human reproduction system

HUMAN REPRODUCTION SYSTEM

created by:

NIKKO ADHITAMA

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MALE REPRODUCTION ORGAN ANATOMY…(1)

Erectile tissueof penis

Prostate gland

(Urinarybladder)

Bulbourethral gland

Vas deferensEpididymisTestis

Seminalvesicle(behind bladder)

Urethra

Scrotum

Glans penis

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Seminal vesicle

(Rectum)

Vas deferens

Ejaculatory duct

Prostate gland

Bulbourethral gland

(Urinarybladder)

(Pubic bone)

Erectiletissue of

penis

Urethra

Glans penis

PrepuceVas deferens

Epididymis

Testis

Scrotum

MALE REPRODUCTION ORGAN ANATOMY…(2)

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…ENRICHMENT…

The male external reproduction organs are: Scrotum Penis

The male internal reproduction organs are: A pair of gonads which produce sperm. A group of glands and vesicle which produce

enzyme and sperm’s food.

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Male gonads (a pair of testes) located under the abdominal cavity (hanging outside the body)

A testis mainly consist of: A long coiled tube called tubulus seminiferus. Lydig cell produce hormones (androgen,

…………………...testosteron) The spermatogenesis process occurs at

tubulus seminiferus.

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Spermatogenesis normally cannot occurred at the body temperature.

So, that’s why the testes hanging outside the abdominal cavity where the temperature are about 2-4 degree lower.

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EPIDIDYMIS AND VAS DEFERENS

After passes the long coiled seminiferus tubule the sperm now flow through another long coiled tubule called epididymis.

The length of epididymis approximately 6 m. Inside this tubule, the sperm experience

maturation.

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PENIS

Composed by three cylinder of spongy erectile tissues.

During sexual arousal the erectile tissues filled by blood and causing an erection.

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GLANDS

Seminal VesicleSecretes mucus, coagulating enzyme, ascorbic acid, prostaglandin, and sugar (fructose).

Prostate GlandSecretes alkalis suspension, and sperm nutrients.

Bulbourethral GlandsSecretes transparent mucus to neutralize the urethra.

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FEMALE REPRODUCTION ORGAN ANATOMY…(1)

Prepuce

(Rectum)

Cervix

Vagina

Bartholin’s gland

Vaginal opening

Oviduct

Labia minora

(Urinary bladder)

(Pubic bone)

Uterus

Urethra

Shaft

Glans Clitoris

Labia majora

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Vagina

Uterus

Cervix

OvariesOviduct

Uterine wallEndometrium

Follicles

Corpus luteum

FEMALE REPRODUCTION ORGAN ANATOMY…(2)

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…ENRICHMENT…

The female external reproduction organs are: Two sets of Labia

Labia mayor Labia minor

Clitoris

The female internal reproduction organs are: A pair of gonads Series of ducts and chamber that carry the

gametes and protect the implanted embryo

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The female’s gonads (ovary) lies in the abdominal cavity.

Each ovaries enclosed with plenty of protective tissues and contain many follicles.

what is follicles??

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The female’s gonads (ovary) lies in the abdominal cavity.

Each ovaries enclosed with plenty of protective tissues and contain many follicles.

follicles is a structure that covers the egg. Inside these follicles the oogenesis and the maturation of egg take place.

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OVIDUCTS AND UTERUS

Oviduct is a duct where the egg and sperm meet each other and fertilizing.

Oviduct interior consist of plenty of cilia which help the egg travels along the duct.

Uterus is a bold flexible muscled organ where the embryo develop and grow.

Uterus can accommodate an embryo over 4 kg in weight.

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VAGINA AND VULVA

Vagina is a bold-walled chamber Vagina is a transit place for sperm during

copulation.

The end of vagina called vulva. Vulva consist of:

Hymen Labia Clitoris Bartholin gland

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SPER

MATO

GEN

ES

IS

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SPERM STRUCTURE

Plasma Membrane

Tail

Central body

Neck

Head

Mitochondrion

(spiral)

Sentriole

Nucleus

Acrosome

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OOGENESIS

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MEN

STR

UATIO

N C

YCLE

AN

D

OVA

RIA

N C

YCLE

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EXPLANATION

The hormone coordinating the menstruation and ovarian cycle. The hormone involved are: FSH LH Estrogen Progesterone

Menstruation normally occurs in 28 days. Phases in menstruation cycle: Menstruation Phase Repair Phase Receptive Phase Pre-menstrual Phase

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FSH AND LH

FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone)Produced by anterior pituitary. FSH stimulates the development of follicle inside the ovary. This also means FSH stimulate the formation of egg cell.

