hypoxemia, oxygen delivery & treatment modalities in ... courses... · hypoxemia, oxygen...

Hypoxemia, Oxygen Delivery & Treatment Modalities in Cystic Fibrosis • Matthew Dartt RRT

Disclosure • I have no conflict of interest to disclose

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Objectives:

• Define Hypoxia • Describe different Oxygen delivery devices and when to

start them • NC-Mask

• HFNC

• BiPAP

• Intubation/Ventilator

• List and discuss general Respiratory modalities in CF • Nebs

• Vest

• Huff Coughing

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Hypoxia/Hypoxemia • Hypoxia-

• The failure of the tissues, for any reason, to receive an adequate supply of oxygen, is known as hypoxia.

• Hypoxemia- • abnormally low levels of oxygen in the blood.

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Why is Respiratory so Important? • Cystic Fibrosis is a complex multiorgan disease . • Lung disease accounts for nearly of the mortality?

•85%

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uvs5cOJYw7U

Mucociliary Clearance and Obstruction

Tenacious Mucus

Periciliary Liquid (PCL)

Surface Epithelial

Cells

normal CF

When to Start O2 • PEDS • Day Time SpO2 ≤ 95 % on Room Air • Noc Time SpO2 ≤ 93% on Room Air

• ADULTS • SpO2 ≤ 90-92% on Room Air • Therapeutic O2 for CF?

• No real benefits

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Basic O2 set ups

• NC 1-5 Lpm add humidity

• Simple Mask 6-10 Lpm add humidity

• NRB 10- Flush • Flow must be sufficient to keep reservoir bag from deflating

upon inspiration • Patient is most likely decompensating. The Physician and RT

should be notified immediately

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Nasal Cannula

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Simple mask

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NRB Mask

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HFNC– High Flow Nasal Cannula • Nasal high flow oxygen therapy offers another option for patients

requiring respiratory support.

• Nasal high flow oxygen therapy allows delivery of a prescribed FiO2 with reduced air entrainment and dilution.

• This therapy may be beneficial in that nasal interfaces may be better tolerated and children receive the benefits of humidification and likely also receive a low level positive airway pressure.

• Wean FIO2 first and then flow.

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Beginning FLOW RATES • < 32 wks.. – 1 to 2 lpm

• > 32 wks. – 2 to 3 lpm

• Infants – 6 to 8 lpm

• Toddlers through adolescents – 10 to 25 l/m

• Teens - 15 to 25 lpm or greater as tolerated by the patient

• Adults 20-60 lpm

• At these flow rates the nose will not be able to warm the inhaled O2. This increases the risk of bronchospasm associated with cold medical gas and mucus plugging as well.

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HFNC

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BiPAP

• BIPAP therapy improves the respiratory status of decompensating end-stage CF patients.

• It is well tolerated for long-term home use and provides

an extended period of respiratory comfort and stability for CF patients awaiting lung transplantation.

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BiPAP cont.

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BiPAP initial settings (guidelines ) • Adults

• IPAP 10 • EPAP 5

• Peds • IPAP 8 • EPAP 4

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BiPAP Settings cont.

• IPAP = Ventilation

• EPAP = Oxygenation

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Contraindications/Exclusion Criteria

• Uncooperative patient

• Extreme anxiety

• Decreased level of consciousness

• Agitated, combative

• Confusion

• Inability to protect airway

• Inability to clear secretions

• Copious secretions as in CF!

• High risk of aspiration (e.g. bowel obstruction)

• Cardiac/respiratory arrest

NIV failure

• Lack of improvement in arterial blood gases • Severe acidosis pH < 7.25 • Hypercapnia PaCO2 > 60 mmHg • Hypoxemia PaO2:FiO2 < 200 mmHg (P/F Ratio) • Tachypnea > 35 BPM (Adults) • Peds is going to depend on their age and the situation

When NIV fails

• If you are failing to ventilate or oxygenate properly with BiPAP and the patient cannot maintain a patent airway or adequately clear secretions time to …

• Intubate and place on a ventilator

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NIV success • What indicates success on NIV in our CF Patients?

• The same indicators as other patients: • Decrease in WOB • Decrease in respiratory rate • Decrease use of accessory muscles • Decrease in PaCO2 and/or an increase in PaO2

Common Nebulized Medications

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• Bronchodilator • Hypertonic Saline usually 7% 3-5ml

• HS and BD With a full vest for 20 minutes sitting straight up using a mouthpiece always (when pt. is able) nice slow deep breaths.

