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September 2016
Produced in association with:
Changing
migration
Brexit update
2
Class
The Centre for Labour and Social Studies is a
new trade-union based think tank established in
2012 to act as a centre for left debate and
discussion. Originating in the labour movement,
Class works with a broad coalition of
supporters, academics and experts to develop
and advance alternative policies for today.
www.classonline.org.uk @classthinktank
Migrants' Rights Network is a young, dynamic
national NGO working and campaigning in
support of migrants in the UK. Our work brings
together migrant activists and support
organizations, think tanks, academics, faith
groups and public sector representatives to
advocate for a rights-based approach towards
migration in the UK.
www.migrantsrights.org.uk @migrants_rights
Migrants' Rights Network
Foreword
3
Politicians often say we need an honest debate about immigration. The irony is these same people talk about immigration incessantly and dishonestly. Their anti-immigration rhetoric has proved extremely damaging – and at times fatal – to migrants’ and asylum seekers’ lives. The UK’s EU referendum unleashed xenophobia and racism that have long been bubbling under the surface of a country consistently constructed as civilised. Seven days before the referendum, pro-refugee MP Jo Cox was murdered on a street. The man on trial for killing her stated his name in court as “Death to traitors, freedom for Britain”. In the week before and after the referendum the reported incidents of hate crimes shot up by 42% - police said they believed this spike the worst on record. Migrants were told, implicitly or explicitly, to “go home”. Attacks were not confined to those born in
other countries; British-born people of colour
were the subject of anger, too. They were
told they didn’t belong. This is because anti-
immigration feeling at times acts as a proxy
for a resurgent national identity tied to
whiteness.
The outpouring of aggression was partly the
result of a fiercely xenophobic campaign run
by Leave that was rooted in a nostalgia for
Empire; a desire to return to a time when the
UK – unencumbered by the EU – was thought
of as culturally and racially superior to the
rest of the world. Well-known right wing
politicians were adamant that the country
didn’t have control over its own borders and
constantly threatened that Turkey would join
the EU, with the underlying implication that
all Turkish people are criminals. The message
was: “foreigners” are causing this country’s
problems and degrading our national identity.
Sorely missing from the campaign was a
strong challenge to the rhetoric spewed by
Leave politicians. Pro-Remain then Prime
Minister, David Cameron, largely accepted
the anti-immigrant premise of Leave’s
argument, having whipped up similar
sentiments in the months and years prior to
the referendum. In the media, there was no
extensive challenge to or analysis of the
insidious lies perpetuated by the campaigns.
This was no new trend. Immigration was one
of the topics that dominated the 2015 general
election. There was little robust debate
among the political elite; in the lead-up to the
By Maya
Goodfellow,
LabourList
4
election it was apparent that the UK’s main
political parties were, in some form or
another, anti-immigration. They repeated the
fallacy that people from abroad move to the
UK to claim from the system. But only 1% of
migrants claim benefits, in comparison to 4%
of the British population. Most are in work
and are key to running public services. An
unregulated financial sector, wealthy
landlords and voracious employers, have
caused steady economic decline for many
people in this country. The blame is
incorrectly placed on “outsiders”. The absent
response to misleading, often hysterical,
coverage of migration exacerbated already
existing prejudices.
With diminutive political opposition over the
past decade, the myth that immigrants have
played a central role in creating job and
housing shortages by hoovering up resources
for themselves has become entrenched in
public consciousness. The violent backlash
against immigrants and UK-born people of
colour after the EU referendum had been a
long time in the making.
Meanwhile, the UK’s brutal immigration
system shows little sign of changing. People
are locked in immigration detention centres
where they’re subjected to physical and
psychological abuse. Others, who could face
persecution at home, are forcibly removed
from the country in the dead of night. The
news that refugees desperately need a safe
home elicits too little compassion. Thousands
of people are living in a camp in Calais;
Britain’s response is to ‘strengthen borders’.
It took the pictures of the body of three-year
old asylum seeker Alan Kurdi washed up on a
Turkish beach to soften public opinion
towards refugees. It quickly hardened again.
