herbs as raw material
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DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACOGNOSYMANIPAL (2009-2011)
HERBS AS RAW MATERIAL
CONTENTS:
DEFINITIONS SOURCE, IDENTIFICATION AND
AUTHENTICATION OF PLANT MATERIAL
DRYING
PROCESSING OF HERBAL RAW MATERIAL
INTRODUCTION
HERB: plant whose stem do not produce woody, persistent tissue
and generally dies back at the end of each growing season
HERBAL MEDICINE:
medicine made from plants used to prevent disease or promote health
HERBAL MEDICINAL PRODUCT: products consisting as active substance exclusively
herbal drug/ drug preparations. HERBAL DRUG PREPARATION: preparation obtained by subjecting herbal medicine to
treatment
SELECTION, IDENTIFICATION & AUTHENTICATION OF PLANT MATERIAL
SELECTION: selection of plant materials is performed by different
approaches:a) Totally random selectionb) Specific selection: using ethno pharmacological
reports c) Restricting the plants of interest to groups a) Novel approach: Computer based selection method, LIST, Botanical
facts chemotaxonomic information using NAPRALERT DATABASE
IDENTIFICATION OF PLANTS
Botanical identification By a taxonomist Disadvantages To be compared with:
The current scientific literatureAn authenticated reference specimen
AUTHENTICATION
The proper authentication is critically important to safety and efficacy of herbal medicine
Major methods employed in authentication are: Macroscopic examination Microscopic examination Physical examination Chemical examination Chromatographic examination DNA based technique using marker substances
Colour Size Odor and taste
MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION Palisade ratio Vein islet no.& Vein termination number Stomatal index, arrangement of stomata Shape & structure of trichome Presence or absence of mucilage, starch
or lignin
MACROSCOPIC EXAMINATION:
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION Ash value and extractive Melting point and viscosity Moisture content Foreign organic matter Volatile oil content Solubility
CHEMICAL EXAMINATION Chemical tests Chemical assays
CHROMATOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION
Thin layer chromatography-widely employed
High performance liquid chromatography
Gas chromatography
DRYING It consists of removal of moisture so as to
improve its quality and make it resistant to micro organisms.
Inhibits partially enzymatic reaction & dilution Facilitates grinding of crude drug Special methods like fermentation in case of
Cinnamomum zelynicum bark & Gentian roots are required to attain standards. Slicing & cutting in to small pieces to enhance
drying in case of Glycrriza, Squill, Calumba Flowers are dried in shade to retain their
colour & volatile oil.
TYPES OF DRYING
NATURAL DRYING
ARTIFICIAL DRYING: Oven (tray dryer/ oven dryer) Vacuum drier Spray drier
TRAY DRIER
VACUUM DRYER
SPRAY DRIER
SPRAY DRIER
PROCESSING
To preserve it for longer time and for better pharmaceutical elegance.
Should be carried out in clean environment All equipments used should be of SLS.
Steps involved are:1. Dressing/ garbling2. Packing
Dressing/ garbling: This is done when sand, dirt and foreign
organic matter not containing drug are present.
E.g. stalk in case of cloves, drug containing rhizomes is to be separated from stem bases and rootlets, spices of bark removed like gum acacia( Cinnamomum)
Packing: The qualities of herbal products should be
preserved and should be protected from climatic conditions.
E.g. Aloe packed in goat skin, Balsam of tolu & colophony are packed in kerosene tins.
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