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GSM
-Mob
ile N
etw
orks
Proc
edur
es a
nd S
cena
rios
Aut
hor:
Dip
l. In
g. In
go S
chac
htD
ate:
24.0
6.20
03
Dip
l. In
g. In
go S
chac
htPa
ge 2
© S
iem
ens,
200
3
Res
ourc
esan
d R
efer
ence
s
GSM
-Sig
nalis
ieru
ngG
unna
r Hei
neFr
anzi
s‘ V
erla
g G
mbH
Spec
ifica
tions
of 3
GPP
http
://w
ww
.3gp
p.or
g/
Siem
ens
inte
rnal
doc
umen
ts a
nd p
rese
ntat
ions
Dip
l. In
g. In
go S
chac
htPa
ge 3
© S
iem
ens,
200
3
Bas
ic C
onsi
dera
tions
Wha
tare
the
basi
c re
ques
ts?
A m
obile
sub
scrib
er w
ants
to in
itiat
e ca
llsto
oth
er p
artie
s.A
mob
ile s
ubsc
riber
wan
ts to
rece
ive
calls
from
oth
er
parti
es.
Tele
phon
y in
fixe
d ne
twor
ksEv
ery
subs
crib
er c
an b
e re
ache
d by
its
fix c
onne
ctio
n to
th
e ne
twor
k.-
Iden
tity
is c
lear
!-
Loca
tion
is c
lear
!
Tele
phon
y in
mob
ile n
etw
orks
Theo
retic
ally
eac
h su
bscr
iber
can
try
to u
se s
ervi
ces
from
ev
ery
netw
ork
ever
ywhe
re!
-Id
entit
y is
n‘t c
lear
!-
Loca
tion
isn‘
t cle
ar!
Dip
l. In
g. In
go S
chac
htPa
ge 4
© S
iem
ens,
200
3
Con
clus
ion
A m
obile
net
wor
k ne
eds
addi
tiona
l mec
hani
sms
to
real
ize
mob
ile te
leph
ony!
Det
ectio
nof
sub
scrib
er lo
catio
n
Verif
icat
ion
ofsu
bscr
iber
iden
tity
Verif
icat
ion
of m
obile
equi
pmen
t ide
ntity
Com
mun
icat
ion
secu
rity
Supp
ort o
f cha
nge
of s
ubsc
riber
loca
tion
durin
g st
able
cal
l
Supp
ort o
f for
eign
mob
ile s
ubsc
riber
Mob
ility
Man
agem
ent!!
Dip
l. In
g. In
go S
chac
htPa
ge 5
© S
iem
ens,
200
3
Intr
oduc
tion
Intr
oduc
tion
Dip
l. In
g. In
go S
chac
htPa
ge 6
© S
iem
ens,
200
3
Scop
e of
the
pres
enta
tion
GSM
/DC
S
Switc
hing
Sub
syst
em
Ope
ratio
n &
Mai
nten
ance
Sub
syst
em
Rad
io S
ubsy
stem
Cor
eN
etw
ork
Acc
ess
Net
wor
k
Dip
l. In
g. In
go S
chac
htPa
ge 7
© S
iem
ens,
200
3
GSM
Net
wor
k -O
verv
iew
Cor
e N
etw
ork
SS7
tran
sit n
etw
ork
HLR
Mob
ility
MSC
GM
SC
SCP
IN
VLR
ISU
P
MA
PC
AM
EL
ISU
PMA
P
BSS
Acc
ess
Net
wor
k
BSS
AP
SS7
Switc
hST
P
PSTN
/ IS
DN
PLM
N(P
ublic
Lan
d M
obile
Net
wor
k)
PSTN
(Pub
lic S
witc
hed
Tele
com
Net
wor
k)
Sign
allin
g
Traf
fic
Dip
l. In
g. In
go S
chac
htPa
ge 8
© S
iem
ens,
200
3
Mob
ile S
tatio
n
ME
Mob
ileEq
uipm
ent
(HW
& S
W)
SIEM
ENS
SIM
SIM
SIM
/ U
SIM
+
„Mob
ileSu
bscr
iber
“
MS
=
Mob
ileSt
atio
n
Dip
l. In
g. In
go S
chac
htPa
ge 9
© S
iem
ens,
200
3
