history of fingerprinting
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History of Fingerprinting
1
Tim Redmond, MSCJ
Ancient History Friction ridge skin impressions were used as proof of a
person’s identity in China as early as 300 B.C.
In Japan as early as A.D 702
In the United States since 1902
Tim Redmond, MSCJ
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Chinese Earthenware Earthenware containing fingerprint impressions estimated to
be 6000 years old was found at an archaeological site in
northwest China
Oldest found to date
Unknown if they were deposited accidentally or with a
specific intent.
Tim Redmond, MSCJ
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221 B.C. to A.D 1637 Chinese paper entitled “The Volume of Crime Scene
Investigations-Burglary” from the Qin Dynasty (221-208 B.C)
mentions how handprints were used as a type of evidence.
Used in clay impressions on documents and books as
author’s signature
After the invention of paper by the Chinese in A.D. 105 it was
standard to use handprints or fingerprints on documents
Tim Redmond, MSCJ
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Japan Enacted a law in A.D. 702 that if a man could not
write, another man could write the document for him after
which he would he would sign it with his own index finger.
Indicates that the Japanese had some understanding of the
individuality of fingerprints.
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India Belief that the use of handprints was adopted by the nobility
in India as a stamp on official documents
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17th and 18th Centuries In 1684 Dr. Nehemiah Grew described in friction ridge skin in
detail.
Marked the beginning in the Western Hemisphere of friction ridge
skin observations and characterizations.
In 1687 the Italian physiologist, Marcello Malpighi published a
paper of the function, form, and structure of friction ridges.
He was also the first person to use the newly invented
microscope for medical studies.
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1788 J.C. Mayer a German doctor and anatomist wrote a book
about the uniqueness of friction ridges.
Contained drawings of friction ridge patterns
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19th Century Thomas Berwick an English wood engraver and ornithologist
left wood engravings of his fingermark of several wood
engravings of birds and other animals between 1809 and
1826.
Very detailed engravings
Unknown if Berwick understood the value of friction ridge skin for
individualization.
Tim Redmond, MSCJ
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In 1823 Dr. Johannes E. Purkinje, a German university
professor wrote a thesis in which he classified fingerprint
patterns into nine categories.
These became the precursor to the Henry classification system.
German anthropologist, Hermann Welker, wrote on the study
of fingerprint permanence.
Printed his own hand in 1856 and again in 1897.
Tim Redmond, MSCJ
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1858 Sir William James Hershchel is generally recognized as the
first person to study the persistence of friction ridges.
Started while serving as the British Administrator in India
In 1877 after being appointed as a Magistrate in the Calcutta
area of India he started recording friction ridges as a means of
individualization.
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As a Magistrate, Herschel, was able to order the
fingerprinting of prisoners, deed registration, and pension
payments.
Wrote a letter known as the “Hooghly Letter” to British
officials encouraging the use of fingerprints to be expanded
to other geographic areas.
Continued the study of friction ridges throughout his lifetime
and published a paper on their permanence
Tim Redmond, MSCJ
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1877 A lecture by Thomas Taylor, a microscopist for the U.S.
Department of Agriculture, concerning prints and their
application concerning crime solutions when bloody prints
were found on a crime scene.
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1879 Alphonse Bertilion, a clerk, for the police in Paris, France
started devising a system of body measurements to be used
for criminal identification.
Known as Anthropometry
Implemented in 1882
Eventually named as the Chief of he Department of Judicial
Identity in 1888
Recognized as the father of criminal identification
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After experimentation proved the usefulness of friction ridges
it was added to the anthropometric file
Anthropometry was used from 1882 until 1914 when it was
replaced by fingerprinting.
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1883 Dr. Arthur Kollman of Germany published an research article
that friction ridges were formed during the forth month of fetal
life.
He also was the first to identify the presence and locations of
volar pads on the hands and feet.
Tim Redmond, MSCJ
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1891 The French medical/legal scientist, Rene Forgeot published a
thesis in which he proposed using powders and chemicals to
develop latent prints at crime scenes in order to individualize
the person who had touched an object.
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1892 Sir Francis Galton, a prominent scientist authored the first
book on fingerprints
Established the uniqueness and permanence of friction ridge skin
Also identified and defined the minutiae within a print.
While Galton was doing research that would advance the
science of fingerprints, fingerprints were being used in
practical applications.
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1880 Henry Faulds, a British Medical Missionary opened a hospital
in Japan.
Found pottery on a beach which contained friction ridge
impressions which lead him to study friction ridge detail on
people and monkeys.
Communicated his findings to Charles Darwin (Evolutionist)
Published an article about friction ridges and proposed it’s
use at crime scenes.
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1892 Juan Vucetich, a statistician for the Central Police
Department in La Plata, Argentina was promoted to the head
of Anthropometric Identification.
Had started experimenting with fingerprints after reading a copy
of Galton’s book.
-Implemented his own classification system for the bureau in
1892 for the individualism of criminal prisoners.