• 10 minutes then HUFF cough for 1-3 minutes (3 to 5 cycles of huffing and resting) then 10 more minutes on the vest.

• Remember Hypertonic can cause bronchospasm so always pre-medicate with bronchodilator

• Pulmozyme: • Used to break down extra cellular DNA left by white blood cells when

fighting bacteria trapped in the lungs. Which cause thick and sticky mucus.

• Wait 30 minutes and then give antibiotic:

• Tobramycin • Cayston

Disposable Pari Neb

Tobramycin Pulmozyme

Pari Neb cont. • Inpatient setting this neb needs to be clearly labeled with start

date and time along with the medication it is being used for.

• It is good for 15 uses • Clean with sterile water, dry with paper towel and air dry on paper

towels in a clean basin with clean towels.

• Use the unit dose of medication for the Pari neb.

• Do not dilute Pulmozyme or Tobramycin with saline.

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Altera Nebulizer for Cayston

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• Rinse under water for approx. 10sec • Wash in warm water and clear liquid

soap • Rinse under warm water • Air dry on lint free towel or clean

paper towel • You can disinfect the equipment using

an electronic baby bottle steam sterilizer

• Do NOT use a MICROWAVE steam

sterilizer with the Altera handset!

Keeping our Equipment clean • Cleaning Respiratory Equipment • Germs can get on respiratory equipment and cause lung

infections. • What can we do?

• Inpatient changing out dirty visibly soiled equipment daily and as needed.

• Keeping it separate clean and dry. • Educating the patient on in and outpatient cleanliness of Airway Clearance devices and Nebulizers.

Keeping our Equipment Clean cont.

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Keeping our Equipment Clean cont.

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Keeping our Equipment Clean cont.

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In multiple studies Pseudomonas was found in 100% of ICU sinks

Cleaning of Nebulizers cont.… • The nebulizer parts must be cleaned before they can be

disinfected. With a new paper towel, wash the inside and outside of the nebulizer parts with clear liquid dish soap and hot water. Be careful not to damage any of the parts.

• Throw the paper towel away, then rinse the nebulizer parts with water. Clean the nebulizer right after it is used to keep the medicine and debris from drying. Once debris dries, it is difficult to wash off.

• You also can clean the nebulizer parts in an automatic dishwasher if the nebulizer’s manufacturer’s instructions allow. Obviously inpatient this is not feasible.

Cleaning of Nebulizers cont.… • Disinfect the nebulizer parts.

• DO NOT USE VINEGAR. Vinegar is not strong enough to kill the germs a person with CF might get. • Instead, ask your CF care team what is the best way to disinfect the nebulizer parts. Some options are: • Using an electronic steam sterilizer (e.g., used for baby bottles) • Boiling (in water) for 5 minutes • Microwaving (in water) for 5 minutes • Washing in dishwasher, if the water is hotter than 158° F, for 30 minutes • Soaking in 70 percent isopropyl alcohol for 5 minutes • Soaking in 3 percent hydrogen peroxide for 30 minutes • Read the manufacturer’s instructions to learn about cleaning and disinfecting your nebulizer. Do not use a nebulizer that

cannot be disinfected.

• Rinse the nebulizer parts. • If you disinfect with isopropyl alcohol or hydrogen peroxide, rinse all parts well with sterile water. • DO NOT USE WATER FROM THE FAUCET, BOTTLED WATER OR DISTILLED WATER. You can make water sterile by boiling it for

5 minutes. Use this water once, then throw it out. If you disinfect by other methods, you do not need to rinse the nebulizer.

• Air-dry the nebulizer parts. • After the final rinse, drain the parts on a clean surface covered with new paper towels. Replace wet paper towels with dry

ones and fully air-dry all parts. Germs will grow on anything that stays wet. Store the dry nebulizer in a clean, dry bag in a clean, dry place.

• Some respiratory equipment may need to be cleaned but not disinfected. These items can be cleaned often with liquid soap and hot water. Ask the respiratory therapist, the nurse or physician at your CF care center, how often to clean your equipment and the best way to do so.

Vest Therapy

• Prescribe the Frequency (Hz) and Pressure settings for the treatments:

•Frequencies between 10 and 14 Hz are commonly used.

• For toddlers and young children, use 10 Hz

• For older children, adolescents, and adults: start at 10 Hz then ramp up to 14 Hz

• Depending on the type of Vest, the common settings for Pressure are:

•Chest vest = 1 – 4 •Full vest = 5 – 6 •Wrap vest = 1 – 4

Chest Vest

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Vest Use cont. • Patients should receive HFCC (high-frequency chest

compression) vest therapy for 20 minutes at least twice a day.