SIM
–Su
bcrib
er Id
entit
y M
odul
e
SIM
iden
tifie
s th
em
obile
sub
scrib
er(M
Sub)
Con
sist
ing
of m
icro
proc
esso
r and
mem
ory
for
tem
pora
ryan
d pe
rman
ent d
ata
Tem
pora
ry d
ata:
-Te
mpo
rary
sub
scrib
er id
entit
y (T
MSI
)-
Cur
rent
loca
tion
info
rmat
ion
(LAI
)-
Encr
yptio
n da
ta
Perm
anen
t dat
a:-
Perm
anen
t sub
scrib
er id
entit
y (IM
SI)
-Ke
y (K
i) –
indi
vidu
al s
ubsc
riber
aut
hent
icat
ion
key
-Al
gorit
hms
for a
uthe
ntic
atio
n (A
3) a
nd e
ncry
ptio
n (A
8)SIEM
ENS
SIM
SIM
Dip
l. In
g. In
go S
chac
htPa
ge 1
0©
Sie
men
s, 2
003
Proc
edur
es &
Sce
nario
s
Proc
edur
es&
Scen
ario
s
Dip
l. In
g. In
go S
chac
htPa
ge 1
1©
Sie
men
s, 2
003
Ove
rvie
w Aut
hent
icat
ion
Loca
tion
Upd
ate
Mob
ile O
rigin
atin
g C
all (
MO
C)
Mob
ileTe
rmin
atin
g C
all (
MTC
)
Inte
rrog
atio
n
Pagi
ng
Han
dove
r
Dip
l. In
g. In
go S
chac
htPa
ge 1
2©
Sie
men
s, 2
003
Aut
hent
icat
ion(
I)
Purp
ose:
-Pr
otec
tion
of th
e ne
twor
kag
ains
t una
utho
rized
acc
ess
and
usag
e of
offe
red
serv
ices
-Pr
otec
tion
of th
e m
obile
sub
scrib
erag
ains
t un
auth
oriz
ed u
sage
of it
s ow
n id
entit
y
Trig
ger: -
No
inde
pend
ent o
pera
tion!
Alw
ays
in c
onju
nctio
n w
ith
an o
ther
sce
nario
(LU
P, M
OC
,..)!
Affe
cted
ent
ities
:-
MS
-M
SC/V
LR-
HLR
/AC
Dip
l. In
g. In
go S
chac
htPa
ge 1
3©
Sie
men
s, 2
003
Aut
hent
icat
ion(
II)
Trip
les
RA
ND
Kc
SRES
HLR
/A
CM
obili
ty
MSC
VLR
BSS
BSS
AP
MA
P
MS
Acc
ess
Net
wor
kC
ore
Net
wor
k
HLR
/AC
Sign
edR
espo
nse (Ki+RAND+A3)
Cip
herin
gK
ey (KI+RAND+A8)
Ran
dom
Num
ber
SIM
IMSI Ki
A3
A8
SIE
ME
NS
SIM
SIM
SIE
ME
NS
SIM
SIM
SIM
SIM
Perm
anen
t sto
red
data
Dip
l. In
g. In
go S
chac
htPa
ge 1
4©
Sie
men
s, 2
003
Aut
hent
icat
ion(
III)
SIE
ME
NS
SIM
SIM
SIE
ME
NS
SIM
SIM
SIM
SIM
HLR
/AC
VLR
MS
VLR
HLR
/AC
Auth
entic
atio
n_R
eque
st (R
AND
)
Trip
le_R
eque
st (I
MSI
)
Trip
le_R
espo
nse
(Trip
les)
Cal
cula
tion
Of
SRES
with
A3
Auth
entic
atio
n_R
espo
nse
(SR
ES)
Com
paris
onO
fR
ecei
ved
SRES
With
Stor
ed S
RES
Dip
l. In
g. In
go S
chac
htPa
ge 1
5©
Sie
men
s, 2
003
Loca
tion
Upd
ate
(I)
Purp
ose:
-U
pdat
e of
cur
rent
loca
tion
info
rmat
ion
on th
e SI
M a
nd
in V
LR
Trig
ger: -
MS
dete
cts
that
sto
red
loca
tion
info
rmat
ion
on S
IM
(LAI
) is
diffe
rent
to th
e re
ceiv
ed lo
catio
n in
form
atio
n vi
a br
oadc
ast c
hann
el (n
ot d
urin
g st
able
cal
l!)
