herbicide resistant weeds - peter sikkema - 3
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Glyphosate Resistant
Weeds in Ontario
Sikkema, UG
Giant ragweed
Common ragweed
Canada fleabane
Waterhemp
Sikkema, UG
Sikkema, UG
Sikkema, UG
Herbicide resistance is the ability of
a plant to survive and reproduce
after exposure to a previously lethal
dose of a herbicide.
Yuan et al. 2006
Herbicide Resistant Weeds
Definition
Glyphosate Resistant Weeds
1. Number of species
a. 36 species in the world
b. 15 species in the USA
c. 5 species in Canada
d. 4 species in Ontario
i. Giant ragweed (2008)
ii. Canada fleabane (2010)
iii. Common ragweed (2011)
iv. Waterhemp (2014)
Introduction
Control 0.67 L/ac0.33 L/ac
Susceptible Resistant
Control 0.67 L/ac0.33 L/ac
Vink, UGVink, UG
Glyphosate Resistant Canada Fleabane
Essex
Glyphosate Resistant Canada Fleabane
2010
Essex
Kent
Lambton
Elgin
Middlesex
Niagara
Glyphosate Resistant Canada Fleabane
2011
Essex
Kent
Lambton
Elgin
Middlesex
Huron
Haldimand
Niagara
Glyphosate Resistant Canada Fleabane
2012
12 Counties
Glyphosate Resistant Canada Fleabane
2013
Glyphosate Resistant Canada Fleabane – 2014
28 Counties
Glyphosate Resistant Canada Fleabane – 2015
30 Counties
Perth
Essex
Perth
Hastings
Kent Brant
Wentworth
Niagara
Oxford
Perth
Waterloo
Perth
Hastings
Lennox
Addington
Norfolk
Prescott
Russel
Prince Edward
Essex
Norfolk
Not surprisingly, Ontario farmers indicate that
glyphosate resistant Canada Fleabane is the
#1 weed management issue in the province
GFO, 2015
The problem has become even worse …
Multiple Resistant Canada Fleabane
Glyphosate Resistant Multiple Resistant
Sikkema, UG Sikkema, UG
Roundup + Broadstrike RC
Morpeth, ON Mull, ON
Multiple Resistant
23 Counties
Glyphosate Resistant Waterhemp
in Corn
Sikkema, UG
Lambton
Glyphosate Resistant Waterhemp
2014
Essex
Kent
Lambton
Glyphosate Resistant Waterhemp
2015
Glyphosate Resistant Waterhemp in Ontario
Summary (from 49 sites)Resistance Group # of
sites
% of
sites
Counties
Pursuit 2 49 100 Essex, Kent & Lambton
Glyphosate Resistant Waterhemp in Ontario
Summary (from 49 sites)Resistance Group # of
sites
% of
sites
Counties
Pursuit 2 49 100 Essex, Kent & Lambton
Aatrex 5 37 76 Essex & Lambton
Glyphosate Resistant Waterhemp in Ontario
Summary (from 49 sites)Resistance Group # of
sites
% of
sites
Counties
Pursuit 2 49 100 Essex, Kent & Lambton
Aatrex 5 37 76 Essex & Lambton
Roundup 9 40 82 Essex, Kent & Lambton
Waterhemp
Glyphosate (900 g/ha)
ResistantSusceptible
Schryver, UG Schryver, UG
Glyphosate Resistant Waterhemp in Ontario
Summary (from 49 sites)Resistance Group # of
sites
% of
sites
Counties
Pursuit 2 49 100 Essex, Kent & Lambton
Aatrex 5 37 76 Essex & Lambton
Roundup 9 40 82 Essex, Kent & Lambton
Pursuit + Aatrex 2 & 5 37 76 Essex & Lambton
Glyphosate Resistant Waterhemp in Ontario
Summary (from 49 sites)Resistance Group # of
sites
% of
sites
Counties
Pursuit 2 49 100 Essex, Kent & Lambton
Aatrex 5 37 76 Essex & Lambton
