how to preserve audio (and video) richard wright bbc information & archives
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How to Preserve Audio(and video)
Richard Wright
BBC Information & Archives
www.prestospace.eu
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Overview The audiovisual preservation problem The “digitisation factory” solution Problems with the solution
Digitisation Factory approach Digital Preservation Funding, equipment, training … Rights
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The Problem: Analogue Media
DecayingObsoleteFragile
Presto Survey, 20015 million hours of holdings(10 European broadcasters)
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Decaying Obsolete Fragile
Obsolescence: at least 2/3 of the material Deterioration: approximately 1/3 of the
material Fragile media: roughly 1/4 of the material
Overall: 70% of holdings have problems
The Solution: digitisation
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Obsolescence Videotape
2”; 1”; U-Matic: no playback equipment Film
Disappearing in post production Audio formats
Grams : no playback equipment ¼” no longer accepted in BBC radio
production and playout systems
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Deterioration Videotape – decay of adhesive
2”; 1”; U-Matic (30% read failures at BBC) Audio – decay of adhesive
¼” tape (depends upon brand) Magnetic sound tracks
Vinegar syndrome Other Acetate – other sources of acetic acid Decay of film splices General decay of polymer materials
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Fragile Media Vinyl
and shellac Film
10 plays per print (videotape: 50) Video or audiotape can easily be
physically damaged or affected be magnetic fields
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Size of the Problem – in Europe
Presto: found 5 million hours 2001 Mainly broadcast archives
Prestospace: found 10 million hours 2004 Broadcast and large national collections
TAPE: found additional 20 million hours In collections not covered previously
UNESCO estimate: 200 million hours worldwide (100 million in Europe)
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Where is the material? Broadcast archives 30% (roughly) National collections 15% Other major collections 15% Small and specialist collections 40%
NB: all these figures refer to archived material ONLY
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The “digitisation factory” solution
Efficient workflow Staff specialisation Triage
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Problems with the solution 1: Digitisation
“You’re not preserving anything; you’re only making more proxies and adding to the problem.”
Not accepted as a solution for film Not easy to implement for video (in full
quality) But – very much accepted for audio
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Problems with the solution 2: Factory approach
Works on homogeneous collections Of good quality material – and lots of it Which is well documented. Also requires excellent staff and
facilities
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Problems with the solution 3: Digital Preservation
Media
Multiple copies
Maintenance
Migration
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Media Datatape is cheaper that hard drives But needs an expensive tape drive And has reliability issues
Optical is cheapest of all But isn’t really mass storage (DVD=4.7 GB)
New DVD format(s) promise 20 to 100 GB And has reliability issues
Hard drives prices have dropped sharply Easiest to automate management And has reliability issues
More information from PrestoSpace:prestospace.eu (“digitisation & storage”)
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Multiple copies
Two copies Two technologies
In two places
But fastest recovery is by mirroring Which means identical technologies
Big arguments about RAID vs simpler options vs more complex options
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Maintenance
Life cycle management Should be every archive’s
built-in process Begins with blank media
Then the writing Then the initial checking Then the periodic checking and ‘aerobics’
Ends with migration to the next format
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Migration
A fact of life Every five years Can involve a lot of manual handling (of
datatapes or optical media) Or can be nearly transparant (disc
upgrades) – but: every three years! Needs lossless file formats
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Problems with the solution 4: Funding, equipment, training …
TAPE – Training for Audiovisual Preservation in Europe
IASA TC04: Guidelines on the Production and Preservation of Digital Audio Objects
ARSC PrestoSpace “Guide to Audiovisual
Preservation”
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Problems with the solution 5: Rights
Huge pressure for greater access Access is the key to funding (for
cultural / heritage collections) Web technology solves the technical
issues Rights limitations can be overcome:
Disclaimers; due diligence; escrow Creative Commons; Public value; Fair
Use; Educational and research use
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PrestoSpace Recommends Set up your own factory if you can OR: use somebody else’s
PrestoSpace working with the ‘facilities industry’ to convince them to give a high quality service at an affordable price
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How to get help: PrestoSpace: technology and support for
audiovisual preservation: information on the PrestoSpace websites, from TAPE training, and from the Preservation Guide wiki: www.prestospace.eu prestospace-sam.ssl.co.uk www.knaw.nl/ecpa/tape/ www.bbcarchive.org.uk
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