growth and development of children (2)

“An increase in physical size of the whole body due

to increase no of cells/ or its size.

It can be measured in Kg, pounds, meters, inches, ….. etc

• Development refers to a progressive increase in skill and capacity of function.

• It is a qualitative change.

• Increase in child’s competence and adaptability.• The level of maturation depends on child’s

heredity.

G & D proceed in regular related directions :

- Cephalo-caudal ( from head down to toes ). - Proximo-distal (from center of the body to the peripheral.)

Pre-natal factors:-Pre-natal factors:- 1- Maternal factors:-

- Nutritional deficiencies - Diabetic mother - Exposure to radiation - Infection with German measles - Smoking - Use of drugs

2-Factors related to fetus

Fetal Mal-position . Placental causes:- Size . site of Attachment.

Post-Natal Environment

I - External environment: - socio-economic status. - child’s nutrition - climate and season - child’s ordinal position in the family - Number of siblings in the family - Family structure (single parent or

extended family … )

• Child’s intelligence• Hormonal influences• Emotions

Internal environmentInternal environment

Types of growth: - - Physical growth Height Weight Head circumference Chest circumference. - Physiological growth (vital signs …)

Types of development:- Gross motor. Fine motor & vision. Hearing & speech. Social behavior.

• Prenatal

- Embryonic (conception- 8 w)

- Fetal stage (8-40 or 42 w)• Infancy

- Neonate- Birth to end of 1

month- Infancy

- 1 month to end of 1 year

• Early Childhood- Toddler

- 1-3 years- Preschool

- 3-6 years

• Middle Childhood- School age- 6 to 12 years

• Late Childhood

- Adolescent- 13 years to

approximately 18 years

Weight :-

then there is annual increase 5 Ibs / year till puberty.

ageWeight gain (approx.)

At Birth (full term).3.2 kg +/_ 300g

1st weekLoose 10% body wt.

Upto 3 months200g/week wt. gain.

One year3 times × birth weight.

2 years4 times × birth weight

.

Age Cm

Birth ( full term)50 cm

At 1 year75 cm

2—12 yrs.Age in Years × 7 + 77

Age Head circumferance (Cm)

Birth35

3 months41

6 months44

9 months46

1 year47

2 years49

3 years50

5 years51

It is 30.5 to 33cm .After 1 year chest size exceeds the head

circumference.

Starts by 5–6 months of age & Completed by 12 months . (20 teeth). It is called "Milky teeth" or "Deciduous teeth" or "Temporary teeth".

•Gross motor.Gross motor.•Fine motor & vision.Fine motor & vision.•Hearing & speech.Hearing & speech.•Social behavior.Social behavior.

• At 2 months•Hold head erects in mid-position.•Turn from side back.

• At 3 months, the infant can•Hold head erects and steady.•Open or close hand loosely.•Hold object put in hand

• Age :- 2 months.

• Sit with adequate support.• Roll over from front to back.• Hold head erect and steady while in sitting

position.• Bring hands together in midline and plays with

fingers.• Grasp objects with both hands.

• Sit alone briefly.• Turn completely over ( abdomen to abdomen ).• Lift chest & upper abdomen when prone.• Hold own bottle.

• Sit alone.• Hold cup.• Imitate simple acts of others.

•Drink from cup with assistance.•Eat finger food that can be held in one hand.

• Rise to sitting position alone.• Crawl . • Hold one bottle with good hand-mouth

coordination

• Creep well (use hands and legs).• Walk with help. • Bring the hands together.

At 11 months:-At 11 months:-• Walk holding on furniture.• Stand erect with minimal support

• Stand-alone .• Site down from standing position alone.• Walk in few steps with help or alone .• Pick up small bits of food & transfers them to his mouth

AgeAmbulation

9 monthsCrawl

10 monthsCreep

1 yearStand independently

13 monthsWalk & toddle quickly

15 monthsCan run.

AgeActivity

NeonatesPupil reflex to lightDoll's eye reflexTurn eyes to diffuse light

3 monthsDefensive blinkingRegards mother face

6 monthsFollow dangling balls in all directions

9 monthsAlert to peripheral visionFollow objects at 10—15 feet.