Some believe the electorate won’t listen to
the truth about migration. But public opinion
is not rigid and social change is not achieved
by pandering to opinion polls. On immigration
we must challenge, confront and transform
misconceptions about people from abroad –
whether they are classified as immigrants, or
asylum seekers. Migrants and asylum seekers
share common ground with people born in
the UK who bore the brunt of the economic
crisis: both are exploited and used as
scapegoats for this country’s problems. Lies
about immigration shroud this potential base
for solidarity.
The situation can get worse. Hard-right
parties are on the march across Europe and
beyond. A world where inequality is growing
provides a fertile breeding ground for fascism.
Nevertheless, politicians continue to
aggressively bang the anti-migrant drum and
a vociferous right-wing press regurgitates lies
about people from abroad. The updated
version of this pamphlet is vital in providing
us with the key facts desperately needed in
this dangerous racist and xenophobic climate.
Maya Goodfellow
Changing the debate
on migration
Update: Brexit and migration
In the year since the last
publication of this booklet, the
rhetoric around migration has
become increasingly hostile;
much of this in the context of
the EU referendum campaign.
The official Vote Leave campaign announced a focus on immigration during the last
stage of the campaign1 and UKIP unveiled a controversial poster depicting refugees
travelling through Europe with the phrase “Breaking Point”.
A key pillar of the Leave
campaign platform was an
Australian style points based
immigration system2. Although
new Prime Minister Theresa
May has made immigration
reform a red line in Brexit
negotiations, she has ruled out a points based system amid claims that it would not
necessarily reduce the number of migrants in the UK3.
We know our immigration system will change, but don’t
yet know how. What we do know is that the immigration
debate will rage on.
The aftermath of a hostile campaign
After the referendum result, reported hate crime
offences increased by 60%. The number of hate crimes
has gone down, but there are still 14% more than in the
equivalent period in 20154. It remains to be seen if, or for
how long, this trend will continue.
“...soon after the result I was told by someone
getting on my bus to enjoy my job while it lasted.
Soon I would be 'going home'."
Abdul Rashid, Bus Driver
Speaking at TUC Congress, 13th September 2016
“When I saw that poster, I shuddered. I thought it
was the wrong thing to do.”
Michael Gove on UKIP’s “Breaking Point”
migration poster, 19th June 2016
Hate crimes increased by
in the aftermath of the referendum result
60%
5
Too often, terms with very different meanings are used interchangeably to describe
migrants. This can result in confusion and create an inaccurate perception of what is
going on. There are many different reasons people move from one country to another,
some people choose to move and some are forced.
Migrants: An umbrella term to describe those who move from one place to another
to find work or better living conditions.
Immigrants: Those who come to a country mainly for work, generally to settle.
Asylum Seekers: Those who apply for protection under the United Nations
Convention on the Status of Refugees and are awaiting a decision from the government as to whether they are recognised as a refugee.
Refugees: People fleeing their country of origin due to fear of persecution for
reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or
political opinion and who have officially been given permission to stay in the country.
Migrants or refugees?
There is no such thing as an
‘illegal’ or ‘bogus’ asylum
seeker. Under international
law, anyone has the right to
apply for asylum in any
country that has signed the
1951 Convention and to
remain there until their
claim has been assessed.
6
Source: Refugee Council 1
Changing the debate
on migration
Media coverage of migration is often misleading and increasingly hysterical. Instead of
empathising with the plight of desperate migrants, the media, until very recently, has
chosen to stoke up prejudice. The refugee crisis escalating in Europe due to conflicts
across the Middle East and North Africa has been ignored to the point this became
impossible, showing just how far this xenophobic attitude has skewed perceptions. These
attitudes effectively shut down any real discussion about how, or why, Britain should play
a part in supporting refugees and migrants.
Despite a promise to give 20,000 people
’humanitarian status’ in the face of huge public
support for refugees, the Government is still refusing
to take part in a fair asylum
system. In the first 3 months
of 2015 they rejected 64%
of asylum cases and have
restricted the already basic
rights of those who are
granted asylum3.