LH (Luteinizing Hormone)Also produced by anterior pituitary. LH triggers the release of secondary oocyte (ovum) from follicles. So, the ovulation is triggered by this hormone.

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ESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE

EstrogenProduced by follicle. This hormone stimulate endometrial wall growth and maintains the female secondary sex characteristics.

ProgesteroneProduced by corpus luteum (old follicle). This hormone also stimulate and protect the endometrial wall after ovulation.

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MENSTRUATION CYCLE

Menstrual Phase (day 0-5)In this phase, the endometrial wall degenerated and causing bleeding.Menstruation caused by the intolerable decreasing of progesterone and estrogen hormone.

--click--

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MENSTRUATION CYCLE

Repair Phase (6-14)FSH released by anterior pituitary and the follicles inside ovary started to grow.The follicle keep growing and become Follicle de Graaf. Follicle de Graaf produce estrogen.

The endometrial wall is repaired during this stage. Many blood vessels and capillaries started to grow there.

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The level of estrogen then increase significantly and causing “negative feedback” for the production of FSH.

After pituitary stop releasing FSH, it started to release LH.LH triggers ovulation and the follicles release secondary oocyte.

--click--

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MENSTRUATION CYCLE

Receptive Phase (day 15-25)After ovulation, Follicle de Graaf grows become Corpus Luteum.Corpus Luteum produce both estrogen and progesterone.

After progesterone released, endometrium grows well and ready for implantation of embryo.

--click--

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MENSTRUATION CYCLE

Pre-menstrual PhaseIf there is no fertilization occurred, the corpus luteum degenerate become corpus albicans.Corpus albicans do not producing estrogen and progesterone.

Because the level of these hormone decreased, the endometrium wall degenerates.

the menstruation cycle ready to start again…

--click--

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IMPORTANT NOTES

Menstruation cycle only occurs in female mammals.

This cycle will stop in the age of 46-54 (after 450 cycle). This event called Menopause.

Male mammals can produce sperm for their lifetime.

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GESTATION Gestation is a condition when female

mammals carrying one or more embryo(s) in the uterus.

Ovary

Uterus

Endometrium

From ovulation to implantationEndometrium Inner cell mass

Cavity

Blastocyst Trophoblast

(a)

Implantation of blastocyst(b)

Ovulation releases asecondary oocyte, which

enters the oviduct.

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Fertilization occurs. A sperm enters the oocyte; meiosis of the oocyte finishes; and the

nuclei of the ovum and sperm fuse, producing a zygote.

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Cleavage (cell division)begins in the oviduct

as the embryo is movedtoward the uterus

by peristalsis and themovements of cilia.

3 Cleavage continues. By the time the embryoreaches the uterus, it is a ball of cells.It floats in the uterus forseveral days, nourished byendometrial secretions. It becomes a blastocyst.

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The blastocyst implants in the endometriumabout 7 days after conception.

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Placenta

Umbilical cord

Chorionic villuscontaining fetalcapillaries

Maternal bloodpools

Uterus Fetal arterioleFetal venuleUmbilical cord

Maternal portionof placenta

Fetal portion ofplacenta (chorion)

Maternalveins

Maternalarteries

Umbilical arteriesUmbilical vein

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SIGNS OF GESTATION

HCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin) level increases. HCG produced by placenta and can be found inside the blood or urine of pregnant female.

Menstruation cycle stops. Vomiting in the morning, mainly in the first

month of gestation. Urinate frequency increases. Breast enlarges (sometimes) Craving

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GESTATION PERIOD

First Trimester (0-12 weeks)This is the most important period during gestation.First Trimester is the main period for organogenesis.The fetus acquire nutrients, oxygen, and excrete its waste through its mother.

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Second Trimester (12-28 weeks) The fetus grows and become very active. The mother can feel the fetus’ movements. Placenta, umbilical cord, and fetal membrane

forms.

Placenta supplies nutrients for fetus through umbilical cord.Fetal membrane act like a shock beaker. It protect the fetus from vibration.

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Third TrimesterThe fetus continue to grow and experiences “organs maturation”.It is suggested for the mother to have a routine ANC (Ante Natal Care) check.