Affe
cted
ent
ities
:-
MS
-M
SC/V
LR-
HLR
/AC
Dip
l. In
g. In
go S
chac
htPa
ge 1
6©
Sie
men
s, 2
003
Loca
tion
Upd
ate
(II)
HLR
Mob
ility
MSC
VLR
MA
P
BSS
BSS
AP
MS
Acc
ess
Net
wor
kC
ore
Net
wor
k
MS
VLR
HLR
/AC
Loca
tion_
Upd
ate_
Req
uest
(IM
SI)
Aut
hent
icat
ion
MSu
b_D
ata_
Res
pons
e
MSu
b_D
ata_
Req
uest
(LM
SI, V
LR-N
r.)
Loca
tion_
Upd
ate_
Res
pons
e (T
MSI
)
Dip
l. In
g. In
go S
chac
htPa
ge 1
7©
Sie
men
s, 2
003
Mob
ile O
rigin
atin
g C
all (
MO
C) t
o PS
TN
1.Lo
catio
n U
pdat
e M
Sub-
A is
kno
wn
in V
LR!
MS
Acc
ess
Net
wor
kC
ore
Net
wor
k
SS7
tran
sit n
etw
ork
HLR
Mob
ility
MSCVL
R
BSS
SS7
Switc
hST
P
PSTN
/ IS
DN
BSS
AP
ISU
P
MA
P ISU
PG
MSC
2.M
Sub-
Adi
als
MSI
SDN
of B
-Sub
scrib
erM
OC
Req
uest
!
3.Tr
affic
Cha
nnel
Req
uest
4.Au
then
ticat
ion
byVL
R
5.Su
bscr
iptio
nch
eck
(Aut
horis
atio
n fo
r ser
vice
s)
6.Tr
affic
Cha
nnel
Ass
ignm
enta
ndR
outin
gto
B-S
ubsc
riber
by
MSC
7.C
onne
ctio
nw
illbe
est
ablis
hed
whe
nB-
Subs
crib
er a
nsw
ers.
Dip
l. In
g. In
go S
chac
htPa
ge 1
8©
Sie
men
s, 2
003
Mob
ile T
erm
inat
ing
Cal
l (M
TC)
SS7
tran
sit n
etw
ork
HLR
Mob
ility
MSCVL
R
BSS
SS7
Switc
hST
P
PSTN
/ IS
DN
BSS
AP
ISU
P
MA
P ISU
PG
MSC
1.PS
TN S
ubsc
riber
dia
ls M
SISD
N fr
om M
S.
2.D
igit
anal
ysis
in P
STN
resu
ltsro
utin
g in
to P
LMN
.
MS
Acc
ess
Net
wor
kC
ore
Net
wor
k
3.N
etw
ork
acce
ss to
a P
LMN
alw
ays
via
GM
SC (G
atew
ay-M
SC).
4.G
MSC
need
s ro
utin
g in
form
atio
nto
VM
SC o
f MS!
In
terr
ogat
ion
5.G
MSC
est
ablis
hes
a co
nnec
tion
to M
SC a
nd s
ends
forw
ard
the
MSR
N.
6.M
SC re
ques
ts b
y m
eans
of M
SRN
the
TMSI
and
the
LAI o
f MS
from
th
e VL
R s
tore
ddu
ring
last
LU
P of
MS.