Asylum seekers are not allowed to work while their
claim is processed. The Government is cutting the
already limited support to the few asylum seekers
who have come to Britain – those with children now
have to live on £73.90 a week as a result of cuts of up
to 30% in their support payments4.
The truth about refugees and asylum seekers
In the first 3 months of 2015 the
UK Government rejected 64% of asylum cases.
7
62% What people think
4% The reality
Source: IPPR, ONS2
Perceptions on the share of asylum seekers as % of
migrants (UK)
Britain
France
Sweden
Germany
Refugees in Turkey
In reality the number of refugees coming to Britain is
an incredibly small percentage of the world’s refugee
population. The vast majority – 86% – of refugees are
taken in by developing countries with far fewer
resources than Britain5. In 2014, Turkey – whose GDP
per capita is about four times less than Britain’s –
hosted the largest number at 1.59 million refugees6.
Britain had 31,945 applications for asylum in 2014; but
in Sweden – whose population is nearly seven times smaller than ours – there were
81,325 such applications. France had more than twice as many, and Germany – with
202,851 applications – had more than six times the British rate7.
Asylum and new asylum applicants 2014
8
Developing countries host
of the world’s refugees
Adjusting the figures for each country’s population, the
country that received by far the most applicants was Sweden with 8,365 per
million people living there. The UK received just 494,
which compares to 2,513 for Germany and 972 for France.
64,310
202,815
81,325
31,945
Italy
64,625
1,590,000
The UK has one of the lowest rates of applications per
resident in Europe at just 0.5 per 1,000 – 1 asylum
application for every 2,000 residents.
Source: Eurostat 8
Changing the debate
on migration
8
After five years of war:
More than 250,000 people have been killed
13.5 million people are in need of urgent humanitarian assistance
More than 50% of Syria’s population is displaced
The refugee crisis: focus on Syria
Source: UNHCR
One in three refugees making the perilous journey across the Mediterranean sea to
reach Europe is Syrian9. After anti-government protests escalated into a civil war five
years ago, the economy is in tatters, unemployment is estimated at 50%, and the
largest industry, farming, has been almost destroyed by the ongoing conflict.
Where are Syrian refugees?
2.7 million 1 million 656,000 20,000
Turkey Lebanon UK Jordan
Source: UNHCR10
9
Patterns of migration The distorted debate around migration is clearly evidenced by the gulf between public
perception around numbers, versus the reality. Polls show that people think there are
far more immigrants in Britain than there really are. On average people think that
immigrants make up a quarter – 24.4% – of the population when it is actually half that,
at just over 12%9. In a global context, Britain has a smaller proportion of migrants in the
population than the US (13%)10, Canada (20.6%)11 and Australia (25%)12.
The movement of migrants is not just
one way. Large numbers of people
emigrate from Britain every year. An
estimated 323,000 people
emigrated from the UK in 2014,
joining the almost 1 in 10 British
citizens that already live overseas13.
Internal migration within Britain is
also an important factor. 2.85
million residents moved between
local authorities in England and
Wales last year, an increase of 5%
compared with a year earlier14.
Migration flows are
complex and there is broad
consensus that the net
migration target is
unhelpful and shouldn’t
guide future policy.
5.5 million or 8% of the UK
population live abroad - compared
to just 0.8% of Americans.15
Changing the debate
on migration
The reality
12.5%
10
What proportion of Britain’s population
are immigrants?
24.4%
What people think
Migrants increase the labour supply of a country and help to
grow the economy through increased consumer demand,
which leads to the creation of more jobs16. Some argue that
there is a fixed amount of work to be done in the economy,
and that more migrants means less jobs for those already
living in Britain. In reality, migrants not only increase the
size of the economy but also the number of jobs
available17.
Despite the myths, the majority of new jobs created are not taken up by immigrants.
The immigrant share in new jobs is – and always has been – broadly the same as the
share of immigrants in the working age population18.
Between 2005 and 2008, generally a period of economic
strength and high migration in Britain, employment of
existing British workers increased by 116,00019. Even in
2008, when migration was high, the number of UK
unfilled vacancies reached almost three quarters of a
million20.