Roundup 9 40 82 Essex, Kent & Lambton
Pursuit + Aatrex 2 & 5 37 76 Essex & Lambton
Pursuit + Roundup 2 & 9 40 82 Essex, Kent & Lambton
Glyphosate Resistant Waterhemp in Ontario
Summary (from 49 sites)Resistance Group # of
sites
% of
sites
Counties
Pursuit 2 49 100 Essex, Kent & Lambton
Aatrex 5 37 76 Essex & Lambton
Roundup 9 40 82 Essex, Kent & Lambton
Pursuit + Aatrex 2 & 5 37 76 Essex & Lambton
Pursuit + Roundup 2 & 9 40 82 Essex, Kent & Lambton
Aatrex + Roundup 5 & 9 30 61 Essex & Lambton
Glyphosate Resistant Waterhemp in Ontario
Summary (from 49 sites)Resistance Group # of
sites
% of
sites
Counties
Pursuit 2 49 100 Essex, Kent & Lambton
Aatrex 5 37 76 Essex & Lambton
Roundup 9 40 82 Essex, Kent & Lambton
Pursuit + Aatrex 2 & 5 37 76 Essex & Lambton
Pursuit + Roundup 2 & 9 40 82 Essex, Kent & Lambton
Aatrex + Roundup 5 & 9 30 61 Essex & Lambton
Pursuit + Aatrex +
Roundup
2, 5 & 9 30 61 Essex & Lambton
Multiple Resistant Waterhemp
PursuitAtrazineRoundup
Schryver, UGSchryver, UGSchryver, UG
Glyphosate Resistant
Multiple Resistant
Multiple Resistant Waterhemp
Glyphosate Resistant Waterhemp
in Soybean
Sikkema, UGSikkema, UG
1. Target site resistance …
a. Occurs when the herbicide reaches the target site at a
lethal dose but there are changes at the target site that limit
herbicide impact
2. Non-target site resistance …
a. Involves mechanisms that minimize the amount of active
herbicide that reaches the target site
Classifications
Why are these weeds resistant?
Target Site Resistance
1. Single amino acid substitution (2-3 fold resistance)
a. Position 106 of the EPSPS enzyme
b. Proline to threonine, serine or alanine
2. Double amino acid substitution – goosegrass (>100 fold
resistance)
a. Position 102 and 106 of the EPSPS enzyme
i. TIPS
a. Threonine to isoleucine - T102I
b. Proline to serine – P106S
Altered Target Site
Target Site Resistance
Double amino acid substitution - goosegrass
Sensitive Proline 106 Serine
Threonine 102
Isoleucine
Proline 106 SerineControl
Sprayed with glyphosate
Powles, UWAPowles, UWAPowles, UWAPowles, UWA
1. Waterhemp in Ontario
Gene Amplification
Target Site Resistance
Sikkema, UG
2. 6-13 extra copies of the EPSPS gene
(Tranel, UI)
= Susceptible
= Resistant
1. Canada fleabane
a. Less than half as much glyphosate is
translocated to the roots (Feng et al.
2004) and apical meristem (Ge et al.
2009)
Reduced Translocation
Sensitive
Non-Target Site Resistance
Glyphosate is translocated
from the treated leaf
throughout the plant
1. Canada fleabane
a. Less than half as much glyphosate is
translocated to the roots (Feng et al.
2004) and apical meristem (Ge et al.
2009)
Sensitive
Reduced Translocation
Non-Target Site Resistance
Resistant
Glyphosate remains
in the treated leaf
2. Sequestration in the vacuole
a. Canada fleabane
i. Susceptible - 15%
ii. Resistant - 85%Susceptible biotype
Resistant biotype
15%
85%
Exclusion/Sequestration
Non-Target Site
Resistance
How can GR Canada fleabane be
controlled in a corn/soybean/wheat
rotation?