Head

Body

Head

Body

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(a) 5 weeks. Limb buds, eyes, theheart, the liver, and rudimentsof all other organs have startedto develop in the embryo, whichis only about 1 cm long.

(b) 14 weeks. Growth anddevelopment of the offspring,now called a fetus, continueduring the second trimester.This fetus is about 6 cm long.

(c) 20 weeks. By the end of thesecond trimester (at 24 weeks),the fetus grows to about 30 cmin length.

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BIRTHEstrogen Oxytocin

fromovaries

from fetusand mother'sposterior pituitary

Induces oxytocinreceptors on uterus

Stimulates uterusto contract

Stimulatesplacenta to make

Prostaglandins

Stimulate morecontractions

of uterus

Posi

tive f

eedback

After 40 weeks, the fetus now ready to undergoes birth.Series of hormone control this process.

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Placenta

Umbilicalcord

Uterus

Cervix

Dilation of the cervix

Expulsion: delivery of the infant

Uterus

Placenta(detaching)

Umbilicalcord

Delivery of the placenta

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THREE STEPS OF BIRTH PROCESS

•First StepDilatation of cervix causing the opening and flattening the cervix.

•Second StepThe delivery of infant through several contraction.

•Final StepThe last contraction causing the delivery of placenta.

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REPRODUCTIVE HORMONE

Male Reproductive Hormone Testosterone

Produced by testis. Stimulate the secondary male sex characteristics.

AndrogenSame with testosterone.

Female Reproductive Hormone Estrogen

Produced in ovaries. It stimulate the secondary female sex characteristics.

ProgesteroneProduced in ovaries. Along with estrogen, maintain the endometrium development.

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Menstruation Hormone FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone) LH (Luteinizing Hormone)

Gestation Hormone HCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin)

Stimulate the formation of placenta Progesterone and Estrogen

Produced by corpus luteum. Later, this hormone will replaced by placenta.

ProlactinStimulate mammary glands to produce milk.

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Birth Hormone Estrogen and Prostaglandin

Stimulate the contraction of uterus and inhibit the progesterone.

OxytocinStimulate the uterus contraction

RelaxinStimulate the relaxation on sinphyisis pubis muscle.

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CONTRACEPTION Impermanent Contraception

KB pillKB pill contains progesterone or estrogen or both hormone.

IUD (Intra Uterine Device)Prevent the embryo from attaching in uterus.

SpermicidalDestroy the sperm cell during copulation.

Cervical cupPrevent the sperm from entering uterus.

CondomPatch the sperm.

AbstinenceNo copulation during fertile phase

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CONTRACEPTION

Permanent Contraception Vasectomy

Cutting the vas deferens and bind it. So the semen do not contain sperm cell.

TubectomyCutting fallopian tube and bind it.

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SEXUAL TRANSMITTED DISEASES

GonoreaCaused by a bacteria named Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The incubation time after infection is about 2-10 days. The symptoms are: Pain, Inflammation, and accumulation of abses around genital organ.

This disease can cause infertility in both male and female.

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SEXUAL TRANSMITTED DISEASES

Genital HerpesThis disease caused by a virus named Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV). The incubation time is about 4-7 days after infection. The symptoms appear are: Small nodules around genital organs When these nodules broke will cause ulcer

This disease is predicted to be the beginning of cervix cancer.

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SEXUAL TRANSMITTED DISEASE

SyphilisThis disease caused by Treponema pallidium. Incubation time is about 3-4 weeks or up to 13 weeks.For the next 2-3 years this disease is latent (dormant). Then it will attack the central nerve system, blood vessels, and cardiac.The baby born from infected maternal could be infected.

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SEXUAL TRANSMITTED DISEASE

Trichomoniasis Vaginalis Trichomoniasis Vaginalis is a STD caused by Trichomonas vaginalis from sporozoit class.The symptoms are: There found a dilute bad-smelled liquid from

genital organ. The inflammation of vulva. Pain during urinate.

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AIDS (ACQUIRED IMMUNO DEFICIENCY SYNDROME)

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AIDS (Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome) is a disease caused by HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus).

HIV attack white blood cell (esp. T-Cell). And causing the sufferers lose their immunity.

No medicine found to overcome this disease. Interpheron and other medicine only help the sufferers to elongate their life expectancy.

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Pictures and materials are taken from Campbell 6th Edition