All the evidence suggests that migrants – especially
migrants from the new EU member states – are net
contributors to the public purse. In fact, new EU
migrants paid in via taxes about 30% more than they
cost public services21. In particular, they were far
less likely to claim benefits and tax credits.
The real impact of migration on the economy and jobs
of EU citizens coming to the UK for work have a
definite job to go to22
11
New EU migrants paid in taxes about
than they cost public services.
In total, there is evidence that migration has positive effects on the average wage23. By
adding the skill sets of migrant workers to existing sectors, there is an increase in overall
productivity, which in turn increases the average wage. In some sectors, if migrants have
skills that are direct substitutes for existing workers, and if collective agreements are not
enforced, then a slight downward pressure on wages at the lower end of the labour
market might be felt24.
But the race to the bottom in wages began for many
reasons. The root of this can be found in the
deregulation of labour markets and the introduction
of a raft of anti-union laws25. This gave employers the
go-ahead to push back against decent wages and
working conditions. Deregulation, the reduction in
trade-unionism and the failure to upgrade or enforce
the minimum wage, has been to blame for this race
to the bottom.
Changing the debate
on migration
What’s the real reason for the race to the bottom in wages?
12
Deregulation of labour markets
Failure to implement the Agency Workers
Directive
Reduction in trade unionism
Failure to enforce minimum wage
WAGES:
The race to the
bottom
The only way to ensure decent wages
and working conditions for all workers is to: renew the
regulation of employment conditions; ensure a stronger role for trade unions; and put
policies in place to tackle the squeeze on living
standards across the board.
Migration and public services
Housing Successive government failure has meant that not
enough housing has been built over a long period
and there are now desperate shortages of
affordable housing across the country. In some areas
this has led to anger at the lack of housing being
misdirected towards migrants. The majority of new
immigrants are not eligible for social housing and
myths of migrants ‘jumping’ social housing waiting
lists are completely untrue. On average, immigrants
are less likely to be in social housing than people
born in the UK26. Likewise, immigrants are much less
likely to own their home and immigration is unlikely
to have an impact on overall house prices27.
Social Security The term ‘benefit tourism’ is often
bandied around to conjure up
images of lazy migrants heading
abroad to live off benefits. But
‘benefit tourism’ does not exist.
The UK is the only EU country to
have a lower unemployment rate
for migrants – 7.5% – than
nationals – 7.9%28.
UK
-bo
rn h
ead
s o
f h
ou
seh
old
Source: EHRC
Owner Occupiers
74% 17%
Social Housing Tenants
17% 11%
Private Tenants
7% 64%
Fore
ign
-bo
rn h
ead
s o
f h
ou
seh
old
13
of migrants claim unemployment
benefits
of UK nationals
compared to
Source: European Commission29
About 2.5% of Britons in other EU countries are
claiming unemployment benefits – the same level as
the number of EU nationals claiming jobseeker’s
allowance (JSA) in the UK30.
The UK has some of the lowest benefits in Europe and
the government has introduced harsher rules on
claiming support31. These include EU migrants having to
wait three months before they can claim for JSA, Child
Benefit and Child Tax Credits.
National Health Service
The phrase ‘health tourism’
refers to the idea that migrants
come to the UK with the sole
intention of accessing free
healthcare. We are told it is a major problem, but in reality this is not the case. A
government report identified a "plausible range for health tourism" of just 5,000 to
20,000 visitors a year32. This equals just 0.3% of total NHS spending33 – far from the
billions of pounds we are led to believe is being spent. In reality, the UK is a net
beneficiary of so-called ‘health tourism’. More British
people receive treatment abroad than the number of
foreign born who receive treatment on the NHS34.
Immigrants resident in England account for 4.5% of the
population but are responsible for less than 2% of NHS
spending, meaning migrants cost the NHS less than
British-born residents35. In the NHS, you are far more
likely to be treated by a migrant worker than meet one
in the waiting room.
