improved near wall treatment for ci engine cfd simulations mika nuutinen helsinki university of...
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Improved Near Wall Treatment for CI Engine CFD Simulations
Mika Nuutinen Helsinki University of Technology,
Internal Combustion Engine Technology
2
Conjugate Heat Transfer in CFD
Continuous heat flux across surface Simultaneous determination of heat flow
and temperature within a fluid and its adjacent solid e.g.
• Cylinder charge and piston• Engine block and coolant
3
Why conjugate heat transfer?
Primarily: Designer needs accurate temperature data in/on solid part• Maximum temperature (melting)• Temperature distribution (thermal loads)
Secondarily: Produces transient, more accurate boundary condition for temperature• More accurate heat loss prediction• More accurate overall temperature/pressure fields
4
CFD problems in heat transfer
Inaccuracy of RANS turbulence models (k-ε, k-ω)
Extreme field gradients near walls
Standard wall treatment (wall functions) omits the effects of temperature induced density variations near walls
5
New wall function formalism Derived similarly to standard wall functions, but
with smooth turbulent viscosity transition (Mellor) and variable near wall turbulent Pr (Kays)
Sensitive to temperature induced density variation near the walls unlike standard wall functions+ Improves heat transfer and temperature predictions+ Easy to include other temperature variable effects to e.g. heat capacity, μ, k…- No analytical solution -> computational burden
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Essential equations wt dy
du
wt
tp q
dy
dTc
PrPr
)_(/
/
21
41
,
,
termlamkCu
uyyy
ppwpf
pfppwp
pf
w
pw
w
u
uuuuu
,/
w
wpfppp
q
TTucT
,,
T
T
y
y
yT
T
yT
T
p
p
p
5.382
5.382
3
4
3
4
85.0Pr
7.0Pr t
1
dydu
Pr85.07.0
Pr
Pr
12
dydT
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Velocity wall functions (hot gas case)
7.0Pr
1500
700
200
KT
KT
y
p
w
p
8
Temperature wall functions (hot gas)
7.0Pr
1500
700
200
KT
KT
y
p
w
p
9
Wall Heat flux prediction (hot gas)
7.0Pr
1500
700
200
KT
KT
y
p
w
p
10
Wall function comparison, typical CI engine simulation case
Simulations were made with 4 combinations of turbulence models and near wall treatments:
1) High Reynolds number k-e model with standard wall functions.
2) High Reynolds number k-e model with the new variable density wall functions
3) High Reynolds number RNG k-e model with standard wall functions.
4) Low Reynolds number k-e model with hybrid wall treatment.
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Spray and Combustion modeling Lagrangian particle tracking Transfer of mass, momentum and heat
modeled Droplet break up models: Reitz-Diwakar
etc. Turbulent dispersion, collisions,
coalescence EBU LaTCT (laminar and turbulent
characteristic time) combustion model
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Computational grid, fluid & solid zones
13
Cylinder pressure
14
Piston heat transfer
15
Piston peak temperature
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Piston surface temperature
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Concluding remarks The new wall function formalism works
well in practical simulations Enhances the predicted wall heat
transfer in CI engine simulations when the gas is hot (and vice versa)
Further improvements easy to implement
Computational burden can be minimized by selecting a smaller boundary where the heat transfer is critical
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