homeostasis endocrine system nervous system
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2004-2005
Homeostasis
Endocrine System
Nervous System
2004-2005
Regulation
Why are hormones needed?
chemical messages from one
body part to another
communication needed to
coordinate whole body
homeostasis & regulation
metabolism
growth
development
maturation
reproduction
growth hormones
2004-2005
Regulation & Communication
Animals rely on 2 systems for regulation
endocrine system (video) ductless gland which secrete
chemical signals directly into blood chemical travels to target tissue
slow, long-lasting response
nervous system system of neurons, central
nerve system transmits “electrical” signal to
target tissue
fast, short-lasting response
2004-2005
Regulation by chemical messengers
AxonNeurotransmitter
Endocrine gland
Receptor proteins
Hormonecarried by blood
Target cell
Neurotransmitters released by neurons
Hormones release by endocrine glands
Classes of Hormones
Protein-based hormones
polypeptides small proteins: insulin, ADH
glycoproteins large proteins + carbohydrate: FSH, LH
amines modified amino acids: epinephrine, melatonin
Lipid-based hormones
steroids modified cholesterol: sex hormones,
aldosterone
How do hormones act on target cells
Lipid-based hormones
lipid-soluble
diffuse across membrane & enter cells
bind to receptor proteins in cytoplasm &
then this hormone-receptor complex moves
into nucleus
bind to receptor proteins in nucleus
Receptor protein + hormone bind to
DNA and stimulate transcription
Transcription: making an RNA copy of
DNA
2004-2005
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Steroid hormone (S) passes through plasma membrane.
Inside target cell, the steroid hormone binds to a specific receptor protein in the cytoplasm or nucleus.
Hormone-receptor complex enters nucleus & binds to DNA, causing gene transcription
Protein is produced.
Protein synthesis is induced.
Plasma membrane
DNAmRNA
Protein
Steroidhormone
Blood plasma
Proteincarrier
1
2
2
3
3
5
5 4
4
S
S
S
1
S
Action of steroid (lipid) hormones
2004-2005
How do hormones act on target cellsSignal molecule
Cell surface receptor
enzyme
G protein
cAMP
Targetprotein
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
ATP
Protein-based hormones
hydrophilic & not lipid soluble can’t diffuse across
membrane
trigger secondary (2°) messenger pathway transmit “signal” across
membrane
usually activates a series of 2° messengers
activate cellular response enzyme action, uptake or
secretion of molecules, etc.
Action of protein hormones
3
4
GTPactivatesenzyme
activatesenzyme
activatesenzyme
Receptorprotein
cAMP
Proteinhormone
ATP
1
2
Cytoplasm
Produces an action
protein
messenger
cascade
G protein
2004-2005
Benefits of a 2° messenger system
Amplification!
Signal molecule Receptor protein Activated adenylyl cyclase
Amplification
Amplification
Amplification
Amplification
GTP G protein
2
1
3
4
5
6
7
Enzymatic product
Enzyme
Protein kinase
cAMP
Not yetactivated
2004-2005
Ductless
glands release
hormones into
blood
Endocrine system
Duct glands = exocrine
(tears, salivary)
Glands Pineal
melatonin
Pituitary
many hormones: master gland
Thyroid
thyroxine
Adrenal
adrenaline
Pancreas
insulin, glucagon
Ovary
estrogen
Testes
testosterone
2004-2005
Major vertebrate hormones (1)
Major vertebrate hormones (2)
2004-2005
Endocrine & Nervous system links
Hypothalamus = “master control center”
nervous system
receives information from nerves around body
about internal conditions
regulates release of hormones from pituitary
Pituitary gland = “master gland”
endocrine system
secretes broad range
of hormones
regulating other
glands
2004-2005
Thyroid gland
Hypothalamus
Anteriorpituitary
Gonadotropic hormones:Follicle-stimulatinghormone (FSH) & luteinizing hormone (LH)
Mammaryglandsin mammals
Musclesof uterus
Kidneytubules
Posteriorpituitary
Thyroid-stimulating Hormone(TSH)
Antidiuretic hormone(ADH)
Adrenalcortex
Boneand muscle Testis
Ovary
Melanocytein amphibian
Maintaining homeostasis (video)
high
low
hormone 1
lowersbody condition
hormone 2
gland
specific body condition
raisesbody condition
gland
Feedback
Negative Feedback
Response to changed body condition
if body is high or low from normal level
signal tells body to make changes that will
bring body back to normal level
once body is back
to normal level,
signal is
turned off
high
hormone 1
lowersbody condition
gland
specific body condition
liver
pancreas
liver
Regulation of Blood Sugar
blood sugar level(90mg/100ml)
insulin
body cells takeup sugar
from blood
liver storessugar
reducesappetite
glucagon
pancreas
liver releases
sugartriggershunger
high
low
FeedbackEndocrine System Control
corpusluteumovary
Female reproductive cycle
pregnancy
maintainsuterus lining
no
yes
Feedback
estrogenegg
matures &is released(ovulation)
builds up uterus lining
FSH & LH
progesterone
progesterone
fertilized egg(zygote)
HCG
corpus luteum breaks downprogesterone drops
menstruation
corpusluteum
maintainsuterus lining
GnRH
pituitarygland
hypothalamus
Any Questions??
Nervous System
Nervous system cells
dendrites
cell body
axon
synapse
Neuron
a nerve cell
Structure fits function
many entry points for signal
one path out
transmits signalsignal direction
signal
direction
dendrite cell body axon
Neuron
Cells: surrounded by charged ions
Cells live in a sea of charged ions
anions (negative ions ) more concentrated within the cell
Cl-, charged amino acids
cations (positive ions) more concentrated in the extracellular fluid
Na+
Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+Na+ Na+ K+ Na+ Na+
Cl-
K+ Cl- Cl- Cl-
K+
aa-K+ Cl- Cl-
aa- aa-aa-
aa- aa-K+
K+channel
leaks K+ +
–
Resting Potential
Cells have voltage!