Overseas visitors currently account
for about
of total NHS expenditure
14
Changing the debate
on migration
"Epidemics of health tourists cost us billions"
The Daily Mail, 3rd April 2013
Around the same number of
Britons are claiming unemployment benefits in
other EU countries as there are EU
nationals claiming JSA in the UK
On average migrants are younger and better educated
than their UK-born counterparts. The most recent
immigrants are better educated still. While more than half
of the UK-born workforce left school at 16 or earlier, fewer
than 1 in 6 new immigrants finished their education by the
age of 1636. In 2012, just over 1 in 5 UK-born members of
the workforce finished education at 21 or later compared
with more than 40% of all immigrants and more than 50%
of all new immigrants37.
While English may not be the first
language of many migrants, the
overwhelming majority speak English.
Just 0.3% of the total UK population
don't speak English at all38.
The UK points-based system for non-EU immigrants means that
migrants are only permitted to take jobs where there are recognised skill shortages and
if they can prove, before entering the UK, that
they have the necessary qualifications. Unlike in
the United States, where the skill composition of
migrants is tilted towards the unskilled, migrants
in the UK are over-
represented in very
high-skilled
occupations.
15
Students, migration and the skills shortage
More than 1 in 4 doctors in the UK are foreign-born nationals
1 in 7 qualified clinical staff in hospitals and surgeries are foreign-born nationals
Just 0.3% of the UK
population is unable to speak
English
of recent EU migrants and
of recent non-EU migrants
have a university degree
Source: HSCIC 39
Changing the debate
on migration
After reading Maya Goodfellow’s Foreword,
there is no denying that things have gone
from bad to worse. Further broadcasting of
immigration myths during the EU
referendum by the UKIP and Vote Leave
campaigns meant that Class was compelled
to update this publication. However, while
the facts matter, the persistence of lies and
rejection of experts in the last year and now
a Prime Minister that even expresses anti-
immigration sentiment on the global stage
means that a society that is positive about
immigration feels further away than ever.
Arming ourselves with the truth will only
get us so far.
Polls that measure the attitudes of the
public towards immigrants document the
scale of the challenge we face. The
proportion of Britons who admit to being
racially prejudiced has risen since the start
of the millennium. Even before the Brexit
Vote, the proportion of people admitting
racist views to pollsters was 29%40 - and this is
undoubtedly an under estimation. More
recently, Pew Research Centre found that
31%41 felt that that diversity makes the Britain
a worse place to live.
EU campaigners who knocked on doors across
the country repeat stories of a public that
rejects facts, preferring to rely instead on
anecdotes and perceptions. This situation
presents a different challenge to what many
on the left have been contemplating – we are
fighting a belief system, not what many on
the political left and right refer to as
‘legitimate concerns.’
Turning the tide on such deeply embedded
views and prejudices is of course a long term
project. Helpfully, the EU debate gives us a
clue as to where to start. While the Leave
campaign magnified pre-existing negative
ideas and myths on immigration, the Remain
campaign avoided the issue. The positive case
for immigration was seldom made, apart from
to say that immigrants pay taxes – not a
message that pulls at the heart-strings. Even
now, politicians on the left are focused almost
entirely on a narrative of a ‘left behind’
working class who are angry about inequality,
again ignoring the ballooning anti-
immigration sentiment that has gripped this
country. The EU referendum result was at
least in part to do with racism - to deny this is
to bury your head in the sand.
So the first step is to admit there is a problem.
By Dr Faiza
Shaheen,
Director of
Class
16
What now?
The second is to start to tell the positive
stories. British athletes with immigrant
backgrounds, such as Mo Farah, are helpful in
this regard, but we need to go further. I was
struck recently when listening to the
Canadian Prime Minister, Justin Trudeau, who
on a popular American late night TV show had
this to say about why Canada is welcoming
Syrian refugees: ‘One of the great things
about Canadian culture is we figured out that
things are done by addition, so you take
flavours and perspectives and experiences of
the world and you create something better
than the sum of its parts with it.’42
It felt like music to my ears – finally a leader
of a country unashamedly proud and positive
about immigration. Of course there are UK
political leaders who will occasionally say
positive things about immigration, but these
remarks are inevitably followed by a line on
the need to control borders.