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First practical use of fingerprint science by law enforcement
In 1892 a murder in Buenos Aires was solved when an
investigator trained by Vucetich discovered a bloody print at
the crime scene which matched that of Francesca Rojas
whose two daughters had been murdered and she blamed a
man who was jealous because she loved someone else.
First homicide case ever solved by fingerprint evidence.
Tim Redmond, MSCJ
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1897 In 1894 Sir Richard Henry, Inspector of Police in Bengali,
India began collaborating with Sir Francis Galton on a
method for the classification of fingerprints and the Henry
System was developed.
After outside review the Henry Fingerprint Classification
System was found to be superior to Anthropometry, and was
sanctioned as the means for the identification of prisoners.
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1900 In England, the Belper Committee, after hearing testimony on
the application of fingerprints for individualization and the
Henry Classification System it became the standard of
practice in England.
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1902 Alphonse Bertillon, was called upon to assist in a murder
investigation in France.
Located and photographed bloody prints on broken glass at the
scene
Determined the prints were not those of the victim
Started a search of his anthropometric cards which by that time
had fingerprints added to them.
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Found a card which contained fingerprints which matched the
prints taken from the scene.
Murder suspect arrested and convicted.
Bertillon given credit for solving the first murder in Europe with
the use of only fingerprint evidence.
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1902 New York Civil Service Commission started printing
applicants to prevent impostors from taking tests for
unqualified applicants.
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1903 American Fingerprint Classification System developed in
New York by Captain James Parke after all prisoners were
fingerprinted upon release
This was the first systematic use of fingerprinting for criminal record
purposes in the United States.
William West and Will West incident at Ft. Leavenworth
Prison
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1904 Fingerprint identification was in a display booth at the World’s
Fair in St Louis which was manned by Inspector John Kenneth Ferrier of New Scotland, and made presentations to law enforcement officials from throughout the U.S.
Remained in the U.S. to teach others about fingerprinting to include development of latent prints with powders.
Those he trained went on to teach fingerprinting science to law enforcement and military personnel throughout the rest of America.
Fingerprinting of all inmates at Ft. Leavenworth Prison began which was the beginning of the U.S. Government’s fingerprint collection.
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1905 Inspector Charles Collins, Scotland Yard, testified about the
identification of a suspect’s fingerprint on a cash box in a
murder case. (Deptford Murder Trial) During which he
Explained the classification system
The individualization of fingerprints
Used a chart to point out matching ridge detail
That in his years of experience he had never found two people
having the same fingerprint.
First trial in England where fingerprints were used as
evidence.
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1910-1911
People v. Jennings (Illinois Case)
Testimony from fingerprint experts concerning latent prints found
on a murder scene belonging to the defendant which lead to a
murder conviction.
Defense appealed the use of fingerprint evidence and expert
witness testimony
One of the experts was Mary Holland, a Navy Fingerprint Trainer
and first American female instructor of fingerprinting.
In a Landmark Decision for fingerprinting the conviction was
upheld by the Illinois Supreme Court.
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1911 People v. Crispi
Burglary case with only fingerprint evidence
Lt. Joseph Faurot presented evidence identifying the defendant’s
latent prints on a pane of glass.
Did a courtroom demonstration using jurors and other courtroom
personnel
Defendant changed plea to guilty
Believed to be the first U.S. case where defendant was convicted
by fingerprint evidence alone.
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1914 Dr. Edmund Locard, Director of the Laboratory of Police at
Lyon, France
Published “The Legal Evidence by the Fingerprints”
Had been a student of Alphonse Bertillon
Example of law enforcement personnel conducting research into
fingerprint science
Known for the “Locard Theory of Exchange”
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1924 FBI Identification Division established
Originally started with 810,188 criminal fingerprint files
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1939 State v. Johnson
Supreme Court of Washington State allowed the used of certified
copies of fingerprints to convict a defendant of being a habitual
offender
Instead of having officials from other locations to testify to prior
convictions
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1939 First use in the United States of fingerprinting in a disaster
USS Squalus, a submarine, sank 240 feet to the bottom of
the ocean
U.S. Navy Identification Division identified all of the
recovered bodies through fingerprint identification.
Tim Redmond, MSCJ
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1940 FBI participated for the first time in a disaster identification
Crash of an airliner in Lovettstville, Louisiana
FBI Agent and clerk on board
Members of the FBI fingerprint identification section dispatched
Fingerprints assisted in the identification of victims
Beginning of the FBI Disaster Response Unit
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1953 Salil Kumar Chatterjeee, Calcutta, India; published the book
Finger, Palm, and Sole Prints.
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1960’s FBI criminal fingerprint file grows to over 15 million
individuals
65 million in civilian file due to WW II and Korean War
30,000 cards hand searched daily
Punch card sorting introduced
FBI started meeting with representatives of police from U.K.,
France, and Japan to discuss the feasibility of computerizing
fingerprint files.
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1966 to 1999 FBI puts out RFP’s for the development of fingerprint
readers
1975-1976 electronic processers built by Rockwell
International were delivered
Took three years to convert 15 million fingerprint cards
State and local agencies started automating their files
1983 San Francisco PD Experiment
1999 Over 500 AFIS sites worldwide
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