Pagi
ng
Dip
l. In
g. In
go S
chac
htPa
ge 1
9©
Sie
men
s, 2
003
Inte
rrog
atio
n(I)
Purp
ose:
-Pr
ovis
ioni
ng o
f rou
ting
info
rmat
ion
from
GM
SC to
VM
SC fo
r in
com
ing
calls
(MTC
)
Trig
ger:
-Al
way
s in
GM
SC-
Dig
it pr
oces
sing
of M
SISD
N (M
Sub-
B) d
etec
ts „i
nter
roga
tion“
ne
cess
ary
Affe
cted
ent
ities
:-
GM
SC-
HLR
-M
SC/V
LR
Dip
l. In
g. In
go S
chac
htPa
ge 2
0©
Sie
men
s, 2
003
Inte
rrog
atio
n(II)
HLR
/AC
GM
SCVM
SC
VLR
GM
SCVL
RH
LR/A
C
send
Rou
tingI
nfo
(MSI
SDN
)
prov
ideR
oam
ingN
umbe
r(IM
SI)
send
Rou
tingI
nfoR
esul
t(M
SRN
)
IMSI
and
VLR
-Nr.
of M
Sub-
Bfr
omla
st L
UP?
prov
ideR
oam
ingN
umbe
rRes
ult(M
SRN
)
Det
ectio
n of
HLR
-ID fr
omM
SISD
N o
fM
Sub-
B
Cre
ate
and
stor
eM
SRN
MTC
Dip
l. In
g. In
go S
chac
htPa
ge 2
1©
Sie
men
s, 2
003
Pagi
ng (I
)
Purp
ose:
-D
eter
min
atio
n of
cur
rent
sub
scrib
er lo
catio
n
Trig
ger: -
Inco
mm
ing
call
(MTC
)
Affe
cted
ent
ities
:-
MS
-M
SC/V
LR
Dip
l. In
g. In
go S
chac
htPa
ge 2
2©
Sie
men
s, 2
003
Pagi
ng (I
I)
BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
BSC
MSC
BSC
VLR
1.M
SCre
ques
tsal
lBSC
s th
at
supp
ort t
he lo
catio
n ar
ea
stor
ed d
urin
gla
st L
UP
tose
nta
sear
ch m
essa
geto
the
MS.
PAG
ING
2.M
San
swer
es w
ith th
e cu
rren
t ce
ll in
fo.
I‘m
here
!!
3.A
fter n
ew a
uthe
ntic
atio
n an
d al
loca
tion
of n
ew T
MSI
by
VLR
co
nnec
tion
will
be
esta
blis
hed!
Dip
l. In
g. In
go S
chac
htPa
ge 2
3©
Sie
men
s, 2
003
Han
dove
r
Wha
t is
Han
dove
r?If
a m
obile
sub
scrib
er c
hang
es th
e ce
ll du
ring
stab
le c
allt
heB
TS o
f th
e ne
w c
ell t
akes
ove
r the
con
nect
ion
with
out i
nter
rupt
ion .
Han
dove
r (H
O)
Gen
eral
4ki
nds
of H
ando
ver
BSC
con
trol
led
HO
BSC
con
trol
led
HO
Intra
-Cel
l HO
Inte
r-Cel
l HO
Con
trol
led
by A
cces
s N
etw
ork
MSC
con
trol
led
HO
MSC
con
trol
led
HO
Intra
-MSC
HO
Inte
r-MSC
HO
Con
trol
led
by C
ore
Net
wor
k
Dip
l. In
g. In
go S
chac
htPa
ge 2
4©
Sie
men
s, 2
003
Kin
ds o
f Han
dove
r
BSC
con
trol
led
HO
Intr
a-C
ell H
O-
Cha
ngin
g th
e ph
ysic
al c
hann
el in
side
a c
ell
Inte
r-C
ell H
O-
Cha
ngin
g th
e ce
ll
MSC
con
trol
led
HO
Intr
a-M
SC H
O-
Cha
ngin
g th
e se
rvin
gB
SC
Inte
r-M
SC H
O-
Cha
ngin
g th
e vi
site
d M
SC
Dip
l. In
g. In
go S
chac
htPa
ge 2
5©
Sie
men
s, 2
003
Com
mon
Pha
ses
of e
very
HO
Bas
ical
ly th
ere
are
4 ph
ases
:
Phas
e 1:
BSC
deci
des
if H
O is
nec
essa
ry!