There is reason to think that positive framing,
alongside efforts to point the finger away
from immigrants to the real culprits of the
shortage of good jobs, housing, and
overwhelmed public services, would start to
shift perspectives. After all, it is exactly the
opposite strategy that got us to this point. But
policy matters too: a study of Canada’s
success found that their story was in part to
do with an emphasis on civil society to help
with the practicalities of integration43.
Furthermore, we know that local level funding
that helps to tackle new demand on local
services can help to ease transition.
And there is reason for hope. While a third of
the population think diversity makes Britain
worse, an equal number think it makes Britain
better44.
Some may feel that we are too late. The
damage done by the political consensus to
bash immigration and insist on closing
borders in Brexit negotiations will mean we
continue down a slippery slope. But we can’t
afford to be despondent. Unless the left are
vocal about immigration in a way that
promotes a positive and inclusive message, it
will not only be elections we lose, but the soul
of our country. Instead of denial or blame, it is
time our leaders showed courage and
changed the record.
Faiza Shaheen
17
Sources and References
The following footnotes refer to sources and reports quoted in the text:
1. BBC (2016), EU referendum: Vote Leave focuses on Immigration
2. Telegraph (2016), EU referendum: Boris and Gove pledge tough new immigration system after Brexit
3. The Guardian (2016), No 10 rules out points based immigration system for Britain
4. See National Police Chiefs Council: http://news.npcc.police.uk/releases/tackling-hate-crime-remains-a-priority
5. See Refugee Council http://www.refugeecouncil.org.uk/glossary
6. See IPPR (2014) Perceptions and Reality: Public Attitudes to Immigration https://www.ipsos-mori.com/DownloadPublication/1634_sri-perceptions-and-reality-immigration-report-2013.pdf
7. See Refugee Council (2015) Quarterly Asylum Statistics http://www.refugeecouncil.org.uk/assets/0003/4620/Asylum_Statistics_May_2015.pdf
8. See http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/jul/16/asylum-seekers-with-children-to-see-support-payments-cut
9. UNHCR (2014) Refugee Statistics http://www.unhcr.org.uk/about-us/key-facts-and-figures.html
10. See UNHCR above
11. See Eurostat (2015) Asylum and new asylum applicants http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Asylum_quarterly_report
12. See Eurostat (2015) above
13. See UNHCR (2016): http://data.unhcr.org/mediterranean/regional.php
14. See UNHR (2016): http://data.unhcr.org/syrianrefugees/regional.php
15. See House Of Commons Briefing (2015) Migration Statistics using Ipsos Mori and Census
2011 data http://researchbriefings.parliament.uk/ResearchBriefing/Summary/SN06077#fullreport
16. See http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/immigration/report/2013/04/03/59040/the-facts-on-immigration-today-3/
17. See http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/canada-s-foreign-born-population-soars-to-6-8-million-1.1308179
18. See http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/1370.0~2010~Chapter~Overseas%20born%20population%20%283.6%29
19. ONS Migration Quarterly Report (May 2015) http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/migration1/migration-statistics-quarterly-report/may-2015/stb-msqr-may-2015.html
20. ONS (2014) Internal Migration by Local Authorities in England and Wales http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/migration1/internal-migration-by-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/year-ending-june-2014/index.html
21. Royal Statistical Society analysis of ONS data (2014) http://www.statslife.org.uk/social-sciences/1910-how-many-british-immigrants-are-there-in-other-people-s-countries
22. Bennett, A. (2014), Does Immigration From EU Countries Cause Unemployment In The UK?, Huffington http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2014/01/21/immigration-ids-may_n_4632089.html
23. See Bennett, A. Huffington Post above
24. Centre for Economic Performance, LSE (2015)Immigration and the UK Labour Market http://cep.lse.ac.uk/pubs/download/ea019.pdf
25. Bennett, A. (2014), Does Immigration From EU Countries Cause Unemployment In The UK?, Huffington Post
26. See Bennett, A. Huffington Post above
27. Dustmann, C. and Frattini, T. (2013), The Fiscal Effects of Immigration to the UK, Discussion Paper Series CDP No 22/13, Centre for Research and Analysis of Migration, UCL
18
Changing the debate
on migration
19
28. ONS Quarterly Report (Aug 2015) http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/migration1/migration-statistics-quarterly-report/august-2015/index.html
23. See Dustmann, C. and Frattini, T. UCL above
24. Dustmann, C., Frattini, T. and Preston, I. (2013), ‘The Effect of Immigration along the Distribution of Wages’, Review of Economic Studies, Vol 80(1), pp. 145-173. and Lemos, S. and Portes, J. (2008), New Labour? The Impact of Migration from Central and Eastern European Countries on the UK Labour Market, Discussion Paper No. 3756, IZA, Germany.