Sikkema, UGSikkema, UGSikkema, UG
Glyphosate Resistant Canada Fleabane in Corn
Sikkema, UG Sikkema, UG
Sikkema, UGSikkema, UG
Average 65% corn yield loss on Ontario farms – up to 99%
Glyphosate Resistant Canada Fleabane
50
51
70
65
89
0 20 40 60 80 100
Atrazine
Banvel
Marksman
Callisto+Atrazine
Broadstrike RC
Converge+Atrazine
Integrity
Primextra
Battalion
Weed Control (%)
Summary of 6 experiments
Corn - Preplant
Sikkema, UG
Glyphosate Resistant Canada Fleabane
50
90
95
91
51
70
92
65
89
0 20 40 60 80 100
Atrazine
Banvel
Marksman
Callisto+Atrazine
Broadstrike RC
Converge+Atrazine
Integrity
Primextra
Battalion
Weed Control (%)
Corn - Preplant
Sikkema, UG
Weedy Check
Canada Fleabane - Corn - PP
Callisto + Atrazine (91%)
Integrity (92%) Marksman (95%)
Sikkema, UG
Sikkema, UGSikkema, UG
Sikkema, UG
Glyphosate Resistant Canada Fleabane
13
71
38
72
76
67
42
43
38
0 20 40 60 80 100
Roundup
2,4-D
Atrazine
Banvel
Distinct
Marksman
Pardner + Atrazine
Peak + Banvel
Callisto + Atrazine
Impact + Atrazine
Vios G3
Liberty
Permit
Weed Control (%)
Summary of 6 experiments
Corn - Postemergence
Sikkema, UG
Glyphosate Resistant Canada Fleabane
13
71
38
96
91
96
91
72
76
67
42
43
38
0 20 40 60 80 100
Roundup
2,4-D
Atrazine
Banvel
Distinct
Marksman
Pardner + Atrazine
Peak + Banvel
Callisto + Atrazine
Impact + Atrazine
Vios G3
Liberty
Permit
Weed Control (%)
Corn - Postemergence
Sikkema, UG
Weedy Check
Canada Fleabane - Corn - POST
Pardner + Atrazine (91%)
Marksman (96%)Banvel (96%)
Sikkema, UG
Sikkema, UG Sikkema, UG
Sikkema, UG
Glyphosate Resistant Canada Fleabane in Soybean
Sikkema, UG
Average 70% soybean yield loss on Ontario farms – up to 99%
Sikkema, UG
Sikkema, UG
Kent County
Kent County
Kent County
Sikkema, UG
Herbicide %
R+2,4-D 73
R+Aim 29
R+Liberty 74
R+Gramoxone 80
R+Eragon 77
R+Integrity 84
R+FirstRate 74
R+Classic 75
R+Valtera 29
Guardian Plus 72
Herbicide %
R+Classic 65
R+FirstRate 73
R+Lorox 37
R+Sencor 85
R+Broadstrike 73
R+Pursuit 30
R+Command 20
R+Fierce 22
Guardian Plus 56
R+Conquest 26
Herbicide %
R+Blazer 13
R+Reflex 16
R+Basagran 32
R+Pinnacle 17
R+Classic 45
R+FirstRate 51
R+Pursuit 25
R+Cleansweep 24
Flexstar 20
These 29 tankmixes were evaluated and
did NOT provide acceptable control …
Preplant Burndown
Herbicides
Soil Applied Residual
Herbicides
Postemergence
Herbicides
The bottom line in Canada
fleabane management is
that we are trying to
avoid having to control it
with postemergence
herbicides, since they
largely do not work.
Dr. Mark Loux
Ohio State University
Glyphosate Resistant
Canada Fleabane
Flexstar
Baker, Clark Agri Service
Herbicide %
R+2,4-D 73
R+Aim 29
R+Liberty 74
R+Gramoxone 80
R+Eragon 77
R+Integrity 84
R+FirstRate 74
R+Classic 75
R+Valtera 29
Guardian Plus 72
Herbicide %
R+Classic 65
R+FirstRate 73
R+Lorox 37
R+Sencor 85
R+Broadstrike 73
R+Pursuit 30
R+Command 20
R+Fierce 22
Guardian Plus 56
R+Conquest 26
Herbicide %
R+Blazer 13
R+Reflex 16
R+Basagran 32
R+Pinnacle 17
R+Classic 45
R+FirstRate 51
R+Pursuit 25
R+Cleansweep 24
Flexstar 20
These 29 tankmixes were evaluated and
did NOT provide acceptable control …
Preplant Burndown
Herbicides
Soil Applied Residual
Herbicides
Postemergence
Herbicides
56
0 20 40 60 80 100
90-100%
80-89%
70-79%
50-69%
0-49%
% of studies
Summary of 25 studies in Essex and Kent county
Consistency of Control?
Sikkema, UG
Roundup + Eragon is the foundation for
GR Canada Fleabane control, but …
56
8
8
8
20
0 20 40 60 80 100
90-100%
80-89%
70-79%
50-69%
0-49%
% of studies
Summary of 25 studies in Essex and Kent county
Consistency of Control?