Phas
e 2:
Para
llelt
o ex
istin
g co
nnec
tion
a se
cond
co
nnec
tion
will
be e
stab
lishe
d!
Phas
e 3:
MS
switc
hes
over
to n
ew c
onne
ctio
n!
Phas
e 4:
Orig
inal
ly c
onne
ctio
n w
ill be
rele
ased
!
Dip
l. In
g. In
go S
chac
htPa
ge 2
6©
Sie
men
s, 2
003
Exam
ple
Inte
r-M
SC H
O
MSC
1VLR
BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
BSC
BSC
MSC
2VLR
Phas
e 4:
•MS
switc
hes
over
to n
ewra
dio
chan
nel
of n
ewce
ll.•A
fter s
ucce
sful
sw
itch
over
the
orig
inal
ly
conn
ectio
n w
ill be
rele
ased
by
MS.
Phas
e 1:
•Dur
ing
stab
leco
nnec
tion
MS
mea
sure
d pe
rman
ent s
igna
l lev
el o
f ow
n an
d su
rroun
ding
cel
ls.
•Res
ults
are
tran
smitt
ed to
BSC
.•B
SC d
ecid
es M
SC-c
ontro
lled
HO
ne
cess
ary
and
info
rms
MSC
1.
MS
Phas
e 2:
•MSC
1 re
ques
ts H
ON
from
MSC
2 an
d in
form
s M
CS2
abo
ut th
e ne
w c
ell o
f MS.
•BSC
of n
ew c
ell p
rovi
des
corre
spon
ding
ra
dio
ress
ourc
es.
•HO
N a
nd ra
dio
ress
ourc
e da
ta a
re s
entb
ack
to M
SC1.
Phas
e 3:
•MSC
1 es
tabl
ishe
s co
nnec
tion
to
MSC
2 by
usi
ng H
ON
.•M
SC2
esta
blis
hes
conn
ectio
n to
ne
wBS
C a
nd to
new
cel
l.•M
SC1
info
rms
MS
abou
t the
new
ra
dio
ress
ourc
e da
ta a
nd re
ques
ts
switc
h ov
er.
Dip
l. In
g. In
go S
chac
htPa
ge 2
7©
Sie
men
s, 2
003
Net
wor
k M
igra
tion
from
GSM
to U
MTS
Ove
rvie
w a
bout
Net
wor
kM
igra
tion
from
GSM Ove
r
GPR
STo
UM
TS
Dip
l. In
g. In
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htPa
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Sie
men
s, 2
003
Cla
ssic
GSM
–2G
TD
Mtr
ansi
t net
wor
k
Cor
e N
etw
ork
HLR
Mob
ility
BSC
Acc
ess N
etw
ork
SS7
Switc
hST
P
PSTN
/ IS
DN
A
TD
MT
DM
GM
SCV
MSC
Dip
l. In
g. In
go S
chac
htPa
ge 2
9©
Sie
men
s, 2
003
GPR
S –
2G
BSC
Acc
ess N
etw
ork
TD
Mtr
ansi
t net
wor
k
Cor
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etw
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SS7
Switc
hST
P
PSTN
/ IS
DN
A
TD
MT
DM
HLR
Mob
ility
GG
SNIP
SGSN
Cor
e N
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ork
Glo
bal I
PN
etw
ork
Glo
bal I
PN
etw
ork
Gb
FR
IP
GM
SCV
MSC
Dip
l. In
g. In
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chac
htPa
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0©
Sie
men
s, 2
003
UM
TS
UM
TS –
3G
GG
SNIP
SGSN
Cor
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etw
ork
Glo
bal I
PN
etw
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Glo
bal I
PN
etw
ork
BSC
Acc
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etw
ork
TD
Mtr
ansi
t net
wor
k
Cor
e N
etw
ork
SS7
Switc
hST
P
PSTN
/ IS
DN
A
TD
MT
DM
Gb
FR
HLR
Mob
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UT
RA
N
RN
C
Acc
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etw
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AT
MIu
CS
AT
M
IuPS
IP
GM
SCV
MSC
Dip
l. In
g. In
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chac
htPa
ge 3
1©
Sie
men
s, 2
003
Bac
k U
p
Bac
k U
p
Dip
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htPa
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2©
Sie
men
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003
Abb
revi
atio
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)
A3
Encr
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n al
gorit
hm fo
r aut
hent
icat
ion
(SR
ES)
A8
Encr
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gorit
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r cip
herin
g (K
c)
AC
A
uthe
ntic
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entre
A
TM
Asy
nchr
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SC
Bas
e St
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ontro
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BSS
B
ase
Stat
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BSS
AP
BSS
– A
pplic
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n Pa
rt B
TS
Bas
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iver
stat
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CA
MEL
C
usto
miz
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pplic
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ns M
obile
net
wor
k En
hanc
ed L
ogic
C
AP
CA
MEL
– A
pplic
atio
n Pa
rt C
N
Cor
e N
etw
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CS
Circ
uit S
witc
hed
DC
S D
igita
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lula
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tem
EI
R
Euip
men
t Ide
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Reg
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r FR
Fr
ame
Rel
ay
GG
SN
Gat
eway
GPR
S Su
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MSC
G
atew
ay –
MSC
G
PRS
Gen
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Pak
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Sys
tem
G
SM
Glo
bal S
yste
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r Mob
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omm
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LR
Hom
e Lo
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HO
N
Han
dOve
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IMSI
In
tern
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nal M
obile
Sub
scrib
er Id
entit
y IN
In
telli
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Net
wor
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In
tern
et P
roto
col
ISD
N
Inte
grat
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ervi
