http:// sigmund freud (1856-1939) psychoanalysis

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Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

Psychoanalysis

The mind is like an iceberg.

Most of it is beneath the surface.

Parts of the mind

• According to Freud• Conscious mind

– Thoughts we are aware of– Examples?

• Unconscious mind– Wishes, thoughts, feelings, and memories of which we are

unaware– Largest part of the mind– How do we access?

• Preconscious mind– Temporary storage; memories easily brought into consciousness– Examples?

http://www.pierce.ctc.edu/staff/tlink/personality/home_topics.html

Freud’s theory

• People driven by biological desires–Food–Water–Sex–Aggression

The id, ego, and superego

• The Id– Unconscious mind– Life and death instincts– Life instincts = positive constructive behaviors– Death instincts = aggression and destructiveness– Pleasure principle

• Wants IMMEDIATE satisfaction regardless of society’s rules or rights/feelings of others

• Examples?

The id, ego, and superego

• The Ego– The self– Organizes ways to get what we want– Works out compromises with id (the reality principle)– Often “referees” between id and superego– Delayed gratification

• Examples?

The id, ego, and superego

• The Superego– Develops as we experience rules & values of society– Requires internalizing of values– Represents our sense of morality

• Examples?

http://www.pierce.ctc.edu/staff/tlink/personality/home_topics.html

Should I eat a bacon-double cheese burger?

• What would Id say?– “Yes. It is yummy and I am hungry.”

• What would Superego say?– “No. It is bad for my health. It is not an ecologically

sustainable way to eat.”

• How would Ego resolve conflict?– Use defense mechanism (rationalization) to satisfy id

and superego. “Well, just this one time won’t hurt. I’m in a big hurry and wouldn’t it be worse if I had a sensible meal and then had to speed to get to my meeting on time?”

How are the id, ego, and superego at work (or not)?

• Pastor Ted Haggard was the leader of America's largest evangelical Christian association, the founder and pastor of one of America's most famous mega-churches, a campaigner for "family values" and a vocal opponent of gay marriage legislation. Then a male prostitute came forward and claimed that Haggard had paid him for services and meth. Haggard admitted to having paid for a massage and said that he threw the drugs away.

• George and the éclair http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KKC5jjFkfgo

Freud’s theory

• Unresolved conflicts can lead to anxiety–Objective anxiety–Neurotic anxiety–Moral anxiety

• These are the warning bells!

Anxieties

• Objective anxiety– Fear of tangible dangers (fire, wild animals, etc.)– Bad when carried to extreme

• Neurotic anxiety– Fear of punishment for expressing id-dominated

behavior– Not afraid of instinct; afraid of punishment

• Moral anxiety– Conflict between id and superego– Often leads to shame and guilt

Freud’s theory

• Defense mechanisms–Unconscious

tactics–Goal

• Prevent threats from surfacing

• Disguise threats that do surface

Defense mechanisms

• Eight groups (each has a defense mechanism)

• Task– Page 403 in textbook– Explain to class how defense mechanism

works– Create a skit that shows defense mechanism

in action

Defense mechanisms

• Displacement • Group presentation• Valentine’s Day• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xS8G9Qcze6

g

Defense mechanisms

• Denial• Group presentation• The Big Bang Theory• http://www.youtube.com/watch?NR=1&v=qOfxG

R0K9jA&feature=endscreen

Defense mechanisms

• Rationalization• Group presentation• Yes Man• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r0MSWCzAfrY

Defense mechanisms

• Sublimation• Group presentation• Mean Girls• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GPDt6cMYvo

M

Defense mechanisms

• Reaction Formation • Group presentation• Happy Endings• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n21IeiboB3k

Defense mechanisms

• Regression• Group presentation• Friends• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E2xi7B3mkr0

&feature=autoplay&list=PL5C340852612A4869&lf=results_video&playnext=2

Defense mechanisms

• Repression• Group presentation• Big Bang Theory• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rl5Kag5cfyU

Defense mechanisms

• Projection• Group presentation• Friends• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wdYoKI7qxlE

&feature=related

Defense mechanisms

• How many different defense mechanisms can you identify?