Sikkema, UG
Roundup + Eragon is the foundation for
GR Canada Fleabane control, but …
Variable control
Glyphosate Resistant Canada Fleabane
Roundup + Eragon
Sikkema, UG Sikkema, UG
The variable emergence pattern of Canada fleabane
and its tendency to emerge late in the season,
means there are no “bullet-proof” Canada fleabane
management programs
Dr. Mark Loux
Ohio State University
Glyphosate Resistant Canada Fleabane
8085 88 89 87 84
78
0
20
40
60
80
100
6 am 9 am 12 pm 3 pm 6 pm 9 pm 12 am
Glyphosate Resistant Canada Fleabane Control
Roundup + Eragon + Merge
Weed C
ontr
ol (%
) 8 W
AA
Time of Day affects
GR Canada Fleabane Control
Budd, UG
36
4043 45 43 42
39
0
10
20
30
40
50
6 am 9 am 12 pm 3 pm 6 pm 9 pm 12 am
Soybean Yield (bu/ac)
Roundup + Eragon + Merge
Soybean Y
ield
(bu/a
c)
Time of Day affects
Soybean Yield
Budd, UG
12
84
0 20 40 60 80 100
Roundup
Roundup + Eragon
Roundup + Eragon +2,4-D
Roundup + Eragon +Gramoxone
Roundup + Eragon +Sencor
GR Canada fleabane control (%) – 8 WAA
New Tankmixes
Budd, UG
Three-way tankmixes with Roundup + Eragon for
Glyphosate Resistant Canada Fleabane control?
12
84
92
95
97
0 20 40 60 80 100
Roundup
Roundup + Eragon
Roundup + Eragon +2,4-D
Roundup + Eragon +Gramoxone
Roundup + Eragon +Sencor
GR Canada fleabane control (%) – 8 WAA
Budd, UG
Three-way tankmixes provide effective control
Canada Fleabane in Wheat
Sikkema, UG Sikkema, UG
Sikkema, UGBrown, UG
89
72
81
62
61
80
59
0 20 40 60 80 100
2,4-D ester
MCPA ester
Target
Estaprop
Buctril M
Refine M
Trophy
Infinity
Peak+Pardner
Visual Weed Control (%)
Summary of 18 experiments
Winter Wheat
Sikkema, UG
Glyphosate Resistant Canada Fleabane
89
72
92
81
62
61
80
92
59
0 20 40 60 80 100
2,4-D ester
MCPA ester
Target
Estaprop
Buctril M
Refine M
Trophy
Infinity
Peak+Pardner
Weed Control (%)
Winter Wheat
Sikkema, UG
Glyphosate Resistant Canada Fleabane
Weedy Check
Canada Fleabane – Wheat - POST
Trophy Infinity
MCPA
Sikkema, UG Sikkema, UG
Sikkema, UGSikkema, UG
Resistant Canada Fleabane In Ontario
Conclusion
Our research indicates and practices by
Ontario farmers show that this is a
manageable problem
Can Glyphosate Resistant Canada
Fleabane be managed in soybean?
Sikkema, UG Sikkema, UG
Sikkema, UG
Resistant Canada Fleabane In Ontario
Conclusion
Our research indicates and practices
by Ontario farmers show that this is a
manageable problem,
BUT
Ontario farmers will lose a tremendous
amount of money due to …
a) Increased herbicide cost
b) Yield loss due to GR Canada
fleabane interference
1. Corn
a. PP – Banvel, Callisto + atrazine, Integrity or Marksman
b. POST – Banvel, Distinct, Marksman or Pardner +
atrazine
2. Soybean
a. PP – Eragon (or Optill or Integrity) + Sencor
b. Roundup Xtend, Xtendimax or Engenia in RR2 Xtend
soybean
3. Wheat
a. POST - Infinity
Summary
How can I control GR Canada fleabane?
Can Ontario Farmers Eliminate this
Problem through Good Management?
Sikkema, UG
This takes guts to say publiclyDr. Michael Owen, Iowa State University
The evolution of glyphosate resistant weeds is not a
problem with the herbicide, glyphosate, or the
Roundup Ready technology.
Glyphosate resistant weeds developed because of the
way we used glyphosate and the Roundup Ready
technology.
North American corn and soybean
farmers have indicated by their
purchasing patterns that they value
Roundup Ready crops and the use of
glyphosate for weed control
Dr. Peter Sikkema
University of Guelph
I think you will agree …
1. It must be used less frequently, or
2. It must be used differently than it was
in the past
I think you will also agree …
For farmers to continue to get benefit
from this technology in the future …
Insanity: doing the same thing over and over
again and expecting different resultsAlbert Einstein
Cropping system diversity is the
foundation for resistance management
Dr. Stephen Powles
University of Western Australia
Glyphosate Stewardship
1. Would you consider …
Glyphosate Stewardship
Adding a non-RR crop to your rotation, or, adding an additional
non-RR crop to your diversified crop rotation?
