immigrants & urbanization chapter 7. chapter overview the population rises as immigrants supply...
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Immigrants & UrbanizationChapter 7
Chapter Overview
The population rises as immigrants supply a willing workforce for urban industrialization and political base for many urban politicians. Abuses in local and national government prompt calls for reform.
Section One: The New Immigrants
• Europeans—flooded East coast• Chinese and Japanese—West coast• Jamaica, Cuba, Puerto Rico, and
Mexico• Why Immigrate?
• Lured by promise of better life• Escape conditions
• Some immigrated temporarily to take money back home to their families
Section One: The New Immigrants
• A Difficult Journey• Trip across Atlantic=One Week• Trip across Pacific=Three Weeks• Poor conditions, many deaths
• Ellis Island• Immigration Station in New York• Detained up to several days• Pass physical exam• Government Inspection—documents, state
purpose
Ellis Island, 1892-1954.
Section One: The New Immigrants
• Angel Island—San Francisco Bay• Harsh questioning, long detentions• Poor conditions
• Cooperation for Survival• Finding a place to live• Getting a job• Language & Culture• Many immigrants formed ethnic
communities
Angel Island
Section One: The New Immigrants
• Melting Pot—mixture of people of different cultures and races who blended together by abandoning their native languages and customs
• Nativism—extreme favoritism toward native-born Americans
• Anti-Immigrant groups• Restrictions—only wanted people that
would improve America
Section One: The New Immigrants
• Immigration Restriction League• Literacy test, 40 words in English
• Anti-Asian Sentiment• 1882, Chinese Exclusion Act
• Banned all except students, teachers, merchants, tourists, government officials
• The Gentleman’s Agreement• Limit unskilled workers from Japan, repeal San
Francisco segregation order
Questions to ponder…
1. What are some push and pull factors influence immigration to America?
2. What was the journey like?3. What was the experience of Ellis & Angel
Island like?4. What was life like once immigrants were
admitted?5. How is the phrase “melting pot” positive
and negative?6. Why did people have anti-immigrant
feelings?
Section Two: The Challenges of Urbanization
• Urbanization—growth of cities due to technological boom• mostly in Midwest & Northeast
• Immigrants lived in cities because of cheap living and available jobs
• Rural population moving to cities because farming not needed as much• 1890—twice as many Irish in NYC than
Dublin, Ireland!!
Section Two: The Challenges of Urbanization
• Americanization Movement• Assimilation• Teach immigrants skills needed for
citizenship• English Literacy• American History & Government• Cooking• Social Etiquette
• Most wanted to stay in ethnic groups• Overcrowded
Section Two: The Challenges of Urbanization
• Housing Problems• Live on outskirts with transportation problem
or rent a cramped, unclean room?• Row Houses—single family homes shared
walls• Tenements—Overcrowded, unsanitary,
multifamily homes
• Regulations• NYC set minimum standards for plumbing
and ventilations in apartments
New York City, 1900
Section Two: The Challenges of Urbanization
• Transportation—mass transits move large number of people along fixed routes• Helped people get to work easily• Street cars, electric subways
• Public Water Works• Indoor plumbing was seldom• Cholera & Typhoid fever • 1870—filtration, 1908--chlorination
Section Two: The Challenges of Urbanization
• Sanitation• Horse manure in the streets• Sewage in open gutters• Garbage in streets
• Crime• Pickpockets and thieves common• 1844—NYC, 1st full-time police force• Cincinnati, OH—1st paid Fire Department
Section Two: The Challenges of Urbanization
• Reformers• Social Gospel Movement—preached salvation
through service of the poor• Settlement houses—community centers in
slum neighborhoods that provided assistance to people in area, especially immigrants• Provided educational, cultural, & social services
• Jane Addams—founded Chicago’s Hull House• Locust Street Social Settlement
• Settlement house for African-Americans
Section Three: Politics in the Gilded Age• Time for new power structures• Political Machines: group that
controlled the activities of a political party in a city; offered services in exchange for political or financial support• Solved urban problems to reinforce voter
loyalty• Helped immigrants with citizenship,
housing and jobs
Section Three: Politics in the Gilded Age
City Boss—Controls all
political activities
Ward Boss—secured all votes in
electoral district
Local Precinct Workers—gain local votes
Section Three: Politics in the Gilded Age
• Increase in Election Fraud—use of fake names to vote
• Graft—illegal use of political influence for personal gain• Political machine helps person find job at
construction company• Person charges city more for supplies• Money is “kicked back” to political machine
Section Three: Politics in the Gilded Age
• Boss Tweed(William M. Tweed)• Head of Tammany Hall (NYC Democratic
political machine)
Section Three: Politics in the Gilded Age
• Election of 1880, Republican nomination up for grabs• Stalwarts—who supported the spoils system
•Patronage—giving of government jobs to people who helped candidates get elected
• Reformers—wanted change• Independent, James A. Garfield, won election• Stalwart, Chester A. Arthur, nominated VP
Section Three: Politics in the Gilded Age
• July 2, 1881, because of his support of civil service reform, Garfield was shot• Died September 19• Arthur became president (shooter was stalwart)
• Once in office, became a reformer
• Pendleton Civil Service Act• make appointments to federal jobs through
merit system based on examination
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