25. See Migrants Rights Network (2013) http://www.migrantsrights.org.uk/blog/2013/11/migrants-are-undermining-working-conditions-no-blame-30-years-government-deregulation
26. See Centre for Economic Performance, LSE Immigration and the UK Labour Market (2013) http://cep.lse.ac.uk/pubs/download/pa014.pdf
27. Rutter, J. and Latorre, M. (2009), Social housing allocation and immigrant communities, Equality and Human Rights Commission, available: http://www.equalityhumanrights.com/uploaded_files/ehrc_report_-_social_housing_allocation_and_immigrant_communities.pdf
28. ICF GHK (2013), A fact finding analysis on the impact on the Member States' social security systems of the entitlements of non-active intra-EU migrants to special non-contributory cash benefits and healthcare granted on the basis of residence: http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?langId=en&catId=89&newsId=1980&furtherNews=yes
29. See ICF GHK above
30. Guardian analysis of EU countries (2015) via statistics offices, ministries and government authorities http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/jan/19/-sp-thousands-britons-claim-benefits-eu
31. See New Statesman (2015) http://www.newstatesman.com/politics/2014/11/what-are-eu-migrants-entitled-terms-benefits-and-housing-and-when and Stovicek, K. and Turrini, A. (2012), Benchmarking Unemployment Benefit Systems: European Economy Economic Papers 454,
European Commission: http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/publications/economic_paper/2012/pdf/ecb454_en.pdf
32. Prederi (2013), Quantitative Assessment of Visitor and Migrant use of the NHS In England: Exploring the data https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/251909/Quantitative_Assessment_of_Visitor_and_Migrant_Use_of_the_NHS_in_England_-_Exploring_the_Data_-_FULL_REPORT.pdf
33. See Channel 4 Full Fact https://fullfact.org/health/costs_health_tourism-37227
34. See Hanefeld, J; Horsfall, D; Lunt, N and Smith, R (2013) Medical Tourism: A Cost or Benefit to the NHS?
35. Royal Society of Medicine (2014) https://www.rsm.ac.uk/about-us/media-information/2014-media-releases/immigration-bill-will-pose-risk-to-public-health.aspx
36. Centre for Economic Performance, LSE Immigration and the UK Labour Market (2012)
37. See Centre for Economic Performance above
38. NIESR analysis of ONS 2011 Census data (2014) http://www.niesr.ac.uk/blog/speaking-english-does-matter-almost-all-immigrants-uk-do#.Vds4bflVikp
39. Health and Social Care Information Centre (HSCIC) research (2014) http://www.hscic.gov.uk/
40. The Guardian (2014) Racism on the rise in Britain
41. See: Pew Research Centre, http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/07/12/in-views-of-diversity-many-europeans-are-less-positive-than-americans/
42. Justin Trudeau, 19 May 2016, The Daily Show with Trevor Noah.
43. Hiebert, D. ‘What’s so special about Canada? Understanding the resilience of immigration and multiculturalism.’ Trans-Atlantic Council on Migration.
44. Pew Research Centre, Op. Cit.
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The views, policy proposals and comments in this piece do not represent the collective views of Class or Migrants’
Rights Network but have been approved as worthy of consideration by the labour movement.
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