• Friends• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hM2UV

_KAmls• Reflection exercise• Be conscious of your own defense

mechanisms. Which ones do you tend to exhibit? Explain!

Name that defense mechanism1. A physically abusive parent claiming that a beating is

good for the child. 2. An 8-year-old child whose parents are getting divorced

starts wetting the bed.3. A young woman forcing the memories of sexual abuse

into her unconscious mind.4. After suffering major losses in the stock market, Jim

trades in his luxury car for a small, cheaper car claiming that he wants to help stop air pollution.

1. Rationalization2. Regression3. Repression4. Reaction Formation

Name that defense mechanism5. After getting fired, Mr. James has been grumpy and short

with his wife.6. An aggressive young man takes up rugby to re-channel

his aggressive impulses.7. A student forgot that his dreaded final exam in geometry

was Friday, despite having it marked on his calendar for weeks.

8. A young woman failed a class at school. She asks her teacher what she can do to pass the course.

5. Displacement6. Sublimation7. Repression8. Denial

Name that defense mechanism9. A student plans to cheat on an upcoming exam, which

interprets the anxiety of students who desire to cheat on the exam.

10. A person frequently makes anti-gay slurs, yet harbors romantic feelings for a same-sex friend.

11.Tory was convicted for being a Peeping Tom. Now, he has left behind his sordid past and is a photographer for Playboy magazine.

12. After being criticized at work, Thomas argued with his wife and kicked the dog.

9. Rationalization10. Denial11. Sublimation12. Displacement

Freud’s theory

• Personality development– Develops through

childhood– Series of psycho-sexual

stages– Different part of body

becomes primary focus of pleasure

– Failure to resolve conflict can lead to fixation

Oral stage

• Birth to 18 months• Mouth is center of pleasure• Problems could arise if

weaned from breast or bottle too soon or too late

• Adult issues (if unresolved)– Smoking– Over eating– Talking too much

Anal stage

• Ages two to three• Toilet training (anus) is

center of pleasure• Problems could arise if too

soon or too late• Adult issues (if unresolved)• Anal retentive

– Stingy and neat

• Anal aggressive– Disorganized or impulsive

Anal stage

Phallic stage

• Ages three to six• Genitalia is center of

pleasure• Different for boys and girls• Unresolved conflicts lead to

relationship issues as adults

Phallic stage – Boys

• Sexual feelings for mother

• Unconsciously wants to get rid of father– Oedipus complex

• Ego represses desires• Boy strives to be like

father

Phallic stage – Girls• Strong feelings for

mother• Realizes she has no

penis– Penis envy

• Transfers feelings to father– Electra complex

• Ego represses desires• Girl strives to be like

mother

Latency stage• Age six until puberty• Sexual impulses

dormant• Child focuses on

education & other issues• Social skills develop• Children generally play

with same sex children

Genital stage• From puberty on• Genitals become source

of pleasure• Degree of fulfillment

depends on resolution of conflicts from earlier stages

Assessing the Unconscious• Freudian slips• Lapse in speech which

Freud believed reflected unconscious desires or beliefs

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hpu_iEsISuI

• Free association– Have patient do all of the

talking – about anything – and then interpret

• Dream analysis– Interpreting latent (hidden)

content of actual events (manifest content) of dreams

Neo-FreudiansAlfred Adler

Karen Horney

Carl Jung

Id impulses didn’t drive personalityDesire for control drove personality

People born with “life force”Introversion and extroversion developed personality

Womb envy – men can’t bear children; life less meaningfulCultural factors create inferiority in women – not penis envy

Modern Psychoanalysis• Reject:

– Psychosexual stages– Id, ego, superego

• Maintain: −Role of the unconscious−Inner conflicts and Defense

mechanisms