Opposite charges on opposite sides of
cell membrane
membrane is polarized
negative inside; positive outside
charge gradient
stored energy (like a battery)
+ + + + + + + ++ + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + ++ + + + + + +
– – – – – – – ––– – – – –
– – – – – – – ––– – – – –
How does a nerve impulse travel? Stimulus: nerve is stimulated
open Na+ channels in cell membrane membrane becomes very permeable to Na+
Na+ ions diffuse into cell
charges reverse at that point on neuron positive inside; negative outside
cell becomes depolarized
– + + + + + + ++ + + + + + +
– + + + + + + ++ + + + + + +
+ – – – – – – –– – – – – – –
+ – – – – – – –– – – – – – –
Na+
The 1stdomino is down
How does a nerve impulse travel?
Wave: nerve impulse travels down neuron change in charge opens other Na+ gates
in next section of cell
“voltage-gated” channels
Na+ ions continue to move into cell
“wave” moves down neuron = action potential
– – + + + + + +– + + + + + +
– – + + + + + +– + + + + + +
+ + – – – – – –+ – – – – – –
+ + – – – – – –+ – – – – – –
Na+
wave
The rest of the
dominoes fall
How does a nerve impulse travel?
Re-set: 2nd wave travels down neuron
K+ channels open up slowly
K+ ions diffuse out of cell
charges reverse back at that point negative inside; positive outside
+ – – + + + + +– – + + + + +
+ – – + + + + +– – + + + + +
– + + – – – – –+ + – – – – –
– + + – – – – –+ + – – – – –
Na+
K+
wave
Set dominoes back up quickly
How does a nerve impulse travel?
Combined waves travel down neuron
wave of opening ion channels moves
down neuron
signal moves in one direction
flow of K+ out of cell stops activation of Na+
channels in wrong direction
+ + – – + + + ++ – – + + + +
+ + – – + + + ++ – – + + + +
– – + + – – – –– + + – – – –
– – + + – – – –– + + – – – –
Na+
wave
K+Ready for next time!
How does a nerve impulse travel?
Action potential propagates
wave = nerve impulse, or action potential
brain finger tips in milliseconds!
+ + + + – – + ++ + + – – + +
+ + + + – – + ++ + + – – + +
– – – – + + – –– – – + + – –
– – – – + + – –– – – + + – –
Na+
K+
wave
In the blink of an
eye!
Voltage-gated channels Ion channels open & close in response to changes in
charge across membrane
Na+ channels open quickly in response to depolarization
& close slowly
K+ channels open slowly in response to depolarization &
close slowly
+ + + + + – + ++ + + + – – +
+ + + + + – + ++ + + + – – +
– – – – – + – –– – – – + + –
– – – – – + – –– – – – + + –
Na+
K+
wave
How does the nerve re-set itself? After firing a neuron has to re-set itself
Na+ needs to move back out
K+ needs to move back in
both are moving against concentration gradients
need a pump!!
+ + + + + – – ++ + + + + – –
+ + + + + – – ++ + + + + – –
– – – – – + + –– – – – – + +
– – – – – + + –– – – – – + +
Na+Na+Na+Na+
Na+ Na+Na+
K+K+K+K+ Na+ Na+
Na+Na+Na+
Na+Na+
Na+Na+
Na+
Na+
K+K+K+K+
K+K+
K+ K+
wave
A lot of work to do here!
How does the nerve re-set itself?
Na+ / K+ pump
active transport protein in membrane
requires ATP
3 Na+ pumped out
2 K+ pumped in
re-sets charge
across
membrane
That’s a lot of ATP!
Feed me some sugar quick!
Action Potential
Measuring cell voltage
unstimulated neuron = resting potential of -70mV
Action potential graph1. Resting potential
2. Stimulus reaches threshold potential
3. Na+ channels open; K+ channels closed
4. Na+ channels close; K+ channels open
5. Undershoot: K+ channels close slowly
Synaptic terminal
Chemicals stored in vesicles
release neurotransmitters diffusion of chemical across synapse conducts the
signal — chemical signal — across synapse
stimulus for receptors on dendrites of next neuron
synaptic terminal
neurotransmitter
chemicals
We switched…from an
electrical signalto a chemical
signal
Transmission Across a Synapse
Chemical synapse: follow the path• action depolarizes membrane
• triggers influx of Ca+
• vesicles fuse with membrane
• release neurotransmitter to cleft
• neurotransmitter bind with receptor
• neurotransmitter degraded / reabsorbedion-gated
channels
Nerve impulse in next neuron
Post-synaptic neuron
triggers nerve impulse in next nerve cell
chemical signal opens “ion-gated” channels
Na+ diffuses into cell
K+ diffuses out of cell
– + + + + + + ++ + + + + + +
– + + + + + + ++ + + + + + +
+ – – – – – – –– – – – – – –
+ – – – – – – –– – – – – – –
Na+
Here we go again!
Neurotransmitters Acetylcholine
transmit signal to skeletal muscle
Epinephrine (adrenaline) & norepinephrine
fight-or-flight response
Dopamine
widespread in brain
affects sleep, mood, attention & learning
lack of dopamine in brain associated with Parkinson’s disease
excessive dopamine linked to schizophrenia
Serotonin
widespread in brain
affects sleep, mood, attention & learning
snake toxin blocking
acetylcholinesterase active site
Acetylcholinesterase Enzyme which breaks
down neurotransmitter acetylcholine
inhibitors = neurotoxins
snake venom, sarin, insecticides
acetylcholinesterase
active site
in red
neurotoxin
in green
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