12 monthsLooks for hidden & fallen toyes.

. Agespeech

1—2 months coos

2—6 monthsLaugh & sequel

8—9 monthsBabbles mama & dada

10—12 monthsMama & Dada specific

18—20 months 20—30 words

22---24 months Two words sentence

30—36 monthsAlmost understandable speech

• Unable to hold neck Unable to hold neck at 5 months.at 5 months.• Unable to sit alone by age Unable to sit alone by age 9 months9 months• Unable to transfer objects from hand to Unable to transfer objects from hand to

handhand by age 1 year by age 1 year• Abnormal pincer grip or graspAbnormal pincer grip or grasp by age 15 by age 15

monthsmonths• Unable to walk alone Unable to walk alone by 18 monthsby 18 months• Failure to speak ,recognizable words Failure to speak ,recognizable words by 2 by 2

years.years.

Safety becomes a problem asthe toddler becomes moremobile.

Toddler stage :- From 1 to 3 years of age.

During this period, growth slows considerably.

Weight:Weight:The toddler's average weight gain is 1.8 to 2.7

kg/year.Formula :- ( over 1 year of age is

Age in years X 2 + 8 = ….. kg.

• During 1–2 years, the child's height increases by 1cm/month.

• The toddler's height increases about 10 to 12.5cm/year.

Age in years X 5 + 80 = ..... cm.

• The head increases 10 cm only from the age of 1 year to adult age.

• During toddler years, chest circumference continues to increase in size and exceeds head circumference.

• By 2 years of age,……….16 temporary teeth.

• By the age of 2.5 years,… 20 teeth

• 1 year old: transfer objects from hand to hand• 2 year old: can hold a crayon and color vertical

strokes•Turn the page of a book•Build a tower of six blocks

• 3 year old: copy a circle and a cross – build using small blocks

• Walk alone.• Creep upstairs.• Assume standing position without falling.• Hold a cup with all fingers grasped around it.

• Stranger anxiety – should dissipate by age 2 ½ to 3 years.

• Sibling rivalry: aggressive behavior towards new infant:

(peak between 1 to 2 yrs)• Thumb sucking • Toilet Training

• The toddler is very social being but still egocentric.

• He imitates parents.• Notice sex differences and know own sex.• Gains boldness. ….( “i can do it myself“).

It is the stage where child is 3 to 6 years of age.

The growth during this period is relatively slow.

Physical growth:- Weight: Weight:

The preschooler gains The preschooler gains approximately approximately 1.8kg/year. 1.8kg/year.

Height: Height:

DDoubles birth length by 4oubles birth length by 4––5 years.5 years.

• 3 year old: - Copy a circle and a cross Build using small blocks• 4 year old: - Use scissors, Color within the borders• 5 year old: - Write some letters. Draw a person with body parts

• Buttoning clothing• Holding a pencil• Building with small blocks• Using scissors• Playing a board game• Have child draw picture of himself

•Fears the darkFears the dark•Tends to be impatient and selfishTends to be impatient and selfish•Expresses aggression through physical Expresses aggression through physical and verbal behaviors.and verbal behaviors.

•Shows signs of jealousy of siblings.Shows signs of jealousy of siblings.

• Egocentric• Tolerates short separation• Less dependant on parents• May have dreams & night-mares• Attachment to opposite sex parent• More cooperative in play

• Inability to perform self-care tasks, hand washing simple dressing, daytime toileting

• Lack of socialization

• Unable to play with other children

• Unable to follow directions during exam

• Writing skills improve• Fine motor is refined• Fine motor with more focus

•Building: models – logos •Sewing•Musical instrument•Painting •Typing skills•Technology: computers

• School failureSchool failure• Lack of friends Lack of friends • Social isolationSocial isolation• Aggressive behavior: Aggressive behavior:

.. fights, .. fights,

.. fire setting,.. fire setting,

.. animal abuse.. animal abuse