a. Conventional corn
b. IP soybean
c. Cereals - Winter wheat or spring cereals
d. Dry beans
e. Forages
333
223
78
58
0 100 200 300 400
14.0
10.5
7.0
3.5
14.0 10.5 7.0 3.5
Canola
Reithmuller,
DAFWA
Glyphosate Stewardship
Narrow row widthsRow Width
Inches
Reithmuller,DAFWA
Reithmuller,DAFWA
Weed seed production (#/m2)
Diverse Crop Rotations
Sikkema, UG
Sikkema, UG Sikkema, UG
2. Would you consider…
Glyphosate Stewardship
Applying multiple herbicide modes-of-action on every acre,
every year by using a two-pass weed control program?
a. Corn
i. Converge, Engarde, Integrity, Lumax, Primextra
b. Soybean
i. Boundary, Canopy, Conquest, Fierce, Freestyle,
Integrity, Optill, Pursuit or TriActor
Glyphosate Stewardship
Applying multiple herbicide modes-of-action on every acre,
every year by adding a tankmix partner to Roundup applied
POST?
a. Corn
i. Banvel, Halex, Marksman, Vios G3
b. Soybean
i. Classic, FirstRate, Flexstar, Pursuit
3. Would you consider …
Multiple Crops & Multiple Herbicide Modes-of-action
Crop Timing Herbicide Group
Corn POST Distinct 4, 19
Glyphosate Stewardship
Glyphosate Resistant Canada Fleabane
Multiple Crops & Multiple Herbicide Modes-of-action
Crop Timing Herbicide Group
Corn POST Distinct 4, 19
Soybean PP Eragon + Sencor 14, 5
Glyphosate Stewardship
Glyphosate Resistant Canada Fleabane
Multiple Crops & Multiple Herbicide Modes-of-action
Crop Timing Herbicide Group
Corn POST Distinct 4, 19
Soybean PP Eragon + Sencor 14, 5
Wheat POST Infinity 27, 6
Six modes-of-action over a three-year, three-crop rotation
Glyphosate Stewardship
Glyphosate Resistant Canada Fleabane
4. Would you consider …
Glyphosate Stewardship
Strategically incorporating some of the alternate/new
technologies when they become available rather than relying
on Roundup Ready exclusively?
a. Corn
i. Liberty Link, Enlist
b. Soybean
i. Liberty Link, RR2 Xtend, Enlist, Balance Soybean
5. Would you consider …
Glyphosate Stewardship
Including tillage at strategic points in your diversified crop
rotation?
Cowbrough, OMAFSikkema, UG
6. Would you consider …
Glyphosate Stewardship
Seeding a cover crop after winter wheat harvest to reduce
Canada fleabane emergence?
Sikkema, UG
No cover crop after combining wheat Tillage radish + crimson clover + annual
ryegrass
Cholette UGCholette UG
7. Would you consider …
Glyphosate Stewardship
Inter-seeding a cover crop in your corn to
reduce Canada fleabane emergence?Schaus, Maizex
Schaus, Maizex
8. Would you consider …
Glyphosate Stewardship
Making near-perfect weed control your objective in your
corn/soybean/wheat rotation?
a. Reduce weed seed return to the soil
Sikkema, UGSikkema, UGSikkema, UG
Corn Soybean Wheat
Glyphosate Stewardship
The intensive use of glyphosate in the absence
of other weed management tools is not a
sustainable practice.
Dr. John Soteres
Monsanto
February 2013
Closing Quotes
We found that grower management practices
were the number one factor that influenced
the selection for glyphosate resistant
waterhemp on individual farms.
Dr. Pat J. Tranel
University of Illinois
Glyphosate Stewardship
Closing Quotes
That Ontario farmers will implement weed
management practices that limit the
selection of additional glyphosate resistant
weeds. This will ensure the usefulness of
glyphosate and Roundup Ready crops for
many years in the future.
Dr. Peter Sikkema
University of Guelph
Glyphosate Stewardship
My hope is …
Acknowledgements
• Graduate Students – Joe Vink,
Joanna Follings, Holly Byker, Laura
Ford, Annemarie Van Wely, Scott
Ditschun, Chris Budd, Mike Schryver,
Taiga Cholette, Brittany Hedges,
James Ferrier
• Research Technician - Chris Kramer
• Summer research assistants
• Funding agencies
If you do not have glyphosate resistance on your
farm yet – adopt
Integrated Weed Management
now.
Use glyphosate judiciously at strategic points in
your long term crop rotation.
Dr. Peter Sikkema
University of Guelph
Glyphosate Stewardship
Final Thoughts
Farmers need to know what weeds they're
dealing with, what resistance exists, select
the right herbicide, and then “micro-manage”
each field.
Glyphosate Stewardship
Final Thoughts
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