• Have them use Vest with aerosol treatment for 10 minutes, pause to huff-cough, then complete the final 10 minutes of treatment.

• WITH AEROSOL TREATMENT

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Vest Use cont. • To avoid problems with the stomach i.e. vomiting try to do the

vest treatments before meals or no sooner than one hour after meals

• Do the vest treatments two times a day: in the morning when

they wake up, and again in the evening . • We can increase the vest treatments up to four times a day

as tolerated during exacerbations with doctor approval and patient tolerance.

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Coughing • A cough is our natural reflex that protects your lungs.

Coughing helps clear your airways of lung irritants, such as smoke and mucus.

• This helps prevent lung infections.

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Huff Coughing • How Long:

• You should never Huff Cough to the point of exhaustion! • Perform 2 or 3 huff breaths • Cough when you feel the mucus collected in your upper airway • Rest for a while (5 to 10 breaths) • Try to do 3 to 5 cycles of huffing and resting

Huff Coughing Cont.… • To Do Huff Cough:

• Begin in a sitting position with your chin slightly upward

• Use your diaphragm (stomach muscle) to breathe in slowly

• Hold the breath for 2 to 3 seconds

• Force the breath out your mouth in one quick burst of air

• Make sure the back of your throat is kept open

• Adjusting the therapy:

• The length and force of the breath will change depending on where mucus is cleared from

• A normal size breath out clears the larger breathing tubes

• A longer breath out clears the smaller breathing tubes

• You should do both to get the best therapy

Diaphragmatic Breathing Can:

• Reduce Stress • Panic Attacks • General Fatigue and headaches • Improve lung expansion if done correctly.

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaphragmatic_breathing#m

ediaviewer/File:Diaphragmatic_breathing.gif

Huff Regular Cough

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Airway collapse

Metaneb

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Provides three different modes of therapy.

CPEP Continuous positive expiratory Pressure

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CPEP cont.

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CHFO –Continuous High Frequency Oscillation

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Happy Lungs

What is the best modality for CF?? • No Single Modality alone is the answer. • Cystic Fibrosis is a complicated disease that requires a multi-disciplinary approach and teamwork in order fit the needs of the patient and the disease.

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References: • The Journal of Pediatrics Volume: 114, Issue 3, March 1989, Pages 368–377 Nocturnal home

oxygen in the treatment of hypoxemic cystic fibrosis patients 1 • Mallory GB, Fullmer JJ, Vaughan DJ. Oxygen therapy for cystic fibrosis. Cochrane Database

Syst Rev 2005; 4: CD003884. [PubMed]. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=16235344%20&cmd=search

• http://www.cff.org/UploadedFiles/LivingWithCF/StayingHealthy/Intro-to-CF.pdf • http://www.cff.org/aboutcf/ • http://hospitals.unm.edu/cf/huff_cough.shtml • http://www.mednet.ucla.edu/Policies/pdf/NursingGuidelines/NurHSG1036.pdf • GENETECH DVD: PULMOZYME DORNASE ALFA; An Essential Partner in your fight Against

Cystic Fibrosis 2012 • versionhttp://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/cough/ • http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2067517/ • The effect of huffing and directed coughing on energy expenditure in young asymptomatic

subjects. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12217070 • Pulmonary responses of asthmatic and normal subjects to different temperature and humidity

conditions in an environmental chamberhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1732684 • Carolina, C Gorvoy J., Silver P., Quinn C., Nimkoff L. and Sagy M. (1998) Use of BiiPAP in End-

Stage Patients with Cystic Fibrosis Awaiting Lung Transplantation. CLIN PEDIATR ,vol. 37 no. 9 555-559. http://cpj.sagepub.com/content/37/9/555.short

• Peter J. Mogayzel, Jr., Edward T. Naureckas, Karen A. Robinson, Gary Mueller, Denis Hadjiliadis, Jeffrey B. Hoag, Lisa Lubsch, Leslie Hazle, Kathy Sabadosa, Bruce Marshall, (2013), and the Pulmonary Clinical Practice Guidelines Committee "Cystic Fibrosis Pulmonary Guidelines", American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Vol. 187, No. 7 pp. 680-689. http://www.atsjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1164/rccm.201207-1160OE

• http://www.hill-rom.com/eLearningCourses/MetaNeb/index.html\ • Levin M., Olson B., Catherin N., Kabins, S. , Weinstein R. (1984)Pseudomonas in the sinks in an

intensive care unit: relation to patients; J Clin Pathol;37:424-427

mdartt@mednet.ucla.edu

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