hybridization of atomic orbitals

Hybridization ofAtomic Orbitals

PGCC CHM 101 Sinex

Illustrating hybridization

Shockwave animation of hybridizationclick here

Chime site with atomic and hybrid orbitals

click here

Now let’s make some bonds!

hybrid orbitals – sp, sp2, or sp3

formation of bond

remaining p orbitals from sp or sp2

bond

formation of bond

Planar molecule (each carbon is trigonal planar) with cloud above and below the plane

bond hinders rotation about the carbon-to-carbon bond

Bond formation from hybridization

• Single bond - sigma bond

• Double bond – sigma bond + pi bond

• Triple bond – sigma bond + pi bond + pi

bond How are the two pi bonds in the triple bond oriented?

end-to-end

side-to-side

How about the electron density around a carbon-carbon bond?

C2H6

C2H4C2H2

single bond double bond triple bond Spartan 02

Polar orNon-polar

H+

attack?

1

2

3

45

6

7

What is the hybridization in each carbon atom?

sp3 – 2, 5tetrahedral

sp2 – 1, 3, 4trigonal planar

sp – 6, 7linear

What is the hybridization in each carbon atom?

1

2

3

4

Draw the Lewis dot structure – C3H4

Remember to chain the carbon atoms and fill the octet of the center carbon atom in the chain first.

You should have come up with one of these structures:

H:C:C:::C:H

H

H

..

..C::C::C

H

H

..

..

H

H

..

..

Build the molecular model.

Allene, H2C=C=CH2

The clouds of the two double bonds are oriented perpendicular to each other. Hence the hydrogens are turned 90o. The is due to the original orientation of the p orbitals on the center carbon atom.

What is the hybridization?

Spartan 02