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HVAC Strategies for Air Management,
Rooftop Efficiency and Energy
Savings
E360 Forum • Houston, TX • October 25, 2018
Will Nicely
Director — Air Management
Emerson
Danny Miller
President
Transformative Wave
Megatrends and Regulations Drive Change and
Opportunity in Commercial Buildings and Equipment
4.5MILLION
BUILDINGS WITH AC
1.6MILLION
NEW AC UNITS/YEAR
10MILLION
RTU INSTALLED BASE
<15PERCENTBMS PENETRATION
Building Statistics
• Kigali Amendment global adoption
• CARB, Canada, EU F-Gas
• Codes for A2L refrigerants
Key Regulations and Enablers
• DOE rooftop standards 2018 / 2023
• Increased focus on lifecycle cost
• Rebates and incentives
• Attention to comfort – DOAS growth
• Ventilation standards ASHRAE 62.1
• Balancing IAQ and energy efficiency
• IoT and cloud enablers
• Connectivity and intuitive controls
• Sensor technology
Efficiency
Comfort
and Health
Connectivity
Refrigerants
Megatrends
2
11.4 11.2
10.1
12.912.4
11.6
14.814.2
13.2
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
6-10 Ton 11-20 Ton 21-63 Ton
2023 DOE Rooftop Minimums Will Drive Major
Equipment Re-designs and New Tiers
3
The nearly 30% increase in efficiency in less than five years requires new solutions.
Note: ASHRAE 90.1 also has an EER component not shown here.
Note: Electric resistance values, subtract 0.2 EER/IEER for all other equipment.
National IEER Minimums, by Tonnage
Efficiency
>2018
2018
2023
>2018
2018
2023
>2018
2018
2023
30% 27% 31%• Energy efficiency increases and
refrigerant changes leading to
redesigns
• Move from full load to part load
requirements: EER → IEER
• Solutions require whole-system
improvements
– Moving beyond single-component
and compressor improvements
2014 2016 2020
Fast-Growing VRF Segment
Commercial Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF)
Growing Fast in North America
4
VRF addresses some of the efficiency challenges, but has drawbacks:
poor humidity control and requires rooftops to meet outside air requirements
Large North America HVAC Market$6.5 B
Applied
30%
Unitary
49%
Ductless
Mini-Splits
12%
VRF
9%
$390M
$550M
$800M
Source: 2017 Investor &
Analyst Day — Ingersoll Rand
16%+
CAGR
16%+
CAGR
Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality Moving From Guidance to Code
5
Enforcement of ASHRAE 62.1 and emphasis on air quality are driving new solutions.
• State adoption of ASHRAE 62.1 – 2004 (and newer versions) is high
– 44 states have adopted ASHRAE 62.1 – 2004 (or newer)
through the International Mechanical Code (IMC)
CFM / Person CFM / ft2
Classroom 10 0.12
Kitchen 7.5 0.12
Office 5 0.06
Supermarket 7.5 0.06
ASHRAE 62.1, Table 6-1
Dedicated Outside Air Systems (DOAS) Architecture
Decoupling Latent and Sensible Load
6
New architecture driving toward decoupling sensible and latent loads;
drives the need for efficient rooftop solutions that primarily dehumidify
Commercial RooftopCurrent Architecture1. Conventional HVAC system focus
on sensible load
2. Dedicated DOAS systems to handle fresh air requirement and latentload (moisture removal)
3. Traditional variable airflow requires 20% of traditional outside air to meet multiple space equation
4. First-cost savings driven by smaller components
Before: 10 - Rooftop Units
10 Tons Each
100 Tons Total
After: 2–10 Ton New DOAS
7–~7 Ton Old Units
69 Tons Total
DOAS Units
Smaller or Fewer RTUs
DOAS-Based Commercial RooftopNew Architecture
Dehumidification Segment Presents Attractive Growth
7
Traditional mechanical cooling and solid desiccant wheels dominate the DOAS space.
However, new technologies are emerging.
DOAS Units
$660 $500
$102 Projected $1.3B by 2022
(~Twice Market Growth Rate)
89%77%
11%
8%
15%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
2015 2022
Refrigerant Compression
Solid Desiccant
Other Desiccant
Market by Technology
Global Market Segment
Growth of DOAS Architecture Leading to Innovative TechnologiesMembrane-based Liquid Desiccant
8
Providing low dew point and room-neutral air at 25%+ energy savings
Single-step cooling and dehumidification
• Direct cool/dehumidify
• No need to overcool
• No need for reheat
• Saves > 25% energy over wheels
• Saves > 50% energy over mechanical cooling
Factors
• Human health
• Productivity
• Reliance on HVAC mechanical systems for fresh air
• Energy impact of treating outside air
• Supporting proper operation at an enterprise level
The “Catch-22” of Outside Air in Retail Operations
Danny Miller, President
Transformative Wave
Outside Air: Friend or Foe?
