rel
ated
gri
nd
ing
forc
e[k
N/m
m]
Po
wer
dem
and
[kW
]
Bo
nd
ind
ex[k
Wh
/t]
Dimensionless feed throughput
limit of free dosedmaterial feeding
HPGR:
• Operation pointnot adjustable
• Independentadjustment ofgrinding force andthickness ofgrinding bed notpossible
Objectives for future developments
• Comminution only by compression
• Compression of a grinding bed with defined thickness
• Independent adjustment of grinding force and thickness ofgrinding bed
• Low specific energy demand
Modified horizontal roller mill
Independentadjustment ofgrinding force andthickness of grindingbed
Compression of agrinding bed withdefined thickness
Comminution bycompression
Other comminution technologies for cement grinding?
• HEM High Energy Milling: very small particles � high reactivitymechanical activation of particles (< 2µm); tested for cementgrinding
• Ultrasonic-comminution (Patent DE 102 59 456 B4)energy-transfer by acoustic pulse; tested for slag grinding
• Plasma comminution (European Patent EP0976457)comminution in a liquid by shock waves; tested for semiconductormaterial
• Low temperature comminution (Internat. Application No.PCT/EP2007/010159)reducing particle size by rapidly reduction of energy level
Summary (1)
Ball mill
• High energy consumption
• Reliable - long service life of the wearing parts
• Limitation in feed moisture – at high feed moisture externaldrying necessary
High pressure grinding rolls
• High energy savings
• Limitation in feed moisture – with external drying nolimitation in material moisture
• Maximum achievable fineness 4 000 cm²/g (clinker)
Summary (2)
Vertical roller mill
• High energy savings
• Very high material moisture contents (up to 25 %) can beprocessed
• Low wear costs
• Maximum achievable fineness 4 500 Blaine for OPC
Summary (3)
Horizontal roller mill (Horomill)
• Energy savings of 30 to 40 %
• Maximum achievable fineness 4 000 Blaine for OPC and4 800 Blaine for slag
No comminution without energy input
Highest efficiency of comminution by compression
Objectives
• Optimisation of known grinding processes necessary
• Development of new comminution processes:comminution by compression in an explicit stress area
• Comminution in one process without postrefining
Thank you for your attention!
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