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igita
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wor
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UP
ISD
N –
Use
r Par
t K
c C
iphe
r Key
K
i In
divi
dual
Sub
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uthe
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n K
ey
LAI
Loca
l Are
a In
dent
ity
LMSI
Lo
cal M
obile
Sub
scrib
er Id
entit
y LU
P Lo
catio
n U
pdat
e M
AP
Mob
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pplic
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n Pa
rt
Dip
l. In
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Sie
men
s, 2
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Abb
revi
atio
ns(II
)
ME
Mob
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quip
men
t M
GW
M
edia
Gat
eway
M
OC
M
obile
Orig
inat
ion
Cal
l M
S M
obile
Sta
tion
MSC
M
obile
Sw
itchi
ng C
entre
M
SISD
N
Mob
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ubsc
riber
ISD
N
MSR
N
Mob
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ubsc
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Roa
min
g N
umbe
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Sub
Mob
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M
TC
Mob
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Cal
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MS
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n &
Mai
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syst
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N
Publ
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and
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etw
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PS
TN
Publ
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witc
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Tele
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RA
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ando
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NC
R
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ontro
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adio
Net
wor
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stem
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SRES
Si
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Res
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7 Si
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Te
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UM
TS
Uni
vers
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Tel
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mun
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Sys
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U
SIM
U
MTS
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IM
VLR
V
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ter
VLR
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VLR
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VM
SC
Vis
ited
– M
SC
Dip
l. In
g. In
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chac
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4©
Sie
men
s, 2
003
Net
wor
k st
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defin
ed b
y 3G
PP
BSS
BSC
RNS
RNC
CN
Nod
e B
Nod
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IuPS
Iur
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M
ME
MS
Cu
Uu
MSC
serv
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G
s
GG
SN
GM
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serv
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Gc
C
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f
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cell
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Gb
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mm
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Net
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S:C
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dM
GW
:M
edia
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MSC
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Pack
et O
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edG
SN:
GPR
S Su
ppor
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SN:
Serv
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GSN
GG
SN:
Gat
eway
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:Vi
sito
r Loc
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HLR
:H
ome
Loca
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Reg
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rEI
R:
Equi
pmen
t Ide
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Reg
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r
BSS:
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Sta
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Syst
emBS
C:
Base
Sta
tion
Con
trolle
rBT
S:Ba
se T
rans
ceiv
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RN
C:
Rad
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etw
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Con
trolle
rR
NS:
Rad
io N
etw
ork
Syst
em
ME:
Mob
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quip
men
tSI
M:
Subs
crib
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entit
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odul
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SIM
:U
MTS
-SIM
MS:
Mob
ils S
tatio
n
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