POSITIVES NEGATIVES
• Vital to human health
• Improves productivity
• It can have positive sensible BTU value
• It can have positive latent BTU value
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• It can have negative sensible BTU value
– Results in energy penalty to heat or cool
• It can have positive latent BTU value
– Results in energy penalty to dehumidify
Health Impacts From Inadequate Ventilation
“Poor indoor air quality (IAQ) has been tied
to symptoms like headaches, fatigue,
trouble concentrating, and irritation of the
eyes, nose, throat and lungs. Also, some
specific diseases have been linked to
specific air contaminants or indoor
environments, like asthma with damp
indoor environments. In addition, some
exposures, such as asbestos and radon, do
not cause immediate symptoms but can
lead to cancer after many years.”
11
Impact on Worker Productivity
A Harvard study found that
cognitive performance scores
for participants who worked in
well-ventilated workspaces were,
on average, double those of
participants who worked in
conventional environments;
scores for those working in green
environments were 61% higher.
12
Outside Air Management Is an
Unavoidable Fact of Life
Building Ventilation Standards All Agree That the Source of
Outside Air Is via Mechanical Air Handling Systems
“Natural ventilation” is not a
practical option.
RTUs remain most common
system in retail facilities.
Dedicated OSA systems
(DOAS) are on the rise.
Fans should run continuously.
14
The High Cost of Over-ventilation
Existing ventilation rate per ASHRAE design
• 0.3 CFM x 150,000 sq. ft. = 45,000 CFM of outside air
• 28% of total system capacity
• Controlled by Trane EMS with authority over economizer
damper positions
Real example:• 150,000 sq. ft. retail space (electronics retailer)
• Total HVAC system air handling capacity = 160,000 CFM
• Ventilation designed for 0.3 CFM per sq. ft.
CO2-based DCV strategy via CATALYST retrofit
• 5% of total CFM capacity = 8,000 CFM
• Reduction in OSA to be heated or cooled = 37,000 CFM
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16
Demand Control Ventilation Upgrade can reduce excess outside air by 82% in this example
Cost savings of $0.50 per CFM = $18,500 per year
in Duluth, Minn. – mainly natural gas cost
Savings of $4,600 in mild Seattle
The Catalyst Arc Technology
Retrofit Upgrades for Existing HVAC Systems to Improve Efficiency and Air Management
The CATALYST transforms HVAC assets into smart machines delivering
intelligent solutions for RTUs that give you greater control to extend the
benefits of your current investments even further.
Reduces Overall HVAC Energy Use 25–50%
Variable Speed Drive: The Variable Frequency Drive (VFD)
provides savings through supply fan control.
Advanced Economizer Control: Reduces the compressor
runtime to improve efficiency and reduce wear and tear.
CO2-based Demand Control Ventilation: Makes the most of the
available outside air for cooling while ensuring proper ventilation.
Multiple New Sensors and Data Points: Maintain comfort levels
and indoor air quality.
Qualifies for Incentives: Widespread support of ARC
technology enables financial incentives to reduce capital cost.
17
Supermarket Example in Hawaii – Retrofit of Existing RTUs
18
Inherent De-humidification Performance Advantage
For a full treatment of this issue, see Transformative Wave’s white paper in Energy Manager Today:
“ Improve Occupant Comfort & Reduce Energy Costs Through Humidity Control”
https://www.environmentalleader.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/5-58250_WHITEPAPER_Improve_Occupant_Comfort_by_Transformative_Wave-4.pdf
ESM = CATALYST
operation
non-ESM =
baseline operation
1919
Factors
• Service deficiencies
• Deferred maintenance
• Uneducated service techs
• Improper setpoints
• Complexity compounds the problem
• Failure of BMS to exploit onboard FDD
Operational Issues
Undermine Proper
OSA Management
An Actual Supermarket Deficiency Report
21
“Its What You Don’t Know
That’s Hurting You”
The Value of Fault Detection Cannot Be Understated!If Operators Knew, They Would Do Something About It.
23
If you have lots of assets, you have a lot of
potential problems. Great enterprise tools
are now available, and outsourcing this
can be very economical.
“ITS WHAT YOU DON’T KNOW THAT’S
HURTING YOU”
25
Questions?
DISCLAIMER
Although all statements and information contained herein are believed to be accurate and reliable, they are presented without guarantee or warranty of any kind, expressed or
implied. Information provided herein does not relieve the user from the responsibility of carrying out its own tests and experiments, and the user assumes all risks and liability for
use of the information and results obtained. Statements or suggestions concerning the use of materials and processes are made without representation or warranty that any such
use is free of patent infringement and are not recommendations to infringe on any patents. The user should not assume that all toxicity data and safety measures are indicated
herein or that other measures may not be required.
Thank You!
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